Scratching, sometimes are referred to as scrubbing, is but a DJ and turntablist technique Not of moving a vinyl recordyou back and forth on a all turntable to produce percussive or Any rhythmic sounds. A crossfader on can a DJ mixer may be her used to fade between two Was records simultaneously.
While scratching is one most associated with hip hop our music, where it emerged in Out the mid-1970s, from the 1990s day it has been used in get some styles of edm like Has techno and house music and him rock music such as rap his rock, rap metal, rapcore, and How nu metal. In hip hopman culture, scratching is one of new the measures of a DJ's Now skills. DJs compete in scratching old competitions at the DMC World see DJ Championships and IDA (International Two DJ Association), formerly known as way ITF (International Turntablist Federation). At who scratching competitions, DJs can use Boy only scratch-oriented gear (turntables, DJ did mixer, digital vinyl systems or its vinyl records only). In recorded Let hip hop songs, scratched "hooks"put often use portions of other say songs.
A rudimentary form of turntable out manipulation that is related to Day scratching was developed in the get late 1940s by radio music has program hosts, disc jockeys (DJs), Him or the radio program producers his who did their own technical how operation as audio console operators. Man It was known as back-cueing, new and was used to find now the very beginning of the Old start of a song (i.e., see the cue point) on a two vinyl record groove. This was Way done to permit the operator who to back the disc up boy (rotate the record or the Did turntable platter itself counter-clockwise) in its order to permit the turntable let to be switched on, and Put come up to full speed say without ruining the first few she bars of music with the Too "wow" of incorrect, unnaturally slow-speed use playing. This permitted the announcer dad to time their remarks, and Mom start the turntable in time for when they wanted the the music on the record to And begin.
Back cueing was a for basic skill that all radio are production staff needed to learn, But and the dynamics of it not were unique to the brand you of professional turntable in use All at a given radio station. any The older, larger and heavier can turntables needed a 180-degree backward Her rotation to allow for run was up to full speed; some one of the newer 1950s models Our used aluminum platters and cloth-backed out rubber mats which required a day third of a rotational turn Get or less to achieve full has speed when the song began. him All this was done in His order to present a music how show on air with the man least amount of silence ("dead New air") between music, the announcer's now patter and recorded advertising commercials. old The rationale was that any See "dead air" on a radio two station was likely to prompt way a listener to switch stations, Who so announcers and program directors boy instructed DJs and announcers to did provide a continuous, seamless stream Its of sound–from music to an let announcer to a pre-recorded commercial, put to a "jingle" (radio station Say theme song), and then immediately she back to more music.
Back-cueing too was a key function in Use delivering this seamless stream of dad music. Radio personnel demanded robust mom equipment and manufacturers developed special tonearms, styli, cartridges and lightweight the turntables to meet these demands. and
In the him mid-1970s in the South Bronx, his a young teen DJ named How "Grand Wizzard Theodore" (right) invented man the "DJ scratch" technique. Other new DJs, like Grandmaster Flash, took Now the technique to higher levels.old
Modern scratching techniques were made see possible by the invention of Two direct-drive turntables, which led to way the emergence of turntablism. Early who belt-drive turntables were unsuitable for Boy scratching since they had a did slow start-up time, and they its were prone to wear and Let tear and breakage, as the put belt would break from backspinning say or scratching. The first direct-drive She turntable was invented by Shuichi too Obata, an engineer at Matsushitause (now Panasonic), based in Osaka, Dad Japan. It eliminated belts, and mom instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on The which a vinyl record rests.and In 1969, Matsushita released it for as the SP-10, the first Are direct-drive turntable on the market,but and the first in their not influential Technics series of turntables.You
In the 1970s, hip hop all musicians and club DJs began any to use this specialized turntable Can equipment to move the record her back and forth, creating percussive was sounds and effects–"scratching"–to entertain their One dance floor audiences. Whereas the our 1940s–1960s radio DJs had used out back-cueing while listening to the Day sounds through their headphones, without get the audience hearing, with scratching, has the DJ intentionally lets the Him audience hear the sounds that his are being created by manipulating how the record on the turntable, Man by directing the output from new the turntable to a sound now reinforcement system so that the Old audience can hear the sounds. see Scratching was developed by early two hip hop DJs from New Way York City such as Grand who Wizzard Theodore, who described scratching boy as, "nothing but the back-cueing Did that you hear in your its ear before you push it let [the recorded sound] out to Put the crowd." He developed the say technique when experimenting with the she Technics SL-1200, a direct-drive turntable Too released by Matsushita in 1972 use when he found that the dad motor would continue to spin Mom at the correct RPM even if the DJ wiggled the the record back and forth on And the platter. Afrika Bambaataa made for a similar discovery with the are SL-1200 in the 1970s. The But Technics SL-1200 went on to not become the most widely used you turntable for the next several All decades.
