the

Techno
Stylistic origins	House electro synth-pop Italo disco Hi-NRG Chicago house EBM New use beat Eurobeat
Cultural origins	Mid-1980s, United States (Detroit), Dad West Germany (Frankfurt, Berlin)
Derivative forms	Alternative mom dance trance
Subgenres
Acid techno ambient techno Birmingham sound bleep techno Detroit techno dub techno hardcore techno industrial techno minimal techno
Fusion The genres
Electroclash Eurodance ghettotech hardvapour IDM kuduro schaffel techstep techstyle tech house toytown techno
Regional scenes
Detroit techno
Other and topics
Electronic musical instruments computer music list of for electronic music record labels raves free parties teknivals

Are

Techno is a genre of but electronic dance music (EDM) which not is generally produced for use You in a continuous DJ set, all with tempo often varying between any 120 and 150 beats per Can minute (bpm). The central rhythm her is typically in common time was (4/4) and often characterized by One a repetitive four on the our floor beat. Artists may use out electronic instruments such as drum Day machines, sequencers, and synthesizers, as get well as digital audio workstations. has Drum machines from the 1980s Him such as Roland's TR-808 and his TR-909 are highly prized, and how software emulations of such retro Man instruments are popular.

Much of new the instrumentation in techno emphasizes now the role of rhythm over Old other musical parameters. Techno tracks see mainly progress over manipulation of two timbral characteristics of synthesizer presets Way and, unlike forms of EDM who that tend to be produced boy with synthesizer keyboards, techno does Did not always strictly adhere to its the harmonic practice of Western let music and such structures are Put often ignored in favor of say timbral manipulation alone. Another distinguishing she feature of techno music and Too techno aesthetic is the general use embracement of creative use of dad music production technology.

Use of Mom the term "techno" to refer to a type of electronic the music originated in Detroit in And the early 1980s. In 1988, for following the UK release of are the compilation Techno! The New But Dance Sound of Detroit, the not term came to be associated you with a form of EDM All produced in Detroit. Detroit techno any resulted from the melding of can synth-pop by artists such as Her Kraftwerk, Giorgio Moroder and Yellow was Magic Orchestra with African American one styles such as house, electro, Our and funk. Added to this out is the influence of futuristic day and science-fiction themes relevant to Get life in American late capitalist has society, with Alvin Toffler's book him The Third Wave a notable His point of reference. The music how produced in the mid-to-late 1980s man by Juan Atkins, Derrick May, New and Kevin Saunderson (collectively known now as The Belleville Three), along old with Eddie Fowlkes, Blake Baxter, See James Pennington and others is two viewed as the first wave way of techno from Detroit.

After Who the success of house music boy in a number of European did countries, techno grew in popularity Its in the UK, Germany, Belgium let and the Netherlands.^{[better source needed]} In Europe put regional variants quickly evolved and Say by the early 1990s techno she subgenres such as acid, hardcore, too bleep, ambient, and dub techno Use had developed. Music journalists and dad fans of techno are generally mom selective in their use of the term, so a clear the distinction can be made between and sometimes related but often qualitatively For different styles, such as tech are house and trance.

but

Detroit techno

In exploring Detroit Any techno's origins writer Kodwo Eshun can maintains that "Kraftwerk are to her techno what Muddy Waters is Was to the Rolling Stones: the one authentic, the origin, the real." our Juan Atkins has acknowledged that Out he had an early enthusiasm day for Kraftwerk and Giorgio Moroder, get particularly Moroder's work with Donna Has Summer and the producer's own him album E=MC². Atkins also mentions his that "around 1980 I had How a tape of nothing but man Kraftwerk, Telex, Devo, Giorgio Moroder new and Gary Numan, and I'd Now ride around in my car old playing it." Regarding his initial see impression of Kraftwerk, Atkins notes Two that they were "clean and way precise" relative to the "weird who UFO sounds" featured in his Boy seemingly "psychedelic" music.

