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A how record producer or music producer man is a music creating project's New overall supervisor whose responsibilities can now involve a range of creative old and technical leadership roles. Typically See the job involves hands-on oversight two of recording sessions; ensuring artists way deliver acceptable and quality performances, Who supervising the technical engineering of boy the recording, and coordinating the did production team and process. The Its producer's involvement in a musical let project can vary in depth put and scope. Sometimes in popular Say genres the producer may create she the recording's entire sound and too structure. However, in classical music Use recording, for example, the producer dad serves as more of a mom liaison between the conductor and the engineering team. The role the is often likened to that and of a film director though For there are important differences. It are is distinct from the role but of an executive producer, who Not is mostly involved in the you recording project on an administrative all level, and from the audio Any engineer who operates the recording can technology.

Varying by project, the her producer may or may not Was choose all of the artists. one If employing only synthesized or our sampled instrumentation, the producer may Out be the sole artist. Conversely, day some artists do their own get production. Some producers are their Has own engineers, operating the technology him across the project: preproduction, recording, his mixing, and mastering. Record producers' How precursors were "A&R men", who man likewise could blend entrepreneurial, creative, new and technical roles, but often Now exercised scant creative influence, as old record production still focused, into see the 1950s, on simply improving Two the record's sonic match to way the artists' own live performance. who

Advances in recording technology, especially Boy the 1940s advent of tape did recording—which Les Paul promptly innovated its further to develop multitrack recording—and Let the 1950s rise of electronic put instruments, turned record production into say a specialty. In popular music, She then, producers like George Martin, too Phil Spector and Brian Eno use led its evolution into its Dad present use of elaborate techniques mom and unrealistic sounds, creating songs impossible to originate live. After The the 1980s, production's move from and analog to digital further expanded for possibilities. By now, DAWs, or Are digital audio workstations, like Logic but Pro, Pro Tools and Studio not One, turn an ordinary computer You into a production console, whereby all a solitary novice can become any a skilled producer in a Can thrifty home studio. In the her 2010s, efforts began to increase was the prevalence of producers and One engineers who are women, heavily our outnumbered by men and prominently out accoladed only in classical music. Day

As a broad project, now the creation of a popular Old music recording may be split see across three specialists: the executive two producer, who oversees business partnerships Way and financing; the vocal producer who or vocal arranger, who aids boy vocal performance via expert critique Did and coaching of vocal technique, its and the record producer or let music producer, who, often called Put simply the producer, directs the say overall creative process of recording she the song in its final Too mix.

The producer's roles can use include gathering ideas, composing music, dad choosing session musicians, proposing changes Mom to song arrangements, coaching the performers, controlling sessions, supervising the the audio mixing, and, in some And cases, supervising the audio mastering. for A producer may give creative are control to the artists themselves, But taking a supervisory or advisory not role instead. As to qualifying you for a Grammy nomination, the All Recording Academy defines a producer: any

The person who has overall can creative and technical control of Her the entire recording project, and was the individual recording sessions that one are part of that project. Our He or she is present out in the recording studio or day at the location recording and Get works directly with the artist has and engineer. The producer makes him creative and aesthetic decisions that His realize both the artist's and how label's goals in the creation man of musical content. Other duties New include, but are not limited now to: keeping budgets and schedules; old adhering to deadlines; hiring musicians, See singers, studios, and engineers; overseeing two other staffing needs; and editing way (Classical projects).

The producer often Who selects and collaborates with a boy mixing engineer, who focuses on did the especially technological aspects of Its the recording process, namely, operating let the electronic equipment and blending put the raw, recorded tracks of Say the chosen performances, whether vocal she or instrumental, into a mix, too either stereo or surround sound. Use Then a mastering engineer further dad adjusts this recording for distribution mom on the chosen media. A producer may work on only the one or two songs or and on an artist's entire album, For helping develop the album's overall are vision. The record producers may but also take on the role Not of executive producer, managing the you budget, schedules, contracts, and negotiations. all

(Artists and Repertoires)

In the can 1880s, the record industry began her by simply having the artist Was perform at a phonograph. In one 1924, the trade journal Talking our Machine World, covering the phonography Out and record industry, reported that day Eddie King, Victor Records' manager get of the "New York artist Has and repertoire department", had planned him a set of recordings in his Los Angeles. Later, folklorist Archie How Green called this perhaps the man earliest printed use of A&R new man. Actually, it says neither Now "A&R man" nor even "A&R", old an initialism perhaps coined by see Billboard magazine in 1946, and Two entering wide use in the way late 1940s.