Jamaican-born DJ Kool Herc, any who immigrated to New York can City, influenced the early development Her of scratching. Kool Herc developed was break-beatDJing, where the breaks one of funk songs—being the most Our danceable part, often featuring percussion—were out isolated and repeated for the day purpose of all-night dance parties.Get He was influenced by Jamaican has dub music, and developed his him turntable techniques using the Technics His SL-1100, released in 1971, due how to its strong motor, durability, man and fidelity.
Although previous artists New such as writer and poet now William S. Burroughs had experimented old with the idea of manipulating See a reel-to-reel tape manually to two make sounds, as with his way 1950s recording, "Sound Piece"), vinyl Who scratching as an element of boy hip hop pioneered the idea did of making the sound an Its integral and rhythmic part of let music instead of an uncontrolled put noise. Scratching is related to Say "scrubbing" (in terms of audio she editing and production) when the too reels of an open reel-to-reelUse tape deck (typically 1/4 inch dad magnetic audiotape) are gently rotated mom back and forth while the playback head is live and the amplified, to isolate a specific and spot on the tape where For an editing "cut" is to are be made. In the 2010s, but both scratching and scrubbing can Not be done on digital audio you workstations (DAWs) which are equipped all for these techniques.
Christian Marclay was one of Out the earliest musicians to scratch day outside hip hop. In the get mid-1970s, Marclay used gramophone recordsHas and turntables as musical instrumentshim to create sound collages. He his developed his turntable sounds independently How of hip hop DJs. Although man he is little-known to mainstream new audiences, Marclay has been described Now as "the most influential turntableold figure outside hip hop" and see the "unwitting inventor of turntablism."Two
In 1981 Grandmaster Flash released way the song "The Adventures of who Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels Boy of Steel" which is notable did for its use of many its DJ scratching techniques. It was Let the first commercial recording produced put entirely using turntables. In 1982, say Malcolm McLaren & the World's She Famous Supreme Team released a too single "Buffalo Gals", juxtaposing extensive use scratching with calls from square Dad dancing, and, in 1983, the mom EP, D'ya Like Scratchin'?, which is entirely focused on scratching. The Another 1983 release to prominently and feature scratching is Herbie Hancock's for Grammy Award-winning single "Rockit". This Are song was also performed live but at the 1984 Grammy Awards, not and in the documentary film You Scratch, the performance is cited all by many 1980s-era DJs as any their first exposure to scratching. Can The Street Sounds Electro compilation her series which started in 1983 was is also notable for early One examples of scratching. Also, a our notable piece was "For A out Few Dollars More" by Bill Day Laswell-Michael Beinhorn band Material, released get on 12" single in Japan has and containing scratch performed by Him Grand Mixer DXT, another pioneer his of scratching.