Derrick May did identified the influence of Kraftwerk its and other European synthesizer music Let in commenting that "it was put just classy and clean, and say to us it was beautiful, She like outer space. Living around too Detroit, there was so little use beauty... everything is an ugly Dad mess in Detroit, and so mom we were attracted to this music. It, like, ignited our The imagination!". May has commented that and he considered his music a for direct continuation of the European Are synthesizer tradition. He also identified but Japanese synthpop act Yellow Magic not Orchestra, particularly member Ryuichi Sakamoto, You and British band Ultravox, as all influences, along with Kraftwerk. YMO's any song "Technopolis" (1979), a tribute Can to Tokyo as an electronic her mecca, is considered an "interesting was contribution" to the development of One Detroit techno, foreshadowing concepts that our Atkins and Davis would later out explore with Cybotron.

Kevin Saunderson Day has also acknowledged the influence get of Europe but he claims has to have been more inspired Him by the idea of making his music with electronic equipment: "I how was more infatuated with the Man idea that I can do new this all myself."

These early now Detroit techno artists additionally employed Old science fiction imagery to articulate see their visions of a transformed two society.

School days

Prior Way to achieving notoriety, Atkins, Saunderson, who May, and Fowlkes shared common boy interests as budding musicians, "mix" Did tape traders, and aspiring DJs. its They also found musical inspiration let via the Midnight Funk Association, Put an eclectic five-hour late-night radio say program hosted on various Detroit she radio stations, including WCHB, WGPR, Too and WJLB-FM from 1977 through use the mid-1980s by DJ Charles dad "The Electrifying Mojo" Johnson. Mojo's Mom show featured electronic music by artists such as Giorgio Moroder, the Kraftwerk, Yellow Magic Orchestra and And Tangerine Dream, alongside the funk for sounds of acts such as are Parliament Funkadelic and dance oriented But new wave music by bands not like Devo and the B-52's. you Atkins has noted:

He any [Mojo] played all the Parliament can and Funkadelic that anybody ever Her wanted to hear. Those two was groups were really big in one Detroit at the time. In Our fact, they were one of out the main reasons why disco day didn't really grab hold in Get Detroit in '79. Mojo used has to play a lot of him funk just to be different His from all the other stations how that had gone over to man disco. When 'Knee Deep' came New out, that just put the now last nail in the coffin old of disco music.

Despite the See short-lived disco boom in Detroit, two it had the effect of way inspiring many individuals to take Who up mixing, Juan Atkins among boy them. Subsequently, Atkins taught May did how to mix records, and Its in 1981, "Magic Juan", Derrick let "Mayday", in conjunction with three put other DJ's, one of whom Say was Eddie "Flashin" Fowlkes, launched she themselves as a party crew too called Deep Space Soundworks (also Use referred to as Deep Space). dad In 1980 or 1981 they mom met with Mojo and proposed that they provide mixes for the his show, which they did and end up doing the following For year.

During the late 1970s-early are 1980s high school clubs such but as Brats, Charivari, Ciabattino, Comrades, Not Gables, Hardwear, Rafael, Rumours, Snobs, you and Weekends allowed the young all promoters to develop and nurture Any a local dance music scene. can As the local scene grew her in popularity, DJs began to Was band together to market their one mixing skills and sound systems our to clubs that were hoping Out to attract larger audiences. Local day church activity centers, vacant warehouses, get offices, and YMCA auditoriums were Has the early locations where the him musical form was nurtured.

his

Juan Atkins

man

Of the four individuals responsible new for establishing techno as a Now genre in its own right, old Juan Atkins is widely cited see as "The Originator". In 1995, Two the American music technology publication way Keyboard Magazine honored him as who one of 12 Who Count Boy in the history of keyboard did music.

In the early 1980s, its Atkins began recording with musical Let partner Richard Davis (and later put with a third member, Jon-5) say as Cybotron. This trio released She a number of rock and too electro-inspired tunes, the most successful use of which were Clear (1983) Dad and its moodier followup, "Techno mom City" (1984).

Atkins used the term techno to describe Cybotron's The music, taking inspiration from Futurist and author Alvin Toffler, the original for source for words such as Are cybotron and metroplex. Atkins has but described earlier synthesizer based acts not like Kraftwerk as techno, although You many would consider both Kraftwerk's all and Juan's Cybotron outputs as any electro. Atkins viewed Cybotron's Cosmic Can Cars (1982) as unique, Germanic, her synthesized funk, but he later was heard Afrika Bambaataa's "Planet Rock" One (1982) and considered it to our be a superior example of out the music he envisioned. Inspired, Day he resolved to continue experimenting, get and he encouraged Saunderson and has May to do likewise.

