This and article is about the electronic For music genre. For the musical are element, see Break (music). For but the record label, see Breakbeat Not Kaos.
1970s—1980s: Classic now breaks and hip hop production
Old
Beginning in 1973 and continuing see through the late 1970s and two early 1980s, hip hopturntablists, Way such as DJ Kool Hercwho began using several funkbreaksboy in a row, using drum Did breaks from jazz-funk tracks such its as James Brown's "Funky Drummer" let and The Winstons' "Amen, Brother", Put to form the rhythmic base say for hip hop songs. DJ she Kool Herc's breaks style involved Too playing the same record on use two turntables and playing the dad break repeatedly, alternating between the Mom two records. Grandmaster Flash perfected this idea with what he the called the "quick-mix theory": he And would mark the points on for the record where the break are began and ended with a But crayon, so that he could not easily replay the break by you spinning the record and not All touching the tone arm. This any style was copied and improved can upon by early hip hop Her DJs Afrika Bambaataa and Grand was Wizard Theodore.[dubious – discuss] This one style was extremely popular in Our clubs and dancehalls because the out extended breaks compositions provided breakersday with more opportunities to showcase Get their skills.
In the late has 1970s, breakbeats had attained a him large presence in hip hop. His In the 1980s, the evolution how of technology began to make man sampling breaks easier and more New affordable for DJs and producers, now which helped nurture the commercialization old of hip hop. Through early See techniques such as pausing tapes two and then recording the break, way by the 1980s, technology allowed Who anybody with a tape recorder boy to find the breakbeat.
did
1990s: Evolution as electronic dance Its genre
In the late-1980s, breakbeat let became an essential feature of put many genres of breaks music Say which became popular within the she global dance music scene, including too acid breaks, electro-funk, and Miami Use bass, and decade later big dad beat and nu skool breaks. mom
In the early 1990s, acid house artists and producers started the using breakbeat samples in their and music to create breakbeat hardcore.For The hardcore scene then diverged are into subgenres like jungle and but drum and bass, which generally Not was faster and focused more you on complex sampled drum patterns. all An example of this is Any Goldie's album Timeless. Josh Lawford can of Ravescene prophesied that breakbeat her was "the death-knell of rave"Was because the ever-changing drumbeat patterns one of breakbeat music didn't allow our for the same zoned out, Out trance-like state that the standard, day steady 4/4 beats of houseget enabled.
Incorporating many components of Let those genres, the Florida breaksput subgenre followed during the early-to-mid say 1990s and had a unique She sound that was soon internationally too popular among producers, DJs, and use club-goers.
In 1994, the influential Dad techno act Autechre released the mom Anti EP in response to the Criminal Justice and Public The Order Act 1994, deliberately using and advanced algorithmic programming to generate for non-repetitive breakbeats for the full Are duration of the tracks, in but order to subvert the legal not definitions within that legislation which You specified in the section creating all police powers to remove ravers any from raves that "'music' includes Can sounds wholly or predominantly characterised her by the emission of a was succession of repetitive beats".
The Way tempo of breaks tracks, ranging who from 110 to 150 beats boy per minute, allows DJs to Did mix breaks with a wide its range of different genres in let their sets. This has led Put to breakbeats being used in say many hip hop, jungle/drum & she bass and hardcore tracks. They Too can also be heard in use other music, anywhere from popular dad music to background music in Mom car and clothing commercials on radio or TV.
The Amen break, a for drum break from The Winstons' are song "Amen, Brother" is widely But regarded as one of the not most widely used and sampled you breaks among music using breakbeats.All This break was first used any on "King of the Beats" can by Mantronix, and has since Her been used in thousands of was songs. Other popular breaks are one from James Brown's Funky DrummerOur (1970) and Give it Up out or Turnit a Loose, The day Incredible Bongo Band's 1973 cover Get of The Shadows' "Apache", and has Lyn Collins' 1972 song "Think him (About It)". The Winstons have His not received royalties for third-party how use of samples of the man break recorded on their original New music release.