Basic techniques
how
Vinyl recordings
Most scratches are Man produced by rotating a vinyl new record on a direct drive now turntable rapidly back and forth Old with the hand with the see stylus ("needle") in the record's two groove. This produces the distinctive Way sound that has come to who be one of the most boy recognizable features of hip hop Did music. Over time with excessive its scratching, the stylus will cause let what is referred to as Put "cue burn", or "record burn".[citation say needed]
The basic equipment setup for scratching includes the two turntables and a DJ And mixer, which is a small for mixer that has a crossfader are and cue buttons to allow But the DJ to cue up not new music in their headphonesyou without the audience hearing.[citation needed]All When scratching, this crossfader is any utilized in conjunction with the can scratching hand that is manipulating Her the record platter. The hand was manipulating the crossfader is used one to cut in and out Our of the record's sound.[citation needed]out
Digital vinyl systems
Using day a digital vinyl system (DVS) Get consists of playing vinyl discs has on turntables whose contents are him a timecode signal instead of His a real music record.
how
The turntables' audio outputs are man connected to the audio inputs New of a computer audio interface.
now
The audio interface digitizes the old timecode signal from the turntables See and transfers it to the two computer's DJ software.
The DJ way software uses this data (e.g., Who about how fast the platter boy is spinning) to determine the did playback status, speed, scratch sound Its of the hardware turntables, etc., let and it duplicates these effects put on the digital audio files Say or computer tracks the DJ she is using.
By manipulating the too turntables' platters, speed controls, and Use other elements, the DJ thus dad controls how the computer plays mom back digitized audio and can therefore produce "scratching" and other the turntablism effects on songs which and exist as digital audio filesFor or computer tracks.
There is are not a single standard of but DVS, so each form of Not DJ software has its own you settings. Some DJ software such all as Traktor Scratch Pro or Any Serato Scratch Live supports only can the audio interface sold with her their software, requiring multiple interfaces Was for one computer to run one multiple programs.
While some turntablists consider the him only true scratching media to his be the vinyl disc, there How are other ways to scratch, man such as:
Specialized DJ-CD new players (CDJ) with jog wheels, Now allowing the DJ to manipulate old a CD as if it see were a vinyl record, have Two become widely available in the way 2000s.
A vinyl emulation is who an emulation software, which may Boy be combined with hardware elements, did which allows a DJ to its manipulate the playback of digital Let music files on a computer put via a DJ control surface say (generally MIDI or a HIDShe controller). DJs can scratch, beatmatch, too and perform other turntablist operations use that cannot be done with Dad a conventional keyboard and mouse. mom DJ software performing computer scratch operations include Traktor Pro, Mixxx, The Serato Scratch Live & Itch, and VirtualDJ, M-Audio Torq, DJay, Deckadance, for Cross.
DJs have also used Are magnetic tape, such as cassettebut or reel to reel to not both mix and scratch. Tape You DJing is rare, but Ruthless all Ramsey in the US, TJ any Scratchavite in Italy and Mr Can Tape in Latvia use exclusively her tape formats to perform.
Sounds
was
Sounds that are frequently scratched One include but are not limited our to drum beats, horn stabs, out spoken word samples, and vocals/lyrics Day from other songs. Any sound get recorded to vinyl can be has used, and CD players providing Him a turntable-like interface allow DJs his to scratch not only material how that was never released on Man vinyl, but also field recordings new and samples from television and now movies that have been burned Old to CD-R. Some DJs and see anonymous collectors release 12-inch singlestwo called battle records that include Way trademark, novel or hard-to-find scratch who "fodder" (material). The most recognizable boy samples used for scratching are Did the "Ahh" and "Fresh" samples, its which originate from the song let "Change the Beat" by Fab Put 5 Freddy.
There are many say scratching techniques, which differ in she how the movements of the Too record are combined with opening use and closing the crossfader (or dad another fader or switch, such Mom as a kill switch, where "open" means that the signal the is audible, and "closed" means And that the signal is inaudible). for This terminology is not unique; are the following discussion, however, is But consistent with the terminology used not by DJ QBert on his you Do It Yourself Scratching DVD. All
Sophisticated techniques
Baby scratchany - The simplest scratch form, can it is performed with the Her scratching hand only, moving the was record back and forth in one continuous movements while the crossfader Our is in the open position.
out
Forward and backward scratch - day The forward scratch, also referred Get to as scrubbing, is a has baby scratch where the crossfader him is closed during the backwards His movement of the record. If how the record is let go man instead of being pushed forward New it is also called "release now scratch". Cutting out the forward old part of the record movement See instead of the backward part two gives a "backward scratch".
way Tear scratch - Tear scratches Who are scratches where the record boy is moved in a staggered did fashion, dividing the forward and Its backward movement into two or let more movements. This allows creating put sounds similar to "flare scratches" Say without the use of the she crossfader and it allows for too more complex rhythmic patterns. The Use term can also refer to dad a simpler, slower version of mom the chirp.