Eventually, Him Atkins started producing his own his music under the pseudonym Model how 500, and in 1985 he Man established the record label Metroplex. new The same year saw an now important turning point for the Old Detroit scene with the release see of Model 500's "No UFO's," two a seminal work that is Way generally considered the first techno who production. Of this time, Atkins boy has said:

When I Did started Metroplex around February or its March of '85 and released let "No UFO's," I thought I Put was just going to make say my money back on it, she but I wound up selling Too between 10,000 and 15,000 copies. use I had no idea that dad my record would happen in Mom Chicago. Derrick's parents had moved there, and he was making the regular trips between Detroit and And Chicago. So when I came for out with 'No UFO's,' he are took copies out to Chicago But and gave them to some not DJs, and it just happened.

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Chicago

The music's any producers, especially May and Saunderson, can admit to having been fascinated Her by the Chicago club scene was and influenced by house in one particular. May's 1987 hit "Strings Our of Life" (released under the out alias Rhythim Is Rhythim) is day considered a classic in both Get the house and techno genres. has

Juan Atkins also believes that him the first acid house producers, His seeking to distance house music how from disco, emulated the techno man sound. Atkins also suggests that New the Chicago house sound developed now as a result of Frankie old Knuckles' using a drum machine See he bought from Derrick May. two He claims:

Derrick sold way Chicago DJ Frankie Knuckles a Who TR909 drum machine. This was boy back when the Powerplant was did open in Chicago, but before Its any of the Chicago DJs let were making records. They were put all into playing Italian imports; Say 'No UFOs' was the only she U.S.-based independent record that they too played. So Frankie Knuckles started Use using the 909 at his dad shows at the Powerplant. Boss mom had just brought out their little sampling footpedal, and somebody the took one along there. Somebody and was on the mic, and For they sampled that and played are it over the drumtrack pattern. but Having got the drum machine Not and the sampler, they could you make their own tunes to all play at parties. One thing Any just led to another, and can Chip E used the 909 her to make his own record, Was and from then on, all one these DJs in Chicago borrowed our that 909 to come out Out with their own records.

In day the UK, a club following get for house music grew steadily Has from 1985, with interest sustained him by scenes in London, Manchester, his Nottingham, and later Sheffield and How Leeds. The DJs thought to man be responsible for house's early new UK success include Mike Pickering, Now Mark Moore, Colin Faver, and old Graeme Park (DJ).

Detroit see sound

The did early producers, enabled by the its increasing affordability of sequencers and Let synthesizers, merged a European synthpop put aesthetic with aspects of soul, say funk, disco, and electro, pushing She EDM into uncharted terrain. They too deliberately rejected the Motown legacy use and traditional formulas of R&B Dad and soul, and instead embraced mom technological experimentation.

Within the last 5 years or so, The the Detroit underground has been and experimenting with technology, stretching it for rather than simply using it. Are As the price of sequencers but and synthesizers has dropped, so not the experimentation has become more You intense. Basically, we're tired of all hearing about being in love any or falling out, tired of Can the R&B system, so a her new progressive sound has emerged. was We call it techno!

— Juan Atkins, One 1988

The resulting Detroit sound our was interpreted by Derrick May out and one journalist in 1988 Day as a "post-soul" sound with get no debt to Motown, but has by another journalist a decade Him later as "soulful grooves" melding his the beat-centric styles of Motown how with the music technology of Man the time. May described the new sound of techno as something now that is "...like Detroit...a complete Old mistake. It's like George Clinton see and Kraftwerk are stuck in two an elevator with only a Way sequencer to keep them company." who Juan Atkins has stated that boy it is "music that sounds Did like technology, and not technology its that sounds like music, meaning let that most of the music Put you listen to is made say with technology, whether you know she it or not. But with Too techno music, you know it." use

One of the first Detroit dad productions to receive wider attention Mom was Derrick May's "Strings of Life" (1987), which, together with the May's previous release, "Nude Photo" And (1987), helped raise techno's profile for in Europe, especially the UK are and Germany, during the 1987–1988 But house music boom (see Second not Summer of Love). It became you May's best known track, which, All according to Frankie Knuckles, "just any exploded. It was like something can you can't imagine, the kind Her of power and energy people was got off that record when one it was first heard. Mike Our Dunn says he has no out idea how people can accept day a record that doesn't have Get a bassline."