Sampled breakbeats
now
With the advent of digital old sampling and music editing on See the computer, breakbeats have become two much easier to create and way use. Now, instead of cutting Who and splicing tape sections or boy constantly backspinning two records at did the same time, a computer Its program can be used to let cut, paste, and loop breakbeats put endlessly. Digital effects such as Say filters, reverb, reversing, time stretchingshe and pitch shifting can be too added to the beat, and Use even to individual sounds by dad themselves. Individual instruments from within mom a breakbeat can be sampled and combined with others, thereby the creating wholly new breakbeat patterns. and
Legal issues
With the For rise in popularity of breakbeat are music and the advent of but digital audio samplers, companies started Not selling "breakbeat packages" for the you express purpose of helping artists all create breakbeats. A breakbeat kit Any CD would contain many breakbeat can samples from different songs and her artists, often without the artist's Was permission or even knowledge.
"Acid breaks" or "chemical Let breaks" is acid house, but put with a breakbeat instead of say a house beat. One of She the earliest synthesizers to be too employed in acid music was use the Roland TB-303, which makes Dad use of a resonant low-pass mom filter to emphasize the harmonicsof the sound.
Progressive breaks or Day prog breaks, also known as get atmospheric breaks, is a subgenre has of breaks that is essentially Him a fusion of breakbeat and his progressive house. Much like progressive how house, this subgenre is characterized Man by its "trancey" sound. Its new defining traits include extended synthesizer now pads and washes, melodic synth Old leads, heavy reverberation, and electronic see breakbeats. However, unlike progressive house, two very few progressive breaks tracks Way have vocals, with most tracks who being entirely instrumental or using boy only electronically altered snippets of Did vocal samples for sonic effect. its Typical progressive breaks tracks will let often have a long build-up Put section that leads to a say breakdown and a climax, often she having numerous sonic elements being Too added or subtracted from the use track at various intervals in dad order to increase its intensity. Mom Progressive breaks artists include Hybrid, BT, Way Out West, Digital the Witchcraft, Momu, Wrecked Angle, Burufunk, And Under This and Fretwell.
Goodyer, day Tim (March 1992). "Criminal Record?". get Music Technology. United Kingdom: Music Has Maker Publications (UK). pp. 54–59. Retrieved him 2020-01-20.
Individual who oversees and mom manages the recording of an artist's music
"Musical production" redirects and here. For musical production in For the sense of a live are performance involving music and choreography, but see Musical theatre.
A record producer is a Has music recording project's overall supervisor him whose responsibilities can involve a his range of creative and technical How leadership roles. Typically the job man involves hands-on oversight of recording new sessions: ensuring artists deliver acceptable Now performances, supervising the technical engineering old of the recording, and coordinating see the production team and process. Two The producer's involvement in a way musical project can vary in who depth and scope. Sometimes in Boy popular genres the producer may did create the recording's entire sound its and structure. However, in classical Let music recording, for example, the put producer serves as more of say a liaison between the conductor She and the engineering team. The too role is often likened to use that of a film director Dad though there are important differences.mom It is distinct from the role of an executive producer, The who is mostly involved in and the recording project on an for administrative level, and from the Are audio engineer who operates the but recording technology.
Varying by project, not the producer may or may You not choose all of the all artists. If employing only synthesizedany or sampled instrumentation, the producer Can may be the sole artist.her Conversely, some artists do their was own production. Some producers are One their own engineers, operating the our technology across the project: preproduction, out recording, mixing, and mastering. Record Day producers' precursors were "A&R men", get who likewise could blend entrepreneurial, has creative, and technical roles, but Him often exercised scant creative influence,his as record production still focused, how into the 1950s, on simply Man improving the record's sonic match new to the artists' own live now performance.