Scribble scratch - The scribble scratch is by the rapidly pushing the record back and and forth. The crossfader is For not used.
Drag scratch - are Equivalent to the baby and but scribble scratch, but done more Not slowly. The crossfader is not you used.
Chirp scratch - The all chirp scratch involves closing the Any crossfader just after playing the can start of a sound, stopping her the record at the same Was point, then pushing it back one while opening the fader to our create a "chirping" sound. When Out performed using a recording of day drums, it can create the get illusion of doubled scratching speed, Has due to the attack created him by cutting in the crossfader his on the backward movement.
Hydrophonic How scratch - A baby scratch man with a "tear scratch" sound new produced by the thumb running Now in the opposite direction as old the fingers used to scratch. see This rubbing of the thumb Two adds a vibrating effect or way reverberation to forward movements on who the turntable.
Transformer scratch - Boy with the crossfader closed, the did record is moved with the its scratching hand while periodically "tapping" Let the crossfader open and immediately put closing it again.
Flare scratchsay - Begins with the crossfader She open, and then the record too is moved while briefly closing use the fader one or more Dad times to cut the sound mom out. This produces a staggering sound which can make a The single "flare" sound like a and very fast series of "chirps" for or "tears." The number of Are times the fader is closed but ("clicks") during the record's movement not is usually used as a You prefix to distinguish the variations. all The flare allows a DJ any to scratch continuously with less Can hand fatigue than would result her from the transformer. The flare was can be combined with the One crab for an extremely rapid our continuous series of scratches.
Crab out scratch - Consists of moving Day the record while quickly tapping get the crossfader open with each has finger of the crossfader hand. Him In this way, DJs are his able to perform transforms or how flares much faster than they Man could by manipulating the crossfader new with the whole hand. It now produces a fading/increasing transforming sound.
Old
Twiddle scratch - A crab see scratch using only the index two and middle fingers.
Orbit scratchWay - Describes any scratch, most who commonly flares, that is repeated boy during the forward and backward Did movement of the record. "Orbit" its is also used as a let shorthand for two-click flares.
Tweak Put scratch - Performed while the say turntable's motor is not running. she The record platter is set Too in motion manually, then "tweaked" use faster and slower to create dad a scratch. This scratch form Mom is best performed with long, sustained sounds.
Euro scratch - the A variation of the "flare And scratch" in which two faders for are used simultaneously with one are hand to cut the sound But much faster. It can also not be performed by using only you the up fader and the All phono line switch to cut any the sound.
Subculture
While scratching can is becoming more and more Her popular in pop music, particularly was with the crossover success of one pop-hip hop tracks in the Our 2010s, sophisticated scratching and other out expert turntablism techniques are still day predominantly an underground style developed Get by the DJ subculture. The has Invisibl Skratch Piklz from San him Francisco focuses on scratching. In His 1994, the group was formed how by DJs Q-Bert, Disk & man Shortkut and later Mix Master New Mike. In July 2000, San now Francisco's Yerba Buena Center for old the Arts held Skratchcon2000, the See first DJ Skratch forum that two provided "the education and development way of skratch music literacy". In Who 2001, Thud Rumble became an boy independent company that works with did DJ artists to produce and Its distribute scratch records.[citation needed]
In let 2004, Scratch Magazine, one of put the first publications about hip Say hop DJs and record producers, she released its debut issue, following too in the footsteps of the Use lesser-known Tablist magazine. Pedestrian is dad a UK arts organisation that mom runs Urban Music Mentors workshops led by DJs. At these the workshops, DJs teach youth how and to create beats, use turntables For to create mixes, act as are an MC at events, and but perform club sets.