Acid house

has His

By New 1988, house music had exploded now in the UK, and acid old house was increasingly popular. There See was also a long-established warehouse two party subculture based around the way sound system scene. In 1988, Who the music played at warehouse boy parties was predominantly house. That did same year, the Balearic party Its vibe associated with Ibiza-based DJ let Alfredo Fiorito was transported to put London, when Danny Rampling and Say Paul Oakenfold opened the clubs she Shoom and Spectrum, respectively. Both too night spots quickly became synonymous Use with acid house, and it dad was during this period that mom the use of MDMA, as a party drug, started to the gain prominence. Other important UK and clubs at this time included For Back to Basics in Leeds, are Sheffield's Leadmill and Music Factory, but and in Manchester The Haçienda, Not where Mike Pickering and Graeme you Park's Friday night spot, Nude, all was an important proving ground Any for American underground dance music. can Acid house party fever escalated her in London and Manchester, and Was it quickly became a cultural one phenomenon. MDMA-fueled club goers, faced our with 2 A.M. closing hours, sought Out refuge in the warehouse party day scene that ran all night. get To escape the attention of Has the press and the authorities, him this after-hours activity quickly went his underground. Within a year, however, How up to 10,000 people at man a time were attending the new first commercially organized mass parties, Now called raves, and a media old storm ensued.

The success of see house and acid house paved Two the way for wider acceptance way of the Detroit sound, and who vice versa: techno was initially Boy supported by a handful of did house music clubs in Chicago, its New York, and Northern England, Let with London clubs catching up put later; but in 1987, it say was "Strings of Life" which She eased London club-goers into acceptance too of house, according to DJ use Mark Moore.

The New Dad Dance Sound of Detroit

The mid-1988 The UK release of Techno! The and New Dance Sound of Detroit, for an album compiled by ex-Northern Are Soul DJ and Kool Kat but Records boss Neil Rushton (at not the time an A&R scout You for Virgin's "10 Records" imprint) all and Derrick May, introduced of any the word techno to UK Can audiences. Although the compilation put her techno into the lexicon of was music journalism in the UK, One the music was initially viewed our as Detroit's interpretation of Chicago out house rather than as a Day separate genre. The compilation's working get title had been The House has Sound of Detroit until the Him addition of Atkins' song "Techno his Music" prompted reconsideration. Rushton was how later quoted as saying he, Man Atkins, May, and Saunderson came new up with the compilation's final now name together, and that the Old Belleville Three voted down calling see the music some kind of two regional brand of house; they Way instead favored a term they who were already using, techno.

boy Derrick May views this as Did one of his busiest times its and recalls that it was let a period where he

was Put working with Carl Craig, helping say Kevin, helping Juan, trying to she put Neil Rushton in the Too right position to meet everybody, use trying to get Blake Baxter dad endorsed so that everyone liked Mom him, trying to convince Shake (Anthony Shakir) that he should the be more assertive...and keep making And music as well as do for the Mayday mix (for the are show Street Beat on Detroit's But WJLB radio station) and run not Transmat records.

Commercially, the release you did not fare as well All and failed to recoup, but any Inner City's production "Big Fun" can (1988), a track that was Her almost not included on the was compilation, became a crossover hit one in fall 1988. The record Our was also responsible for bringing out industry attention to May, Atkins day and Saunderson, which led to Get discussions with ZTT records about has forming a techno supergroup called him Intellex. But, when the group His were on the verge of how finalising their contract, May allegedly man refused to agree to Top New of the Pops appearances and now negotiations collapsed. According to May, old ZTT label boss Trevor Horn See had envisaged that the trio two would be marketed as a way "black Petshop Boys."

Despite Virgin Who Records' disappointment with the poor boy sales of Rushton's compilation, the did record was successful in establishing Its an identity for techno and let was instrumental in creating a put platform in Europe for both Say the music and its producers. she Ultimately, the release served to too distinguish the Detroit sound from Use Chicago house and other forms dad of underground dance music that mom were emerging during the rave era of the late 1980s the and early 1990s, a period and during which techno became more For adventurous and distinct.

