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Individual But supervising a musical project
"Musical production" redirects All here. For musical production in any the sense of a live can performance involving music and choreography, Her see Musical theatre.
A record old producer or music producer is See a music creating project's overall two supervisor whose responsibilities can involve way a range of creative and Who technical leadership roles. Typically the boy job involves hands-on oversight of did recording sessions; ensuring artists deliver Its acceptable and quality performances, supervising let the technical engineering of the put recording, and coordinating the production Say team and process. The producer's she involvement in a musical project too can vary in depth and Use scope. Sometimes in popular genres dad the producer may create the mom recording's entire sound and structure.However, in classical music recording, the for example, the producer serves and as more of a liaison For between the conductor and the are engineering team. The role is but often likened to that of Not a film director though there you are important differences. It is all distinct from the role of Any an executive producer, who is can mostly involved in the recording her project on an administrative level, Was and from the audio engineerone who operates the recording technology. our
Varying by project, the producer Out may or may not choose day all of the artists. If get employing only synthesized or sampledHas instrumentation, the producer may be him the sole artist. Conversely, some his artists do their own production.How Some producers are their own man engineers, operating the technology across new the project: preproduction, recording, mixing, Now and mastering. Record producers' precursors old were "A&R men", who likewise see could blend entrepreneurial, creative, and Two technical roles, but often exercised way scant creative influence, as record who production still focused, into the Boy 1950s, on simply improving the did record's sonic match to the its artists' own live performance.
Advances Let in recording technology, especially the put 1940s advent of tape recording—which say Les Paul promptly innovated further She to develop multitrack recording—and the too 1950s rise of electronic instruments, use turned record production into a Dad specialty. In popular music, then, mom producers like George Martin, Phil Spector and Brian Eno led The its evolution into its present and use of elaborate techniques and for unrealistic sounds, creating songs impossible Are to originate live. After the but 1980s, production's move from analog not to digital further expanded possibilities.You By now, DAWs, or digital all audio workstations, like Logic Pro, any Pro Tools and Studio One, Can turn an ordinary computer into her a production console, whereby a was solitary novice can become a One skilled producer in a thrifty our home studio. In the 2010s, out efforts began to increase the Day prevalence of producers and engineers get who are women, heavily outnumbered has by men and prominently accoladed Him only in classical music.
his
Production overview
two
As a broad project, the Way creation of a music recording who may be split across three boy specialists: the executive producer, who Did oversees business partnerships and financing; its the vocal producer or vocal let arranger, who aids vocal performance Put via expert critique and coaching say of vocal technique, and the she record producer or music producer, Too who, often called simply the use producer, directs the overall creative dad process of recording the song Mom in its final mix.
The producer's roles can include gathering the ideas, composing music, choosing session And musicians, proposing changes to song for arrangements, coaching the performers, controlling are sessions, supervising the audio mixing, But and, in some cases, supervising not the audio mastering. A producer you may give creative control to All the artists themselves, taking a any supervisory or advisory role instead. can As to qualifying for a Her Grammy nomination, the Recording Academywas defines a producer:
The person one who has overall creative and Our technical control of the entire out recording project, and the individual day recording sessions that are part Get of that project. He or has she is present in the him recording studio or at the His location recording and works directly how with the artist and engineer. man The producer makes creative and New aesthetic decisions that realize both now the artist's and label's goals old in the creation of musical See content. Other duties include, but two are not limited to: keeping way budgets and schedules; adhering to Who deadlines; hiring musicians, singers, studios, boy and engineers; overseeing other staffing did needs; and editing (Classical projects). Its
The producer often selects and let collaborates with a mixing engineer, put who focuses on the especially Say technological aspects of the recording she process, namely, operating the electronic too equipment and blending the raw, Use recorded tracks of the chosen dad performances, whether vocal or instrumental, mom into a mix, either stereo or surround sound. Then a the mastering engineer further adjusts this and recording for distribution on the For chosen media. A producer may are work on only one or but two songs or on an Not artist's entire album, helping develop you the album's overall vision. The all record producers may also take Any on the role of executive can producer, managing the budget, schedules, her contracts, and negotiations.