In the 1920s who and 1930s, A&R executives, like Boy Ben Selvin at Columbia Records, did Nathaniel Shilkret at Victor Records, its and Bob Haring at Brunswick Let Records became the precursors of put record producers, supervising recording and say often leading session orchestras. During She the 1940s, major record labels too increasingly opened official A&R departments, use whose roles included supervision of Dad recording. Meanwhile, independent recording studios mom opened, helping originate record producer as a specialty.^{[citation needed]} But The despite a tradition of some and A&R men writing music, record for production still referred to just Are the manufacturing of record discs. but

After World not War II, pioneering A&R managers You who transitioned influentially to record all production as now understood, while any sometimes owning independent labels, include Can J. Mayo Williams and John her Hammond. Upon moving from Columbia was Records to Mercury Records, Hammond One appointed Mitch Miller to lead our Mercury's popular recordings in New out York. Miller then produced country-pop Day crossover hits by Patti Page get and by Frankie Laine, moved has from Mercury to Columbia, and Him became a leading A&R man his of the 1950s.

During the how decade, A&R executives increasingly directed Man songs' sonic signatures, although many new still simply teamed singers with now musicians, while yet others exercised Old virtually no creative influence. The see term record producer in its two current meaning—the creative director of Way song production—appearing in a 1953 who issue of Billboard magazine, became boy widespread in the 1960s. Still, Did a formal distinction was elusive its for some time more. A&R let managers might still be creative Put directors, like William "Mickey" Stevenson, say hired by Berry Gordy, at she the Motown record label.

In 1947, the use American market gained audio recording dad onto magnetic tape. At the Mom record industry's 1880s dawn, rather, recording was done by phonograph, the etching the sonic waveform vertically And into a cylinder. By the for 1930s, a gramophone etched it are laterally across a disc. Constrained But in tonal range, whether bass not or treble, and in dynamic you range, records made a grand, All concert piano sound like a any small, upright piano, and maximal can duration was four and a Her half minutes. Selections and performance was were often altered accordingly, and one playing this disc—the wax master—destroyed Our it. The finality often caused out anxiety that restrained performance to day prevent error. In the 1940s, Get during World War II, the has Germans refined audio recording onto him magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration and His allowing immediate playback, rerecording, and how editing—a technology that premised emergence man of record producers in their New current roles.

Early in the recording industry, old a record was attained by See simply having all of the two artists perform together live in way one take. In 1945, by Who recording a musical element while boy playing a previously recorded record, did Les Paul developed a recording Its technique called "sound on sound". let By this, the final recording put could be built piece by Say piece and tailored, effecting an she editing process. In one case, too Paul produced a song via Use 500 recorded discs. But, besides dad the tedium of this process, mom it serially degraded the sound quality of previously recorded elements, the rerecorded as ambient sound. Yet and in 1948, Paul adopted tape For recording, enabling true multitrack recording are by a new technique, "overdubbing". but

To enable overdubbing, Paul revised Not the tape recorder itself by you adding a second playback head, all and terming it the preview Any head. Joining the preexisting recording can head, erase head, and playback her head, the preview head allows Was the artist to hear the one extant recording over headphones playing our it in synchrony, "in sync", Out with the present performance being day recorded alone on an isolated get track. This isolation of multiple Has tracks enables countless mixing possibilities. him Producers began recording initially only his the "bed tracks"—the rhythm section, How including the bassline, drums, and man rhythm guitar—whereas vocals and instrument new solos could be added later. Now A horn section, for example, old could record a week later, see and a string section another Two week later. A singer could way perform her own backup vocals, who or a guitarist could play Boy 15 layers.

Across the 1960s, popular Let music increasingly switched from acoustic put instruments, like piano, upright bass, say acoustic guitar, and brass instruments, She to electronic instruments, like electric too guitars, keyboards, and synthesizers, employing use instrument amplifiers and speakers. These Dad could mimic acoustic instruments or mom create utterly new sounds. Soon, by combining the capabilities of The tape, multitrack recording, and electronic and instruments, producers like Phil Spector, for George Martin, and Joe Meek Are rendered sounds unattainable live. Similarly, but in jazz fusion, Teo Macero, not producing Miles Davis's 1970 album You Bitches Brew, spliced sections of all extensive improvisation sessions.