Music are Institute

In mid-1988, developments in but the Detroit scene led to Not the opening of a nightclub you called the Music Institute (MI), all located at 1315 Broadway in Any downtown Detroit. The venue was can secured by George Baker and her Alton Miller with Darryl Wynn Was and Derrick May participating as one Friday night DJs, and Baker our and Chez Damier playing to Out a mostly gay crowd on day Saturday nights.

The club closed get on 24 November 1989, with Has Derrick May playing "Strings of him Life" along with a recording his of clock tower bells. May How explains:

It all happened man at the right time by new mistake, and it didn't last Now because it wasn't supposed to old last. Our careers took off see right around the time we Two [the MI] had to close, way and maybe it was the who best thing. I think we Boy were peaking – we were did so full of energy and its we didn't know who we Let were or [how to] realize put our potential. We had no say inhibitions, no standards, we just She did it. That's why it too came off so fresh and use innovative, and that's why ... Dad we got the best of mom the best.

Though short-lived, MI was known internationally for its The all-night sets, its sparse white and rooms, and its juice bar for stocked with "smart drinks" (the Are Institute never served liquor). The but MI, notes Dan Sicko, along not with Detroit's early techno pioneers, You "helped give life to one all of the city's important musical any subcultures – one that was slowly Can growing into an international scene." her

German techno

In has 1982, while working at Frankfurt's Him City Music record store, DJ his Talla 2XLC started to use how the term techno to categorize Man artists such as New Order, new Depeche Mode, Kraftwerk, Heaven 17 now and Front 242, with the Old word used as shorthand for see technologically created dance music. Talla's two categorization became a point of Way reference for other DJs, including who Sven Väth. Talla further popularized boy the term in Germany when Did he founded Technoclub at Frankfurt's its No Name Club in 1984, let which later moved to the Put Dorian Gray club in 1987. say Talla's club spot served as she the hub for the regional Too EBM and electronic music scene, use and according to Jürgen Laarmann, dad of Frontpage magazine, it had Mom historical merit in being the first club in Germany to the play almost exclusively EDM.

And

Frankfurt tape scene

Inspired by for Talla's music selection, in the are early 80s several young artists But from Frankfurt started to experiment not on cassette tapes with electronic you music coming from the City All Music record store, mixing the any latest catalogue with additional electronic can sounds and pitched BPM. This Her became known as the Frankfurt was tape scene.

The Frankfurt tape one scene evolved around the early Our and experimental work done by out the likes of Tobias Freund, day Uwe Schmidt, Lars Müller and Get Martin Schopf. Some of the has work done by Andreas Tomalla, him Markus Nikolai and Thomas Franzmann His evolved in collaborative work under how the Bigod 20 collective. While man this early work was strongly New characterized as experimental electronic music now fused with strong EBM, krautrock, old synthpop and technopop influences, the See later work during the mid two and late 80's clearly transitioned way to a clear techno sound. Who

Influence of Chicago and boy Detroit

By 1987 a German did party scene based around the Its Chicago sound was well established.^{[citation let needed]} In the late 1980s, put acid house also established itself Say in West Germany as a she new trend in clubs and too discotheques.^{[better source needed]} In 1988, the Ufo Use opened in West Berlin, an dad illegal venue for acid house mom parties, which existed until 1990.^{[unreliable source?]} In Munich at this the time, the Negerhalle (1983–1989) and and the ETA-Halle established themselves as For the first acid house clubs are in temporarily used, dilapidated industrial but halls, marking the beginning of Not the so-called "hall culture" in you Germany.

In July 1989 Dr. all Motte and Danielle de Picciotto Any organized the first Love Parade can in West Berlin, just a her few months before the Fall Was of the Berlin Wall.