Historical Was developments
A&R team
(Artists and one Repertoires)
In the 1880s, the our record industry began by simply Out having the artist perform at day a phonograph. In 1924, the get trade journal Talking Machine World, Has covering the phonography and record him industry, reported that Eddie King, his Victor Records' manager of the How "New York artist and repertoireman department", had planned a set new of recordings in Los Angeles.Now Later, folklorist Archie Green called old this perhaps the earliest printed see use of A&R man. Actually, Two it says neither "A&R man" way nor even "A&R", an initialism who perhaps coined by Billboard magazine Boy in 1946, and entering wide did use in the late 1940s.its
In the 1920s and 1930s, Let A&R executives, like Ben Selvinput at Columbia Records, Nathaniel Shilkretsay at Victor Records, and Bob She Haring at Brunswick Records became too the precursors of record producers, use supervising recording and often leading Dad session orchestras. During the 1940s, mom major record labels increasingly opened official A&R departments, whose roles The included supervision of recording. Meanwhile, and independent recording studios opened, helping for originate record producer as a Are specialty.[citation needed] But despite a but tradition of some A&R men not writing music, record production still You referred to just the manufacturing all of record discs.
Record any producers
After World War II, Can pioneering A&R managers who transitioned her influentially to record production as was now understood, while sometimes owning One independent labels, include J. Mayo our Williams and John Hammond. Upon out moving from Columbia Records to Day Mercury Records, Hammond appointed Mitch get Miller to lead Mercury's popular has recordings in New York. Miller Him then produced country-pop crossover hits his by Patti Page and by how Frankie Laine, moved from Mercury Man to Columbia, and became a new leading A&R man of the now 1950s.
During the decade, A&R Old executives increasingly directed songs' sonic see signatures, although many still simply two teamed singers with musicians, while Way yet others exercised virtually no who creative influence. The term record boy producer in its current meaning—the Did creative director of song production—appearing its in a 1953 issue of let Billboard magazine, became widespread in Put the 1960s. Still, a formal say distinction was elusive for some she time more. A&R managers might Too still be creative directors, like use William "Mickey" Stevenson, hired by dad Berry Gordy, at the MotownMom record label.
Tape recording
In 1947, the American market the gained audio recording onto magnetic And tape. At the record industry's for 1880s dawn, rather, recording was are done by phonograph, etching the But sonic waveform vertically into a not cylinder. By the 1930s, a you gramophone etched it laterally acrossAll a disc. Constrained in tonal any range, whether bass or treble, can and in dynamic range, records Her made a grand, concert piano was sound like a small, upright one piano, and maximal duration was Our four and a half minutes.out Selections and performance were often day altered accordingly, and playing this Get disc—the wax master—destroyed it. The has finality often caused anxiety that him restrained performance to prevent error.His In the 1940s, during World how War II, the Germans refined man audio recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping New recording duration and allowing immediate now playback, rerecording, and editing—a technology old that premised emergence of record See producers in their current roles.two
Multitrack recording
Early in way the recording industry, a record Who was attained by simply having boy all of the artists perform did together live in one take.Its In 1945, by recording a let musical element while playing a put previously recorded record, Les PaulSay developed a recording technique called she "sound on sound". By this, too the final recording could be Use built piece by piece and dad tailored, effecting an editing process.mom In one case, Paul produced a song via 500 recorded the discs. But, besides the tedium and of this process, it serially For degraded the sound quality of are previously recorded elements, rerecorded as but ambient sound. Yet in 1948, Not Paul adopted tape recording, enabling you truly multitrack recording by a all new technique, "overdubbing".