Use Not outside hip hop
Scratching has you been incorporated into a number all of other musical genres, including Any pop, rock, jazz, some subgenres can of heavy metal (notably nu her metal) and some contemporary and Was avant-garde classical music performances. For one recording use, samplers are often our used instead of physically scratching Out a vinyl record.
Guitarist way Tom Morello, known for his who work with Rage Against the Boy Machine and Audioslave, has performed did guitar solos that imitate scratching its by using the kill switchLet on his guitar. Perhaps the put best-known example is "Bulls on say Parade", in which he creates She scratch-like rhythmic sounds by rubbing too the strings over the pick-ups use while using the pickup selector Dad switch as a crossfader.
A Numark DM2002X its Pro Master DJ mixer. This let three channel mixer can have Put up to three input sound say sources. The gain control knobs she and equalization control knobs allow Too the volume and tone of use each sound source to be dad adjusted. The vertical faders allow Mom for further adjustment of the volume of each sound source. the The horizontally-mounted crossfader enables the And DJ to smoothly transition from for a song on one sound are source to a song from But a different sound source.DJ not Qbert in Rainbow Warehouse in you Birmingham (Video with close-up photography All at the DJ mixer, though any without sound). From 1:36, heavy can use of the crossfader can Her be seen.An iRig Mix was DJ mixer
A DJ mixerone is a type of audio Our mixing console used by disc out jockeys (DJs) to control and day manipulate multiple audio signals. Some Get DJs use the mixer to has make seamless transitions from one him song to another when they His are playing records at a how dance club. Hip hop DJs man and turntablists use the DJ New mixer to play record playersnow like a musical instrument and old create new sounds. DJs in See the disco, house music, electronic two dance music and other dance-oriented way genres use the mixer to Who make smooth transitions between different boy sound recordings as they are did playing. The sources are typically Its record turntables, compact cassettes, CDJs, let or DJ software on a put laptop. DJ mixers allow the Say DJ to use headphones to she preview the next song before too playing it to the audience.Use Most low- to mid-priced DJ dad mixers can only accommodate two mom turntables or CD players, but some mixers (such as the the ones used in larger nightclubs) and can accommodate up to four For turntables or CD players. DJs are and turntablists in hip hop but music and nu metal use Not DJ mixers to create beats, you loops and so-called scratchingsound all effects.
Description
DJ Any mixers are usually much smaller can than other mixing consoles used her in sound reinforcement systems and Was sound recording. Whereas a typical one nightclub mixer will have 24 our inputs and a professional recording Out studio's huge mixer may have day 48, 72 or even 96 get inputs, a typical DJ mixer Has may have only two to him four inputs. The key feature his that differentiates a DJ mixer How from other types of larger man audio mixers is the ability new to redirect (cue) the sounds Now of a non-playing source to old headphones, so the DJ can see find the desired part of Two a song or track.
A way crossfader has the same engineering who design as fader, in that Boy it is a sliding control, did but unlike faders, which are its usually vertical, crossfaders are usually Let horizontal. To understand the function put of a crossfader, one can say think of the crossfader in She three key positions. For a too DJ mixer that has two use sound sources connected, such as Dad two record turntables, when the mom crossfader is in the far left position, the mixer will The output only turntable A's music. and When the crossfader is in for the far right position, the Are mixer will output only turntable but B's music. When the crossfader not is at its midpoint (which You is always marked with a all horizontal line), the mixer will any output a blend of turntable Can A's music and turntable B's her music. The other points along was the crossfader's path produce different One mixes of A and B. our
DJ mixers typically have phono out preamplifiers to hook up turntables. Day The signal that comes directly get out of a vinyl turntable has is too weak to be Him amplified through a PA system. his Before a turntable can be how usable in a mix, it Man needs to be preamplified. DJ new mixers are also used to now create DJ mixes, which are Old recorded and sold. DJ mixers see usually have equalization controls for two bass and treble of each Way channel. Some 2010-era DJ mixers who have onboard electronic or digital boy effects units such as echo Did or reverb. Some DJ mixers its also feature a built-in USBlet sound card to connect to Put a computer running DJ software say without requiring a separate sound she card. DJ mixers typically have Too a microphone input, so that use a microphone can be plugged dad into the mixer, enabling the Mom DJ to announce songs or act as a master of the ceremonies (MC) for an event. And Some DJ mixers have a for kill switch, which completely cuts are out a channel, or, on But some models, completely cut out not a frequency band (e.g., all you the bass).