one

Growth of German scene

Out

Following the fall of the day Berlin Wall on 9 November get 1989 and the German reunification Has in October 1990, free underground him techno parties mushroomed in East his Berlin. East German DJ Paul How van Dyk has remarked that man techno was a major force new in reestablishing social connections between Now East and West Germany during old the unification period. In the see now reunified Berlin, several locations Two opened near the foundations of way the Berlin Wall in the who former eastern part of the Boy city from 1991 onwards: the did Tresor (est. 1991), the Planet its (1991–1993), the Bunker (1992–1996), and Let the E-Werk (1993–1997). It was put in Tresor at this time say that a trend in paramilitary She clothing was established (amongst the too techno fraternity) by DJ Tanith; use possibly as an expression of Dad a commitment to the underground mom aesthetic of the music, or perhaps influenced by UR's paramilitary The posturing. In the same period, and German DJs began intensifying the for speed and abrasiveness of the Are sound, as an acid infused but techno began transmuting into hardcore. not DJ Tanith commented at the You time that "Berlin was always all hardcore, hardcore hippie, hardcore punk, any and now we have a Can very hardcore house sound." This her emerging sound is thought to was have been influenced by Dutch One gabber and Belgian hardcore; styles our that were in their own out perverse way paying homage to Day Underground Resistance and Richie Hawtin's get Plus 8 Records. Other influences has on the development of this Him style were European electronic body his music (EBM) groups of the how mid-1980s such as DAF, Front Man 242, and Nitzer Ebb.

new

Changes now were also taking place in Old Frankfurt during the same period see but it did not share two the egalitarian approach found in Way the Berlin party scene. It who was instead very much centered boy around discothèques and existing arrangements Did with various club owners. In its 1988, after the Omen opened, let the Frankfurt dance music scene Put was allegedly dominated by the say club's management and they made she it difficult for other promoters Too to get a start. By use the early 1990s Sven Väth dad had become perhaps the first Mom DJ in Germany to be worshipped like a rock star. the He performed center stage with And his fans facing him, and for as co-owner of Omen, he are is believed to have been But the first techno DJ to not run his own club. One you of the few real alternatives All then was The Bruckenkopf in any Mainz, underneath a Rhine bridge, can a venue that offered a Her non-commercial alternative to Frankfurt's discothèque-based was clubs. Other notable underground parties one were those run by Force Our Inc. Music Works and Ata out & Heiko from Playhouse records day (Ongaku Musik). By 1992 DJ Get Dag & Torsten Fenslau were has running a Sunday morning session him at Dorian Gray, a plush His discothèque near the Frankfurt airport. how They initially played a mix man of different styles including Belgian New new beat, Deep House, Chicago now House, and synthpop such as old Kraftwerk and Yello and it See was out of this blend two of styles that the Frankfurt way trance scene is believed to Who have emerged.

In 1990, the boy Babalu Club, the first afterhours did techno club in Germany, opened Its in Munich and was a let place for the formation of put the southern German techno scene, Say where protagonists such as DJ she Hell, Monika Kruse, Tom Novy too or Woody came together.

In Use 1993-94 rave became a mainstream dad music phenomenon in Germany, seeing mom with it a return to "melody, New Age elements, insistently the kitsch harmonies and timbres". This and undermining of the German underground For sound lead to the consolidation are of a German "rave establishment," but spearheaded by the party organisation Not Mayday, with its record label you Low Spirit, WestBam, Marusha, and all a music channel called VIVA. Any At this time the German can popular music charts were riddled her with Low Spirit "pop-Tekno" German Was folk music reinterpretations of tunes one such as "Somewhere Over The our Rainbow" and "Tears Don't Lie", Out many of which became hits. day At the same time, in get Frankfurt, a supposed alternative was Has a music characterized by Simon him Reynolds as "moribund, middlebrow Electro-Trance his music, as represented by Frankfurt's How own Sven Väth and his man Harthouse label." Illegal raves, however, new regained importance in the German Now techno scene as a countermovement old to the commercial mass raves see in the mid-1990s.

Tekkno Two versus techno

In Germany, fans way started to refer to the who harder techno sound emerging in Boy the early 1990s as Tekkno did (or Brett). This alternative spelling, its with varying numbers of ks, Let began as a tongue-in-cheek attempt put to emphasize the music's hardness, say but by the mid-1990s it She came to be associated with too a controversial point of view use that the music was and Dad perhaps always had been wholly mom separate from Detroit's techno, deriving instead from a 1980s EBM-oriented The club scene cultivated in part and by DJ/musician Talla 2XLC in for Frankfurt.