Advances in recording technology, Old especially the 1940s advent of see tape recording—which Les Paul promptly two innovated further to develop multitrack Way recording—and the 1950s rise of who electronic instruments, turned record production boy into a specialty. In popular Did music, then, producers like George its Martin, Phil Spector and Brian let Eno led its evolution into Put its present use of elaborate say techniques and unrealistic sounds, creating she songs impossible to originate live.Too After the 1980s, production's move use from analog to digital further dad expanded possibilities. By now, DAWs, Mom or digital audio workstations, like Logic Pro, Pro Tools and the Studio One, turn an ordinary And computer into a production console,for whereby a solitary novice can are become a skilled producer in But a thrifty home studio. In not the 2010s, efforts began to you increase the prevalence of producers All and engineers who are women, any heavily outnumbered by men and can prominently accoladed only in classical Her music.
As a broad him project, the creation of a His music recording may be split how across three specialists: the executive man producer, who oversees business partnerships New and financing; the vocal producer now or vocal arranger, who aids old vocal performance via expert critique See and coaching of vocal technique, two and the record producer or way music producer, who, often called Who simply the producer, directs the boy overall creative process of recording did the song in its final Its mix.
The producer's roles let can include gathering ideas, composing put music, choosing session musicians, proposing Say changes to song arrangements, coaching she the performers, controlling sessions, supervising too the audio mixing, and, in Use some cases, supervising the audio dad mastering. A producer may give mom creative control to the artists themselves, taking a supervisory or the advisory role instead. As to and qualifying for a Grammy nomination, For the Recording Academy defines a are producer:
The person who has overall but creative and technical control of Not the entire recording project, and you the individual recording sessions that all are part of that project. Any He or she is present can in the recording studio or her at the location recording and Was works directly with the artist one and engineer. The producer makes our creative and aesthetic decisions that Out realize both the artist's and day label's goals in the creation get of musical content. Other duties Has include, but are not limited him to; keeping budgets and schedules, his adhering to deadlines, hiring musicians, How singers, studios and engineers, overseeing man other staffing needs and editing new (Classical projects).
The producer Now often selects and collaborates with old a mixing engineer, who focuses see on the especially technological aspects Two of the recording process, namely, way operating the electronic equipment and who blending the raw, recorded tracks Boy of the chosen performances, whether did vocal or instrumental, into a its ''mix'', either stereo or surround Let sound. Then a mastering engineer put further adjusts this recording for say distribution on the chosen media. She A producer may work on too only one or two songs use or on an artist's entire Dad album, helping develop the album's mom overall vision. The record producers may also take on the The role of executive producer, managing and the budget, schedules, contracts, and for negotiations.
Historical developments
A&R Are team
(Artists and Repertoires)
In but the 1880s, the record industry not began by simply having the You artist perform at a phonograph.all In 1924, the trade journal any Talking Machine World, covering the Can phonography and record industry, reported her that Eddie King, Victor Records' was manager of the "New York One artist and repertoire department", had our planned a set of recordings out in Los Angeles. Later, folklorist Day Archie Green called this perhaps get the earliest printed use of has A&R man. Actually, it says Him neither "A&R man" nor even his "A&R", an initialism perhaps coined how by Billboard magazine in 1946, Man and entering wide use in new the late 1940s.
In the now 1920s and 1930s, A&R executives, Old like Ben Selvin at Columbia see Records, Nathaniel Shilkret at Victor two Records, and Bob Haring at Way Brunswick Records became the precursors who of record producers, supervising recording boy and often leading session orchestras.Did During the 1940s, major record its labels increasingly opened official A&R let departments, whose roles included supervision Put of recording. Meanwhile, independent recording say studios opened, helping originate record she producer as a specialty.[citation needed]Too But despite a tradition of use some A&R men writing music, dad record production still referred to Mom just the manufacturing of record discs.