To enable Any overdubbing, Paul revised the tape can recorder itself by adding a her second playback head, and terming Was it the preview head. Joining one the preexisting recording head, erase our head, and playback head, the Out preview head allows the artist day to hear the extant recording get over headphones playing it in Has synchrony, "in sync", with the him present performance being recorded alone his on an isolated track. This How isolation of multiple tracks enables man countless mixing possibilities. Producers began new recording initially only the "bed Now tracks"—the rhythm section, including the old bassline, drums, and rhythm guitar—whereas see vocals and instrument solos could Two be added later. A horn way section, for example, could record who a week later, and a Boy string section another week later. did A singer could perform her its own backup vocals, or a Let guitarist could play 15 layers. put
In let the 1960s, rock acts like Put the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, say and the Kinks produced some she of their own songs, although Too many such songs are officially use credited to specialist producers. Yet dad especially influential was the Beach Mom Boys, whose band leader Brian Wilson took over from his the father Murry within a couple And of years after the band's for commercial breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson are had taken Spector's techniques to But unseen sophistication. Wilson alone produced not all Beach Boys recordings between you 1963 and 1967. Using multiple All studios and multiple attempts of any instrumental and vocal tracks, Wilson can selected the best combinations of Her performance and audio quality, and was used tape editing to assemble one a composite performance.
Digital Our production
The 1980s advent of out digital processes and formats rapidly day replaced analog processes and formats, Get namely, tape and vinyl. Although has recording onto quality tape, at him least half an inch wide His and traveling 15 inches per how second, had limited "tape hiss" man to silent sections, digital's higher New signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, abolished it.now Digital also imparted to the old music a perceived "pristine" sound See quality, if also a loss two of analog recordings' perceived "warm" way quality and better-rounded bass. Yet Who whereas editing tape media requires boy physically locating the target audio did on the ribbon, cutting there, Its and splicing pieces, editing digital let media offers inarguable advantages in put ease, efficiency, and possibilities.
In Say the 1990s, digital production reached she affordable home computers via production too software. By now, recording and Use mixing are often centralized in dad DAWs, digital audio workstations—for example, mom Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton, Cubase, Reason, and FL Studio—for the which plugins, by third parties, and effect virtual studio technology. DAWs For fairly standard in the industry are are Logic Pro and Pro but Tools. Physical devices involved include Not the main mixer, MIDI controllers you to communicate among equipment, the all recording device itself, and perhaps Any effects gear that is outboard. can Yet literal recording is sometimes her still analog, onto tape, whereupon Was the raw recording is converted one to a digital signal for our processing and editing, as some Out producers still find audio advantages day to recording onto tape.
Conventionally, get tape is more forgiving of Has overmodulation, whereby dynamic peaks exceed him the maximal recordable signal level: his tape's limitation, a physical property, How is magnetic capacity, which tapers man off, smoothing the overmodulated waveform new even at a signal nearly Now 15 decibels too "hot", whereas old a digital recording is ruined see by harsh distortion of "clipping" Two at any overshoot. In digital way recording, however, a recent advancement, who 32-bit float, enables DAWs to Boy undo clipping. Still, some criticize did digital instruments and workflows for its excess automation, allegedly impairing creative Let or sonic control. In any put case, as production technology has say drastically changed, so have the She knowledge demands, although DAWs enables too novices, even teenagers at home, use to learn production independently. Some Dad have attained professional competence before mom ever working with an artist.
In the for 2000s, with the advent of Are technology that made traditional record but production accessible, especially with hip not hop beatmaking and electronic music. You Within these genres, the term all producer is applied to a any number of roles and has Can popularized the use of more her niche terms and credits including was executive producer, co-producer, assistant producer, One and additional and miscellaneous production our to differentiate contributions.