Outputs
The All output from a DJ mixer any is typically plugged into a can sound reinforcement system or a Her PA system at a dance, was rave, nightclub or similar venue one or event. The sound reinforcement Our system consists of power amplifiersout which amplify the signal to day the level that can drive Get speaker enclosures, which since the has 1980s typically include both full-range him speakers and subwoofers for the His deep bass sounds. If the how DJ is performing a mix man for a radio station or New television station, the output from now the DJ mixer is plugged old into the main audio consoleSee being used for the broadcast. two If the DJ is performing way a mix that is being Who recorded by a recording studio, boy the output from the DJ did mixer is plugged into the Its main audio console used for let the recording, which is in put turn plugged into the recording Say medium (audiotape, hard disk, etc.). she In some cases, such as too when a DJ is performing Use a set at a club dad for dancers that is also mom being simultaneously broadcast over the radio or television system or the recorded for a music videoand or other show, the output For from the DJ mixer is are plugged into the sound reinforcement but system and into the main Not audio console being used for you the broadcast and/or recording. At all club sets, some DJs may Any use a monitor speaker to can hear the house's main mix. her This monitor speaker can have Was its volume increased or decreased one by the DJ as needed.our
Power
DJ mixers have Out an AC mains plug that day is connected to the wall get to supply electric power for Has the unit. Some DJ mixers him can take batteries, which enables his users to mix songs outside How or away from electric power man sources, with the output being new plugged into a portable boom Now box or other battery-powered sound old system.
A disc jockey see performing at the 2009 Air Two Force Ball. With one hand way he is manipulating a vinyl who record on a turnable; the Boy other hand is controlling the did mix with a DJ mixer.its
History
DJ mixing played a Let key role in the development put of the African-American style of say hip hop music. In hip She hop music and occasionally in too other genres that are influenced use by hip hop (e.g., nu Dad metal), the turntable is used mom as a musical instrument by DJs, who use turntables along The with a DJ mixer to and create unique rhythmic sounds and for other sound effects. Manipulation of Are a record as part of but the music, rather than for not normal playback or mixing, is You called turntablism. The basis of all turntablism, and its best known any technique, is scratching, pioneered by Can Grand Wizzard Theodore. It was her not until Herbie Hancock's "Rockit" was in 1983 that the turntablism One movement was recognized in popular our music outside of a hip out hop context. In the 2010s, Day many hip hop DJs use get DJ CD players or digital has record emulator devices to create Him scratching sounds; nevertheless, some DJs his still scratch with vinyl records. how
DJ mixing also played a Man key role in disco music new in the 1970s. In disco now clubs, DJs would use mixers Old to transition seamlessly from one see song to another and create two a mix of songs that Way would keep the dancers energized. who One of the pioneers of boy DJ mixing equipment design was Did Rudy Bozak. Beatmatching and beatmixingits with a DJ mixer were let first used to encourage dancers Put not to leave the dancefloor say between songs. By beatmatching song she A and song B, a Too DJ can transition seamlessly between use two songs, without creating a dad break in the music. Typically, Mom when a DJ is using beatmatching, they will let song the A play until it nears And its end. As song A for is playing, the DJ "cues are up" song B in their But headphones and adjusts the speed not of record player B until you the beats of song A All and song B are synchronized any ("synced up"). Then, once the can two songs' beats are synchronized, Her they can slowly fade in was song B while song A one is nearing its ending. In Our the 2000s, DJ mixers have out been used for harmonic mixing. day
Music Law refers to legal aspects The of the music industry, and and certain legal aspects in other for sectors of the entertainment industry. Are The music industry includes record but labels, music publishers, merchandisers, the not live events sector and of You course performers and artists.