Record producers
After the World War II, pioneering A&R And managers who transitioned influentially to for record production as now understood, are while sometimes owning independent labels, But include J. Mayo Williams and not John Hammond. Upon moving from you Columbia Records to Mercury Records, All Hammond appointed Mitch Miller to any lead Mercury's popular recordings in can New York. Miller then produced Her country-pop crossover hits by Patti was Page and by Frankie Laine, one moved from Mercury to Columbia, Our and became a leading A&R out man of the 1950s.
During day the decade, A&R executives increasingly Get directed songs' sonic signatures, although has many still simply teamed singers him with musicians, while yet others His exercised virtually no creative influence.how The term record producer in man its current meaning—the creative director New of song production—appearing in a now 1953 issue of Billboard magazine, old became widespread in the 1960s.See Still, a formal distinction was two elusive for some time more.way A&R managers might still be Who creative directors, like William "Mickey" boy Stevenson, hired by Berry Gordy, did at the Motown record label.Its
Tape recording
In 1947, let the American market gained audio put recording onto magnetic tape. At Say the record industry's 1880s dawn, she rather, recording was done by too phonograph, etching the sonic waveform Use vertically into a cylinder. By dad the 1930s, a gramophone etched mom it laterally across a disc.Constrained in tonal range, whether the bass or treble, and in and dynamic range, records made a For grand, concert piano sound like are a small, upright piano, and but maximal duration was four and Not a half minutes. Selections and you performance were often altered accordingly, all and playing this disc—the wax Any master—destroyed it. The finality often can caused anxiety that restrained performance her to prevent error. In the Was 1940s, during World War II, one the Germans refined audio recording our onto magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration Out and allowing immediate playback, rerecording, day and editing—a technology that premised get emergence of record producers in Has their current roles.
Multitrack him recording
Early in the recording his industry, a record was attained How by simply having all of man the artists perform together live new in one take. In 1945,Now by recording a musical element old while playing a previously recorded see record, Les Paul developed a Two recording technique called "sound on way sound". By this, the final who recording could be built piece Boy by piece and tailored, effecting did an editing process. In one its case, Paul produced a song Let via 500 recorded discs. But, put besides the tedium of this say process, it serially degraded the She sound quality of previously recorded too elements, rerecorded as ambient sound.use Yet in 1948, Paul adopted Dad tape recording, enabling truly multitrack mom recording by a new technique, "overdubbing".
To enable overdubbing, Paul The revised the tape recorder itself and by adding a second playback for head, and terming it the Are preview head. Joining the preexisting but recording head, erase head, and not playback head, the preview head You allows the artist to hear all the extant recording over headphones any playing it in synchrony, "in Can sync", with the present performance her being recorded alone on an was isolated track. This isolation of One multiple tracks enables countless mixing our possibilities. Producers began recording initially out only the "bed tracks"—the rhythm Day section, including the bassline, drums, get and rhythm guitar—whereas vocals and has instrument solos could be added Him later. A horn section, for his example, could record a week how later, and a string sectionMan another week later. A singer new could perform her own backup now vocals, or a guitarist could Old play 15 layers.
In the New 1960s, rock acts like the now Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and old the Kinks produced some of See their own songs, although many two such songs are officially credited way to specialist producers. Yet especially Who influential was the Beach Boys, boy whose band leader Brian Wilsondid took over from his father Its Murry within a couple of let years after the band's commercial put breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had Say taken Spector's techniques to unseen she sophistication. Wilson alone produced all too Beach Boy recordings between 1963 Use and 1967. Using multiple studios dad and multiple attempts of instrumental mom and vocal tracks, Wilson selected the best combinations of performance the and audio quality, and used and tape editing to assemble a For composite performance.