Women out in producing
Among female Day record producers, Sylvia Moy was get the first at Motown, Gail has Davies the first on Nashville's Him Music Row, and Ethel Gabriel, his with RCA, the first at how a major record label. Lillian Man McMurry, owning Trumpet Records, produced new influential blues records. Meanwhile, Wilma now Cozart Fine produced hundreds of Old records for Mercury Records' classical see division. For classical production, three two women have won Grammy awards, Way and Judith Sherman's 2015 win who was her fifth. Yet in boy nonclassical, no woman has won Did Producer of the Year, awarded its since 1975 and only one let even nominated for a record Put not her own, Linda Perry.say After Lauren Christy's 2004 nomination, she Linda Perry's 2019 nomination was Too the next for a woman.use On why no woman had dad ever won it, Perry commented, Mom "I just don't think there are that many women interested."the In the U.K., Lynsey de And Paul was an early female for record producer, having produced both are of her Ivor Novello award-winning But songs.
Across the decades, many not female artists have produced their you own music. For instance, artists All Kate Bush, Madonna, Mariah Carey, any Janet Jackson, Beyoncé (even that can of Destiny's Child and the Her Carters), Lana Del Rey, Taylor was Swift, and Lorde have produced one or coproduced and Ariana GrandeOur who produces and arranges her out vocals as well as being day an audio engineer. Still among Get specialists, despite some prominent women, has including Missy Elliott in hip him hop and Sylvia Massy in His rock, the vast majority have how been men. Early in the man 2010s, asked for insights that New she herself had gleaned as now a woman who has specialized old successfully in the industry, Wendy See Page remarked, "The difficulties are two usually very short-lived. Once people way realize that you can do Who your job, sexism tends to boy lower its ugly head." Still, did when tasked to explain her Its profession's sex disparity, Page partly let reasoned that record labels, dominated put by men, have been, she Say said, "mistrustful of giving a she woman the reins of an too immense, creative project like making Use a record." Ultimately, the reasons dad are multiple and not fully mom clear, although prominently proposed factors include types of sexism and the scarcity of female role models and in the profession.
Women producers For known for producing records not are their own include Sonia Pottinger, but Sylvia Robinson and Carla Olson. Not
In January 2018, a research you team led by Stacy L. all Smith, founder and director of Any the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative, based can in the USC Annenberg School her for Communication and Journalism, issued Was a report, estimating that in one the prior several years, about our 2% of popular songs' producers Out were female. Also that month, day Billboard magazine queried, "Where are get all the female music producers?"Has Upon the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's him second annual report, released in his February 2019, its department at How USC reported, "2018 saw an man outcry from artists, executives and new other music industry professionals over Now the lack of women in old music" and "the plight of see women in music", where women Two were allegedly being "stereotyped, sexualized, way and shut out". Also in who February 2019, the Recording Academy's Boy Task Force on Diversity and did Inclusion announced an initiative whereby its over 200 artists and producers—ranging Let from Cardi B and Taylor put Swift to Maroon 5 and say Quincy Jones—agreed to consider at She least two women for each too producer or engineer position. The use academy's website, Grammy.com, announced, "This Dad initiative is the first step mom in a broader effort to improve those numbers and increase The diversity and inclusion for all and in the music industry."
Allard, one Matthew (15 January 2020). "Sound our Devices MixPre V6.00 adds 32-bit Out float USB audio streaming". Newsshooter. day With 32-bit float, you no get longer need to worry about Has clipping during your best vocal him takes or instrument solos. Any his recorded moments exceeding 0 dBFSHow can be reduced to an man acceptable level, after recording, in new your DAW
Zak, Now Albin J. (29 September 2002). old "Review of Timothy D. Taylor. see 2001. Strange Sounds: Music, Technology, Two and Culture. New York: Routledge". way Current Musicology (74). doi:10.7916/CM.V0I74.4910.
who
Pras, Amandine; Cance, Caroline; Boy Guastavino, Catherine (2013). "Record Producers' did Best Practices For Artistic Direction—From its Light Coaching To Deeper Collaboration Let With Musicians". Journal of New put Music Research. 42 (4): 381–395. say doi:10.1080/09298215.2013.848903. ISSN0929-8215.