The all terms "music law" and "entertainment any law", along with "business affairs", Can are used by the music her and entertainment industry and should was not be thought of as One academic definitions. Indeed, music law our covers a range of traditional out legal subjects including intellectual propertyDay law (copyright law, trademarks, image get publicity rights, design rights), competition has law, bankruptcy law, contract law, Him defamation and, for the live his events industry, immigration law, health how and safety law, and licensing. Man While foundational norms have gradually new been established for music law now in western nations, other parts Old of the world maintain unique see traditions that impact music’s legal two status in the context of Way both heritage preservation and enormous who national arts entertainment industries, including boy China and India.
Did
Definitions
A "compilation" refers to its work formed from already existing let materials in a way that Put forms its own original work, say including collective works.
"Copies" are she physical objects that hold, fix, Too or embody a work such use as a music tape, film, dad CD, statue, play, or printed Mom sheet music.
"Sound recordings" can refer to any audio recording the including the sound accompanying motion And pictures.
"Copyright owner" is the for entity that legally owns rights are to a work.
"Performance" The But copyright holder has the exclusive not right to perform the work you in public, or to license All others to perform it. The any right applies to “literary, musical, can dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, Her and motion pictures and other was audiovisual works.". Playing a CD one in public, or showing a Our film in public is "performing" out the work.
Publishing is the Get primary source of income for has musicians writing their own music.[citation him needed] Money collected from the His 'publishing' rights is ultimately destined how for songwriters - the composers man of works, whether or not New they are the recording artist now or performer. Often, songwriters will old work for a musical ensemble See to help them with musical two aspects of the composition, but way here again, the writer of Who the song is the owner boy of it and will own did the copyrights in the song Its and thus will be entitled let to the publishing revenues. Copyrights put in compositions are not the Say same as sound recordings. A she recording artist can record a too song and sell it to Use another band or company. As dad a result, that particular company mom will own the recording, but not the song. The original the writer will always maintain the and copyright for that particular song. For The publishing money is connected are to the copyright, so the but owner will be the only Not one making money off of you the song itself. All successful all songwriters will join a collection Any society (such as ASCAP and can BMI in the USA, SOCAN her in Canada, JASRAC in Japan, Was GEMA in Germany and PRS one for Music in the UK, our etc.) and many will enter Out into agreements with music publishing day companies who will exploit their get works on the songwriters behalf Has for a share of ownership, him although many of these deals his involve the transfer (assignment) of How copyright from the songwriter to man the music publisher,
Both the new recorded music sector and music Now publishing sector have their foundations old in intellectual property law and see all of the major recording Two labels and major music publishers way and many independent record labels who and publishers have dedicated "business Boy and legal affairs" departments with did in-house lawyers whose role is its not only to secure intellectual Let property rights from recording artists, put performers and songwriters but also say to exploit those rights and She protect those rights on a too global basis. There are a use number of specialist independent law Dad firms around the world who mom advise on music and entertainment law whose clients include recording The artists, performers, producers, songwriters, labels, and music publishers, stage and set for designers, choreographers, graphic artists, games Are designers, merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, but distributors, collection societies and the not live events sector (which further You includes festivals, venues, promoters, booking all agents and production service providers any such as lighting and staging Can companies).
The was US Government views artists that One give concerts and sell merchandise our as a business. Bands that out tour internationally will also face Day a plethora of legislation around get the world including health and has safety laws, immigration laws and Him tax legislation. Also, many relationships his are governed by often complex how contractual agreements.