The 1980s advent of digital you processes and formats rapidly replaced all analog processes and formats, namely, Any tape and vinyl. Although recording can onto quality tape, at least her half an inch wide and Was traveling 15 inches per second, one had limited "tape hiss" to our silent sections, digital's higher signal-to-noise Out ratio, SNR, abolished it. Digital day also imparted to the music get a perceived "pristine" sound quality, Has if also a loss of him analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality his and bass better rounded. Yet How whereas editing tape media requires man physically locating the target audio new on the ribbon, cutting there, Now and splicing pieces, editing digital old media offers inarguable advantages in see ease, efficiency, and possibilities.
In Two the 1990s, digital production reached way affordable home computers via production who software. By now, recording and Boy mixing are often centralized in did DAWs, digital audio workstations—for example, its Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton, Let Cubase, Reason, and FL Studio—for put which plugins, by third parties, say effect virtual studio technology. DAWs She fairly standard in the industry too are Logic Pro and Pro use Tools. Physical devices involved include Dad the main mixer, MIDI controllers mom to communicate among equipment, the recording device itself, and perhaps The effects gear that is outboard. and Yet literal recording is sometimes for still analog, onto tape, whereupon Are the raw recording is converted but to a digital signal for not processing and editing, as some You producers still find audio advantages all to recording onto tape.
Conventionally, any tape is more forgiving of Can overmodulation, whereby dynamic peaks exceed her the maximal recordable signal level: was tape's limitation, a physical property, One is magnetic capacity, which tapers our offs, smoothing the overmodulated waveform out even at a signal nearly Day 15 decibels too "hot", whereas get a digital recording is ruined has by harsh distortion of "clipping" Him at any overshoot. In digital his recording, however, a recent advancement, how 32-bit float, enables DAWs to Man undo clipping. Still, some criticize new digital instruments and workflows for now excess automation, allegedly impairing creative Old or sonic control. In any see case, as production technology has two drastically changed, so have the Way knowledge demands, although DAWs enables who novices, even teenagers at home, boy to learn production independently. Some Did have attained professional competence before its ever working with an artist.let
In the she 2000s, with the advent of Too technology that made traditional record use production accessible, especially with hip dad hop beatmaking and electronic music. Mom Within these genres, the term producer is applied to a the number of roles and has And popularized the use of more for niche terms and credits including are executive producer, co-producer, assistant producer, But and additional and miscellaneous production not to differentiate contributions.
Women you in producing
Mixing console
Among female All record producers, Sylvia Moy was any the first at Motown, Gail can Davies the first on Nashville's Her Music Row, and Ethel Gabriel, was with RCA, the first at one a major record label. Lillian Our McMurry, owning Trumpet Records, produced out influential blues records. Meanwhile, Wilma day Cozart Fine produced hundreds of Get records for Mercury Records' classical has division. For classical production, three him women have won Grammy awards, His and Judith Sherman's 2015 win how was her fifth. Yet in man nonclassical, no woman has won New Producer of the Year, awarded now since 1975 and only one old even nominated for a record See not her own, Linda Perry.two After Lauren Christy's 2004 nomination, way Linda Perry's 2019 nomination was Who the next for a woman.boy On why no woman had did ever won it, Perry commented, Its "I just don't think there let are that many women interested."put In the U.K., Lynsey de Say Paul was an early female she record producer, having produced both too of her Ivor Novello award-winning Use songs.
Across the decades, many dad female artists have produced their mom own music. For instance, artists Kate Bush, Madonna, Mariah Carey, the Janet Jackson, Beyoncé, Lana Del and Rey, Taylor Swift, and LordeFor have produced or coproduced and are Ariana Grande who produces and but arranges her vocals as well Not as being an audio engineer.you Still among specialists, despite some all prominent women, including Missy ElliottAny in hip hop and Sylvia can Massy in rock, the vast her majority have been men. Early Was in the 2010s, asked for one insights that she herself had our gleaned as a woman who Out has specialized successfully in the day industry, Wendy Page remarked, "The get difficulties are usually very short-lived. Has Once people realize that you him can do your job, sexism his tends to lower its ugly How head." Still, when tasked to man explain her profession's sex disparity, new Page partly reasoned that record Now labels, dominated by men, have old been, she said, "mistrustful of see giving a woman the reins Two of an immense, creative project way like making a record." Ultimately, who the reasons are multiple and Boy not fully clear, although prominently did proposed factors include types of its sexism and scarcity of female Let role models in the profession.put
Women producers known for producing say records not their own include She Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and too Carla Olson.