Music Lawget refers to legal aspects of Has the music industry, and certain him legal aspects in other sectors his of the entertainment industry. The How music industry includes record labels, man music publishers, merchandisers, the live new events sector and of course Now performers and artists.
The terms old "music law" and "entertainment law", see along with "business affairs", are Two used by the music and way entertainment industry and should not who be thought of as academic Boy definitions. Indeed, music law covers did a range of traditional legal its subjects including intellectual property law Let (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity put rights, design rights), competition law, say bankruptcy law, contract law, defamationShe and, for the live events too industry, immigration law, health and use safety law, and licensing. While Dad foundational norms have gradually been mom established for music law in western nations, other parts of The the world maintain unique traditions and that impact music’s legal status for in the context of both Are heritage preservation and enormous national but arts entertainment industries, including Chinanot and India.
Definitions
You
A "compilation" refers to work all formed from already existing materials any in a way that forms Can its own original work, including her collective works.
"Copies" are physical was objects that hold, fix, or One embody a work such as our a music tape, film, CD, out statue, play, or printed sheet Day music.
"Sound recordings" can refer get to any audio recording including has the sound accompanying motion pictures.
Him
"Copyright owner" is the entity his that legally owns rights to how a work.
"Performance" The copyright Man holder has the exclusive right new to perform the work in now public, or to license others Old to perform it. The right see applies to “literary, musical, dramatic, two and choreographic works, pantomimes, and Way motion pictures and other audiovisual who works.". Playing a CD in boy public, or showing a film Did in public is "performing" the its work.
Publishing is the primary Put source of income for musicians say writing their own music.[citation needed]she Money collected from the 'publishing' Too rights is ultimately destined for use songwriters - the composers of dad works, whether or not they Mom are the recording artist or performer. Often, songwriters will work the for a musical ensemble to And help them with musical aspects for of the composition, but here are again, the writer of the But song is the owner of not it and will own the you copyrights in the song and All thus will be entitled to any the publishing revenues. Copyrights in can compositions are not the same Her as sound recordings. A recording was artist can record a song one and sell it to another Our band or company. As a out result, that particular company will day own the recording, but not Get the song. The original writer has will always maintain the copyright him for that particular song. The His publishing money is connected to how the copyright, so the owner man will be the only one New making money off of the now song itself. All successful songwriters old will join a collection society See (such as ASCAP and BMI two in the USA, SOCAN in way Canada, JASRAC in Japan, GEMA Who in Germany and PRS for boy Music in the UK, etc.) did and many will enter into Its agreements with music publishing companies let who will exploit their works put on the songwriters behalf for Say a share of ownership, although she many of these deals involve too the transfer (assignment) of copyright Use from the songwriter to the dad music publisher,
Both the recorded mom music sector and music publishing sector have their foundations in the intellectual property law and all and of the major recording labels For and major music publishers and are many independent record labels and but publishers have dedicated "business and Not legal affairs" departments with in-house you lawyers whose role is not all only to secure intellectual property Any rights from recording artists, performers can and songwriters but also to her exploit those rights and protect Was those rights on a global one basis. There are a number our of specialist independent law firms Out around the world who advise day on music and entertainment law get whose clients include recording artists, Has performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music him publishers, stage and set designers, his choreographers, graphic artists, games designers, How merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, man collection societies and the live new events sector (which further includes Now festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents old and production service providers such see as lighting and staging companies). Two
The US who Government views artists that give Boy concerts and sell merchandise as did a business. Bands that tour its internationally will also face a Let plethora of legislation around the put world including health and safety say laws, immigration laws and tax She legislation. Also, many relationships are too governed by often complex contractual use agreements.