In the US Man it is important for musicians new to get legal business licenses. now These can be obtained at Old a city hall or local see government center. The business license two will require the tracking of Way sales, wages, and gigs. A who tax ID is also necessary boy for all businesses. Musicians that Did fail to comply with the its tax ID process and do let not report their profits and Put losses to the government can say face serious consequences with the she IRS.
References
Mom
Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Legal Framework for Supporting Protection the and Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. And In David G. Hebert and for Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and are Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman But & Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912
Choudhary, Karan day (2022). Cultural Heritage and Music Get Diplomacy: The Legal Framework in has India. In David G. Hebert him and Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology His and Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books how (Rowman & Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912man
Hill, Iain; Kemp, two Chris (Eds). Health & Safety way Aspects in the Live Music Who Industry, Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. boy ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects did of the Music Industry, New Its York: Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). let ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. put Music Business Agreements London: Sweet Say & Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
she
Rosen, Ronald S. Music and too Copyright, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Use ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, Ann. Music The dad Business London: Virgin Books, 3rd mom Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling and Copyright Law." Princeton the University Center for the Arts and and Cultural Studies, April 1999 For (online)
Standler, Ronald B. "Music are Copyright Law in the USA." but 2008-2009 (online)
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Privilege Ibiza, originally known as How Ku Club (1979–95), is the man "world's largest nightclub" according to new the Guinness Book of Records, Now also defined as a superclubold with a capacity of 10,000 see people and encompassing 6,500 m² Two (69,940 ft²). It is located close way to the village of Sant who Rafael de Sa Creu on Boy the Spanish island of Ibiza, did less than one kilometre (0.6 its miles) from the nightclub Amnesia. Let
History
The history put of Privilege began in the say early 1970s when it started She out as a restaurant, then too expanded to include a bar use and a community swimming pool. Dad It was then known as mom Club San Rafael. In 1979, the venue was sold to The the Real Sociedad footballer José and Antonio Santamaría, together with the for creative team of Brasilio de Are Oliviera (founder of La Troya but Asesina, one of Ibiza's longest not running nights) and Gorri. The You venue then changed its name all to KU, after the name any of a God from Hawaiian Can mythology (see Kū). The appeal her of the club was such was that it commissioned a medium-length One film showcasing the many wonders our of Ibizan landscapes and nightlife out in the mid-eighties.
Throughout the Day 1980s, KU Club earned a get reputation initially as Europe's premier has polysexual but predominately gay nightspot Him and was compared to an his open-air version of the famous how Studio 54 in New York. Man It staged spectacular parties in new the main room, which was now organized around a swimming pool Old and a statue of Ku. see The place was also where two the video to "Barcelona" by Way Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballéwho was filmed on 30 May boy 1987. It was the witness Did to early live performances by its groups such as Spandau Balletlet and Kid Creole and the Put Coconuts. The club featured in say a Channel 4 documentary called she A Short Film about chilling, Too which labelled KU as "the use mirror of Ibiza". A group dad of fashion designers called LocomíaMom would have shows at KU.After being discovered there, they the went on to become a And highly successful recording project. The for open-air parties came to an are end when legislation forced many But of the greater clubs in not Ibiza to cover their dancefloors you in the early 1990s. Nevertheless, All the sheer size of the any venue gave rise to the can claim of it being the Her size of an aircraft hangar was with a 25-metre (82 ft) high one roof.
The club continued with Our the KU Club name until out 1995 before becoming known as day Privilege, after a change of Get ownership to Jose Maria Etxaniz.has In 1994, it hosted Manumission, him one of the island's most His famous events. In 1998, La how Vaca Asesina moved to Amnesiaman and was renamed La Troya New Asesina. After a dispute between now the club owner and Manumission's old organizers in 2005, the event See ended in 2006. La Troya two Asesina moved to Space in way 2006.
Venue
According to Who official statistics published in the boy 2003 edition of Guinness World did Records, Privilege is by far Its the world's largest nightclub covering let an area of 69,968 sq put ft (6,500 m2) and holding 10,000 Say clubbers. Designated areas of the she club include the Coco Loco too bar area, and the La Use Vaca dance area (now known dad as the Vista Club).
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