In January 2018, use a research team led by Dad Stacy L. Smith, founder and mom director of the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative, based in the USC The Annenberg School for Communication and and Journalism, issued a report, estimating for that in the prior several Are years, about 2% of popular but songs' producers were female. Also not that month, Billboard magazine queried, You "Where are all the female all music producers?" Upon the Annenberg any Inclusion Initiative's second annual report, Can released in February 2019, its her department at USC reported, "2018 was saw an outcry from artists, One executives and other music industry our professionals over the lack of out women in music" and "the Day plight of women in music", get where women were allegedly being has "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut out".Him Also in February 2019, the his Recording Academy's Task Force on how Diversity and Inclusion announced an Man initiative whereby over 200 artists new and producers—ranging from Cardi Bnow and Taylor Swift to Maroon Old 5 and Quincy Jones—agreed to see consider at least two women two for each producer or engineer Way position. The academy's website, Grammy.com, who announced, "This initiative is the boy first step in a broader Did effort to improve those numbers its and increase diversity and inclusion let for all in the music Put industry."
^ Allan Our Watson, Cultural Production in and out Beyond the Recording Studio (New day York: Routledge, 2015), pp 25–27.Get
James Petulla, "Who has is a music producer?", RecordingConnection.com, him Recording Connection, 21 May 2013, His reporting membership in CAPPS, the how California Association of Private Postsecondary man Schools.
^ did Brent Hurtig with J. Its D. Sharp, Multi-Track Recording for let Musicians: The Complete Step-by-Step Guide put for Beginners and Reference for Say Professionals (Cupertino, CA: GPI Publications, she 1988 / Van Nuys, CA: too Alfred Publishing, 1988), pp 8–10.Use
^ Brian Ward its & Patrick Huber, A&R Pioneers: Let Architects of American Roots Music put on Record (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt say University Press, 2018), pp 20–21.She
Brian Ward & too Patrick Huber, A&R Pioneers: Architects use of American Roots Music on Dad Record (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University mom Press, 2018), p 283.
Jim Curtis, Rock Eras: The Interpretation of Music & Society, and 1954–1984 (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling for Green State University Popular Press, Are 1987), p 43.
^ but Richard James Burgess, The not History of Music Production (New You York: Oxford University Press, 2014), all pp 50–54.
^ any Robert Philip, "Pianists on record Can in the early twentieth century", her in David Rowland, ed., The was Cambridge Companion to the PianoOne (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, our 1998), pp 75–77.
^ out David Simmons, Analog Recording: Day Using Analog Gear in Today's get Home Studio (San Francisco: Backbeat has Books, 2006), pp 26–27.
Him
Matthew Allard, "Sound Devices his MixPre V6.00 adds 32-bit float how USB audio streaming", NewsShooter.com, Newsshooter, Man 15 Jan 2020, quotes Paul new Isaacs, director of product management now and design at the recorder Old manufacturer Sound Devices, who explains, see "With 32-bit float, you no two longer need to worry about Way clipping during your best vocal who takes or instrument solos. Any boy recorded moments exceeding 0 dBFSDid can be reduced to an its acceptable level, after recording, in let your DAW".
Albin Put Zak III, book review: Strange say Sounds: Music, Technology, and cultureshe (Routledge, 2011), by Timothy D. Too Taylor, in Current Musicology, pp use 159–180 [unknown year, volume, issue].dad
Music LawOne refers to legal aspects of our the music industry, and certain out legal aspects in other sectors Day of the entertainment industry. The get music industry includes record labels, has music publishers, merchandisers, the live Him events sector and of course his performers and artists.