In the US it Dad is important for musicians to mom get legal business licenses. These can be obtained at a The city hall or local government and center. The business license will for require the tracking of sales, Are wages, and gigs. A tax but ID is also necessary for not all businesses. Musicians that fail You to comply with the tax all ID process and do not any report their profits and losses Can to the government can face her serious consequences with the IRS. was
References
Day Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Legal get Framework for Supporting Protection and has Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. In Him David G. Hebert and Jonathan his McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural how Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & Man Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912say
Choudhary, Karan (2022). she Cultural Heritage and Music Diplomacy: Too The Legal Framework in India. use In David G. Hebert and dad Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Mom Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris not (Eds). Health & Safety Aspects you in the Live Music Industry, All Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
any
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects of can the Music Industry, New York: Her Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
was
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music one Business Agreements London: Sweet & Our Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, out Ronald S. Music and Copyright, day Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Get
Harrison, Ann. Music The Businesshas London: Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. him ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling His and Copyright Law." Princeton University how Center for the Arts and man Cultural Studies, April 1999 (online)
New
Standler, Ronald B. "Music Copyright now Law in the USA." 2008-2009 old (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in See the Music Industry", No Bullshit two Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: way Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. Who 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee boy Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, did Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd Its Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibiza, can originally known as Ku Clubher (1979–95), is the "world's largest Was nightclub" according to the Guinness one Book of Records, also defined our as a superclub with a Out capacity of 10,000 people and day encompassing 6,500 m² (69,940 ft²). It get is located close to the Has village of Sant Rafael de him Sa Creu on the Spanish his island of Ibiza, less than How one kilometre (0.6 miles) from man the nightclub Amnesia.
It has new remained closed since the summer Now of 2019 and its future old as of 2024 is unknown.see
History
The history Two of Privilege began in the way early 1970s when it started who out as a restaurant, then Boy expanded to include a bar did and a community swimming pool. its It was then known as Let Club San Rafael. In 1979, put the venue was sold to say the Real Sociedad footballer José She Antonio Santamaría, together with the too creative team of Brasilio de use Oliviera (founder of La Troya Dad Asesina, one of Ibiza's longest mom running nights) and Gorri. The venue then changed its name The to KU, after the name and of a God from Hawaiian for mythology (see Kū). The appeal Are of the club was such but that it commissioned a medium-length not film showcasing the many wonders You of Ibizan landscapes and nightlife all in the mid-eighties.
Throughout the any 1980s, KU Club earned a Can reputation initially as Europe's premier her polysexual but predominately gay nightspot was and was compared to an One open-air version of the famous our Studio 54 in New York. out It staged spectacular parties in Day the main room, which was get organized around a swimming pool has and a statue of Ku. Him The place was also where his the video to "Barcelona" by how Freddie Mercury and Montserrat CaballéMan was filmed on 30 May new 1987. It was the witness now to early live performances by Old groups such as Spandau Balletsee and Kid Creole and the two Coconuts. The club featured in Way a Channel 4 documentary called who A Short Film about chilling, boy which labelled KU as "the Did mirror of Ibiza". A group its of fashion designers called Locomíalet would have shows at KU.Put After being discovered there, they say went on to become a she highly successful recording project. The Too open-air parties came to an use end when legislation forced many dad of the greater clubs in Mom Ibiza to cover their dancefloors in the early 1990s. Nevertheless, the the sheer size of the And venue gave rise to the for claim of it being the are size of an aircraft hangar But with a 25-metre (82 ft) high not roof.
The club continued with you the KU Club name until All 1995 before becoming known as any Privilege, after a change of can ownership to Jose Maria Etxaniz.Her In 1994, it hosted Manumission, was one of the island's most one famous events. In 1998, La Our Vaca Asesina moved to Amnesiaout and was renamed La Troya day Asesina. After a dispute between Get the club owner and Manumission's has organizers in 2005, the event him ended in 2006. La Troya His Asesina moved to Space in how 2006.
Venue
According to man official statistics published in the New 2003 edition of Guinness World now Records, Privilege is by far old the world's largest nightclub covering See an area of 69,968 sq two ft (6,500 m2) and holding 10,000 way clubbers. Designated areas of the Who club include the Coco Loco boy bar area, and the La did Vaca dance area (now known Its as the Vista Club).