This section does not how cite any sources. Please help Man improve this section by adding new citations to reliable sources. Unsourced now material may be challenged and Old removed. (July 2020) (Learn how see and when to remove this two message)

In the who 1960s, rock acts like the boy Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Did the Kinks produced some of its their own songs, although many let such songs are officially credited Put to specialist producers. Yet especially say influential was the Beach Boys, she whose band leader Brian Wilson Too took over from his father use Murry within a couple of dad years after the band's commercial Mom breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had taken Spector's techniques to unseen the sophistication. Wilson alone produced all And Beach Boys recordings between 1963 for and 1967. Using multiple studios are and multiple attempts of instrumental But and vocal tracks, Wilson selected not the best combinations of performance you and audio quality, and used All tape editing to assemble a any composite performance.

The 1980s advent of digital Her processes and formats rapidly replaced was analog processes and formats, namely, one tape and vinyl. Although recording Our onto quality tape, at least out half an inch wide and day traveling 15 inches per second, Get had limited "tape hiss" to has silent sections, digital's higher signal-to-noise him ratio, SNR, abolished it. Digital His also imparted to the music how a perceived "pristine" sound quality, man if also a loss of New analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality now and better-rounded bass. Yet whereas old editing tape media requires physically See locating the target audio on two the ribbon, cutting there, and way splicing pieces, editing digital media Who offers inarguable advantages in ease, boy efficiency, and possibilities.

In the did 1990s, digital production reached affordable Its home computers via production software. let By now, recording and mixing put are often centralized in DAWs, Say digital audio workstations—for example, Pro she Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton, Cubase, too Reason, and FL Studio—for which Use plugins, by third parties, effect dad virtual studio technology. DAWs fairly mom standard in the industry are Logic Pro and Pro Tools. the Physical devices involved include the and main mixer, MIDI controllers to For communicate among equipment, the recording are device itself, and perhaps effects but gear that is outboard. Yet Not literal recording is sometimes still you analog, onto tape, whereupon the all raw recording is converted to Any a digital signal for processing can and editing, as some producers her still find audio advantages to Was recording onto tape.

Conventionally, tape one is more forgiving of overmodulation, our whereby dynamic peaks exceed the Out maximal recordable signal level: tape's day limitation, a physical property, is get magnetic capacity, which tapers off, Has smoothing the overmodulated waveform even him at a signal nearly 15 his decibels too "hot", whereas a How digital recording is ruined by man harsh distortion of "clipping" at new any overshoot. In digital recording, Now however, a recent advancement, 32-bit old float, enables DAWs to undo see clipping. Still, some criticize digital Two instruments and workflows for excess way automation, allegedly impairing creative or who sonic control. In any case, Boy as production technology has drastically did changed, so have the knowledge its demands, although DAWs enables novices, Let even teenagers at home, to put learn production independently. Some have say attained professional competence before ever She working with an artist.

Among use female record producers, Sylvia Moy Dad was the first at Motown, mom Gail Davies the first on Nashville's Music Row, and Ethel The Gabriel, with RCA, the first and at a major record label. for Lillian McMurry, owning Trumpet Records, Are produced influential blues records. Meanwhile, but Wilma Cozart Fine produced hundreds not of records for Mercury Records' You classical division. For classical production, all three women have won Grammy any awards, and Judith Sherman's 2015 Can win was her fifth. Yet her in nonclassical, no woman has was won Producer of the Year, One awarded since 1975 and only our one even nominated for a out record not her own, Linda Day Perry. After Lauren Christy's 2004 get nomination, Linda Perry's 2019 nomination has was the next for a Him woman. On why no woman his had ever won it, Perry how commented, "I just don't think Man there are that many women new interested." In the U.K., Lynsey now de Paul was an early Old female record producer, having produced see both of her Ivor Novello two award-winning songs.