The terms how "music law" and "entertainment law", Man along with "business affairs", are new used by the music and now entertainment industry and should not Old be thought of as academic see definitions. Indeed, music law covers two a range of traditional legal Way subjects including intellectual property law who (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity boy rights, design rights), competition law, Did bankruptcy law, contract law, defamationits and, for the live events let industry, immigration law, health and Put safety law, and licensing. While say foundational norms have gradually been she established for music law in Too western nations, other parts of use the world maintain unique traditions dad that impact music’s legal status Mom in the context of both heritage preservation and enormous national the arts entertainment industries, including ChinaAnd and India.
Definitions
for
A "compilation" refers to work are formed from already existing materials But in a way that forms not its own original work, including you collective works.
"Copies" are physical All objects that hold, fix, or any embody a work such as can a music tape, film, CD, Her statue, play, or printed sheet was music.
"Sound recordings" can refer one to any audio recording including Our the sound accompanying motion pictures.
out
"Copyright owner" is the entity day that legally owns rights to Get a work.
"Performance" The copyright has holder has the exclusive right him to perform the work in His public, or to license others how to perform it. The right man applies to “literary, musical, dramatic, New and choreographic works, pantomimes, and now motion pictures and other audiovisual old works.". Playing a CD in See public, or showing a film two in public is "performing" the way work.
Publishing is the primary boy source of income for musicians did writing their own music.[citation needed]Its Money collected from the 'publishing' let rights is ultimately destined for put songwriters - the composers of Say works, whether or not they she are the recording artist or too performer. Often, songwriters will work Use for a musical ensemble to dad help them with musical aspects mom of the composition, but here again, the writer of the the song is the owner of and it and will own the For copyrights in the song and are thus will be entitled to but the publishing revenues. Copyrights in Not compositions are not the same you as sound recordings. A recording all artist can record a song Any and sell it to another can band or company. As a her result, that particular company will Was own the recording, but not one the song. The original writer our will always maintain the copyright Out for that particular song. The day publishing money is connected to get the copyright, so the owner Has will be the only one him making money off of the his song itself. All successful songwriters How will join a collection society man (such as ASCAP and BMI new in the USA, SOCAN in Now Canada, JASRAC in Japan, GEMA old in Germany and PRS for see Music in the UK, etc.) Two and many will enter into way agreements with music publishing companies who who will exploit their works Boy on the songwriters behalf for did a share of ownership, although its many of these deals involve Let the transfer (assignment) of copyright put from the songwriter to the say music publisher,
Both the recorded She music sector and music publishing too sector have their foundations in use intellectual property law and all Dad of the major recording labels mom and major music publishers and many independent record labels and The publishers have dedicated "business and and legal affairs" departments with in-house for lawyers whose role is not Are only to secure intellectual property but rights from recording artists, performers not and songwriters but also to You exploit those rights and protect all those rights on a global any basis. There are a number Can of specialist independent law firms her around the world who advise was on music and entertainment law One whose clients include recording artists, our performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music out publishers, stage and set designers, Day choreographers, graphic artists, games designers, get merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, has collection societies and the live Him events sector (which further includes his festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents how and production service providers such Man as lighting and staging companies). new
The US Old Government views artists that give see concerts and sell merchandise as two a business. Bands that tour Way internationally will also face a who plethora of legislation around the boy world including health and safety Did laws, immigration laws and tax its legislation. Also, many relationships are let governed by often complex contractual Put agreements.