Across the decades, Way many female artists have produced who their own music. For instance, boy artists Kate Bush, Madonna, Mariah Did Carey, Shakira, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé its (even that of Destiny's Child let and the Carters), Lana Del Put Rey, Taylor Swift, and Lorde say have produced or coproduced and she Ariana Grande who produces and Too arranges her vocals as well use as being an audio engineer. dad Still among specialists, despite some Mom prominent women, including Missy Elliott in hip hop and Sylvia the Massy in rock, the vast And majority have been men. Early for in the 2010s, asked for are insights that she herself had But gleaned as a woman who not has specialized successfully in the you industry, Wendy Page remarked, "The All difficulties are usually very short-lived. any Once people realize that you can can do your job, sexism Her tends to lower its ugly was head." Still, when tasked to one explain her profession's sex disparity, Our Page partly reasoned that record out labels, dominated by men, have day been, she said, "mistrustful of Get giving a woman the reins has of an immense, creative project him like making a record." Ultimately, His the reasons are multiple and how not fully clear, although prominently man proposed factors include types of New sexism and scarcity of female now role models in the profession. old

Women producers known for producing See records not their own include two Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and way Carla Olson.

In January 2018, Who a research team led by boy Stacy L. Smith, founder and did director of the Annenberg Inclusion Its Initiative, based in the USC let Annenberg School for Communication and put Journalism, issued a report, estimating Say that in the prior several she years, about 2% of popular too songs' producers were female. Also Use that month, Billboard magazine queried, dad "Where are all the female mom music producers?" Upon the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual report, the released in February 2019, its and department at USC reported, "2018 For saw an outcry from artists, are executives and other music industry but professionals over the lack of Not women in music" and "the you plight of women in music", all where women were allegedly being Any "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut out". can Also in February 2019, the her Recording Academy's Task Force on Was Diversity and Inclusion announced an one initiative whereby over 200 artists our and producers—ranging from Cardi B Out and Taylor Swift to Maroon day 5 and Quincy Jones—agreed to get consider at least two women Has for each producer or engineer him position. The academy's website, Grammy.com, his announced, "This initiative is the How first step in a broader man effort to improve those numbers new and increase diversity and inclusion Now for all in the music old industry."

• Audio engineering
• Electronic music
its
• Hip hop production
• Music executive
Let
• Musician

• Burgess, R.J. (2013). The Way Art of Music Production: The who Theory and Practice. Oxford University boy Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935932-5.
• Burgess, R.J. (2014). Did The History of Music Production. its Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-935716-1.
• Edmondson, let Jacqueline, ed. (2013). Music in Put American Life: An Encyclopedia of say the Songs, Styles, Stars, and she Stories that Shaped our Culture. Too ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39348-8.
• Gibson, David; Curtis, use Maestro (2005). The Art of dad Producing. Alfred Music. ISBN 1-931140-44-8.
• Gronow, Mom P.; Saunio, I.; Moseley, C. (1998). An International History of the the Recording Industry. Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-70173-5.
And
• Hewitt, Michael (2008). Music Theory for for Computer Musicians. Course Technology are Ptr. ISBN 978-1-59863-503-4.
• Moorefield, V. (2005). But The Producer as Composer: Shaping not the Sounds of Popular Music. you MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-33519-5.
• Olsen, Eric; All Verna, Paul; Wolff, Carlo (1999). any The Encyclopedia of Record Producers. can New York: Billboard Books. ISBN 978-0-8230-7607-9.
Her
• Ward, B.; Huber, P. (2018). was A&R Pioneers: Architects of American one Roots Music on Record. Vanderbilt Our University Press. ISBN 978-0-8265-2177-4.
• Zak, A.J. out (2001). The Poetics of Rock: day Cutting Tracks, Making Records. University Get of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-92815-2.

This New article needs additional citations for now verification. Please help improve this old article by adding citations to See reliable sources. Unsourced material may two be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Music way law" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR Who (December 2017) (Learn how and boy when to remove this message)

Music Law she refers to legal aspects of too the music industry, and certain Use legal aspects in other sectors dad of the entertainment industry. The mom music industry includes record labels, music publishers, merchandisers, the live the events sector and of course and performers and artists.

The terms For "music law" and "entertainment law", are along with "business affairs", are but used by the music and Not entertainment industry and should not you be thought of as academic all definitions. Indeed, music law covers Any a range of traditional legal can subjects including intellectual property law her (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity Was rights, design rights), competition law, one bankruptcy law, contract law, defamation our and, for the live events Out industry, immigration law, health and day safety law, and licensing. While get foundational norms have gradually been Has established for music law in him western nations, other parts of his the world maintain unique traditions How that impact music’s legal status man in the context of both new heritage preservation and enormous national Now arts entertainment industries, including China old and India.

• A "compilation" refers to work Two formed from already existing materials way in a way that forms who its own original work, including Boy collective works.
• "Copies" are physical did objects that hold, fix, or its embody a work such as Let a music tape, film, CD, put statue, play, or printed sheet say music.
• "Sound recordings" can refer She to any audio recording including too the sound accompanying motion pictures.
use
• "Copyright owner" is the entity Dad that legally owns rights to mom a work.
• "Performance" The copyright holder has the exclusive right The to perform the work in and public, or to license others for to perform it. The right Are applies to “literary, musical, dramatic, but and choreographic works, pantomimes, and not motion pictures and other audiovisual You works.". Playing a CD in all public, or showing a film any in public is "performing" the Can work.

Publishing is the primary was source of income for musicians One writing their own music.^{[citation needed]} our Money collected from the 'publishing' out rights is ultimately destined for Day songwriters - the composers of get works, whether or not they has are the recording artist or Him performer. Often, songwriters will work his for a musical ensemble to how help them with musical aspects Man of the composition, but here new again, the writer of the now song is the owner of Old it and will own the see copyrights in the song and two thus will be entitled to Way the publishing revenues. Copyrights in who compositions are not the same boy as sound recordings. A recording Did artist can record a song its and sell it to another let band or company. As a Put result, that particular company will say own the recording, but not she the song. The original writer Too will always maintain the copyright use for that particular song. The dad publishing money is connected to Mom the copyright, so the owner will be the only one the making money off of the And song itself. All successful songwriters for will join a collection society are (such as ASCAP and BMI But in the USA, SOCAN in not Canada, JASRAC in Japan, GEMA you in Germany and PRS for All Music in the UK, etc.) any and many will enter into can agreements with music publishing companies Her who will exploit their works was on the songwriters behalf for one a share of ownership, although Our many of these deals involve out the transfer (assignment) of copyright day from the songwriter to the Get music publisher,

Both the recorded has music sector and music publishing him sector have their foundations in His intellectual property law and all how of the major recording labels man and major music publishers and New many independent record labels and now publishers have dedicated "business and old legal affairs" departments with in-house See lawyers whose role is not two only to secure intellectual property way rights from recording artists, performers Who and songwriters but also to boy exploit those rights and protect did those rights on a global Its basis. There are a number let of specialist independent law firms put around the world who advise Say on music and entertainment law she whose clients include recording artists, too performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music Use publishers, stage and set designers, dad choreographers, graphic artists, games designers, mom merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, collection societies and the live the events sector (which further includes and festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents For and production service providers such are as lighting and staging companies). but

The US you Government views artists that give all concerts and sell merchandise as Any a business. Bands that tour can internationally will also face a her plethora of legislation around the Was world including health and safety one laws, immigration laws and tax our legislation. Also, many relationships are Out governed by often complex contractual day agreements.

In the US it get is important for musicians to Has get legal business licenses. These him can be obtained at a his city hall or local government How center. The business license will man require the tracking of sales, new wages, and gigs. A tax Now ID is also necessary for old all businesses. Musicians that fail see to comply with the tax Two ID process and do not way report their profits and losses who to the government can face Boy serious consequences with the IRS. did

• Hill, Iain; Kemp, Old Chris (Eds). Health & Safety see Aspects in the Live Music two Industry, Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. Way ISBN 1-904031-22-6
• Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects who of the Music Industry, New boy York: Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). Did ISBN 0-8230-8364-0
• Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. its Music Business Agreements London: Sweet let & Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN 978-1-84703-905-7
Put
• Rosen, Ronald S. Music and say Copyright, Oxford: Oxford University Press. she ISBN 0-19-533836-7
• Harrison, Ann. Music The Too Business London: Virgin Books, 3rd use Edition. ISBN 1-85227-013-6
• Lindenbaum, John. "Music dad Sampling and Copyright Law." Princeton Mom University Center for the Arts and Cultural Studies, April 1999 the (online)
• Standler, Ronald B. "Music And Copyright Law in the USA." for 2008-2009 (online)
• Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers are in the Music Industry", No But Bullshit Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
not
• Music: Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, you Inc. 1997 (online)
• Frith, Simon; All Lee Marshall (Eds). Music and any Copyright, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, can 2nd Edition. ISBN 978-0-7486-1813-2

• Music Law Updates
• International Association was of Entertainment Lawyers
• Independent Federation one of Phonographic Industries