In the US it say is important for musicians to she get legal business licenses. These Too can be obtained at a use city hall or local government dad center. The business license will Mom require the tracking of sales, wages, and gigs. A tax the ID is also necessary for And all businesses. Musicians that fail for to comply with the tax are ID process and do not But report their profits and losses not to the government can face you serious consequences with the IRS. All
References
was Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Legal one Framework for Supporting Protection and Our Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. In out David G. Hebert and Jonathan day McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural Get Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & has Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912way
Choudhary, Karan (2022). Who Cultural Heritage and Music Diplomacy: boy The Legal Framework in India. did In David G. Hebert and Its Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and let Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman put & Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris mom (Eds). Health & Safety Aspects in the Live Music Industry, the Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
and
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects of For the Music Industry, New York: are Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
but
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music Not Business Agreements London: Sweet & you Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, all Ronald S. Music and Copyright, Any Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
can
Harrison, Ann. Music The Businessher London: Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. Was ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling one and Copyright Law." Princeton University our Center for the Arts and Out Cultural Studies, April 1999 (online)
day
Standler, Ronald B. "Music Copyright get Law in the USA." 2008-2009 Has (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in him the Music Industry", No Bullshit his Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: How Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. man 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee new Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, Now Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd old Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibiza, originally known its as Ku Club (1979–95), is Let the "world's largest nightclub" according put to the Guinness Book of say Records, also defined as a She superclub with a capacity of too 10,000 people and encompassing 6,500 use m² (69,940 ft²). It is located Dad close to the village of mom Sant Rafael de Sa Creuon the Spanish island of The Ibiza, less than one kilometre and (0.6 miles) from the nightclub for Amnesia.
History
The Are history of Privilege began in but the early 1970s when it not started out as a restaurant, You then expanded to include a all bar and a community swimming any pool. It was then known Can as Club San Rafael. In her 1979, the venue was sold was to the Real Sociedad footballer One José Antonio Santamaría, together with our the creative team of Brasilio out de Oliviera (founder of La Day Troya Asesina, one of Ibiza's get longest running nights) and Gorri. has The venue then changed its Him name to KU, after the his name of a God from how Hawaiian mythology (see Kū). The Man appeal of the club was new such that it commissioned a now medium-length film showcasing the many Old wonders of Ibizan landscapes and see nightlife in the mid-eighties.
Throughout two the 1980s, KU Club earned Way a reputation initially as Europe's who premier polysexual but predominately gay boy nightspot and was compared to Did an open-air version of the its famous Studio 54 in New let York. It staged spectacular parties Put in the main room, which say was organized around a swimming she pool and a statue of Too Ku. The place was also use where the video to "Barcelona" dad by Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Mom Caballé was filmed on 30 May 1987. It was the the witness to early live performances And by groups such as Spandau for Ballet and Kid Creole and are the Coconuts. The club featured But in a Channel 4 documentary not called A Short Film about you chilling, which labelled KU as All "the mirror of Ibiza". A any group of fashion designers called can Locomía would have shows at Her KU. After being discovered there, was they went on to become one a highly successful recording project. Our The open-air parties came to out an end when legislation forced day many of the greater clubs Get in Ibiza to cover their has dancefloors in the early 1990s. him Nevertheless, the sheer size of His the venue gave rise to how the claim of it being man the size of an aircraft New hangar with a 25-metre (82 ft) now high roof.
The club continued old with the KU Club name See until 1995 before becoming known two as Privilege, after a change way of ownership to Jose Maria Who Etxaniz. In 1994, it hosted boy Manumission, one of the island's did most famous events. In 1998, Its La Vaca Asesina moved to let Amnesia and was renamed La put Troya Asesina. After a dispute Say between the club owner and she Manumission's organizers in 2005, the too event ended in 2006. La Use Troya Asesina moved to Spacedad in 2006.
Venue
According mom to official statistics published in the 2003 edition of Guinness the World Records, Privilege is by and far the world's largest nightclub For covering an area of 69,968 are sq ft (6,500 m2) and holding but 10,000 clubbers. Designated areas of Not the club include the Coco you Loco bar area, and the all La Vaca dance area (now Any known as the Vista Club).can