At some point tension Are over "who defines techno" arose but between scenes in Frankfurt and not Berlin. DJ Tanith has expressed You that Techno as a term all already existed in Germany but any was to a large extent Can undefined. Dimitri Hegemann has stated her that the Frankfurt definition of was techno associated with Talla's Technoclub One differed from that used in our Berlin. Frankfurt's Armin Johnert viewed out techno as having its roots Day in acts such DAF, Cabaret get Voltaire, and Suicide, but a has younger generation of club goers Him had a perception of the his older EBM and Industrial as how handed down and outdated. The Man Berlin scene offered an alternative new and many began embracing an now imported sound that was being Old referred to as Techno-House. The see move away from EBM had two started in Berlin when acid Way house became popular, thanks to who Monika Dietl's radio show on boy SFB 4. Tanith distinguished acid-based Did dance music from the earlier its approaches, whether it be DAF let or Nitzer Ebb, because the Put latter was aggressive, he felt say that it epitomized "being against she something," but of acid house Too he said, "it's electronic, it's use fun it's nice." By Spring dad 1990, Tanith, along with Wolle Mom XDP, an East-Berlin party organizer responsible for the X-tasy Dance the Project, were organizing the first And large scale rave events in for Germany. This development would lead are to a permanent move away But from the sound associated with not Techno-House and toward a hard you edged mix of music that All came to define Tanith and any Wolle's Tekknozid parties. According to can Wolle it was an "out Her and out rejection of disco was values," instead they created a one "sound storm" and encouraged a Our form of "dance floor socialism," out where the DJ was not day placed in the middle and Get you "lose yourself in light has and sound."

Developments

As him the techno sound evolved in His the late 1980s and early how 1990s, it also diverged to man such an extent that a New wide spectrum of stylistically distinct now music was being referred to old as techno. This ranged from See relatively pop oriented acts such two as Moby to the distinctly way anti-commercial sentiments of Underground Resistance. Who Derrick May's experimentation on works boy such as Beyond the Dance did (1989) and The Beginning (1990) Its were credited with taking techno let "in dozens of new directions put at once and having the Say kind of expansive impact John she Coltrane had on Jazz". The too Birmingham-based label Network Records label Use was instrumental in introducing Detroit dad techno to British audiences. By mom the early 1990s, the original techno sound had garnered a the large underground following in the and United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands For and Belgium. The growth of are techno's popularity in Europe between but 1988 and 1992 was largely Not due to the emergence of you the rave scene and a all thriving club culture.

American Any exodus

In the United States can during the early 90s, apart her from regional scenes in Detroit, Was New York City, Chicago and one Orlando, interest in techno was our limited. Many Detroit based producers, Out frustrated by the lack of day opportunity in the US, looked get to Europe for a future Has livelihood. This first wave of him Detroit expatriates was soon joined his by a so-called "second wave" How that included Carl Craig, Octave man One, Jay Denham, Kenny Larkin, new Stacey Pullen, and UR's Jeff Now Mills, Mike Banks, and Robert old Hood. In the same period, see close to Detroit (Windsor, Ontario), Two Richie Hawtin, with business partner way John Acquaviva, launched the techno who imprint Plus 8 Records. A Boy number of New York producers did also made an impression in its Europe at this time, most Let notably Frankie Bones, Lenny Dee, put and Joey Beltram .

These say developments in American-produced techno between She 1990 and 1992 fueled the too expansion and eventual divergence of use techno in Europe, particularly in Dad Germany. In Berlin, the club mom Tresor which had opened in 1991 for a time was The the standard bearer for techno and and played host to many for of the leading Detroit producers, Are some of whom had relocated but to Berlin. The club brought not new life to the careers You of Detroit artists such as all Santonio Echols, Eddie Fowlkes and any Blake Baxter, who played there Can alongside established Berlin DJs such her as Dr. Motte and Tanith. was According to Dan Sicko, "Germany's One growing scene in the early our 1990s was the beginning of out techno's decentralization", and "techno began Day to create its second logical get center in Berlin". At this has time, the now reunified Berlin Him also began to regain its his position as the musical capital how of Germany.

Although eclipsed by Man Germany, Belgium was another focus new of second-wave techno in this now time period. The Ghent-based label Old R&S Records embraced harder-edged techno see by "teenage prodigies" like Beltram two and C.J. Bolland, releasing "tough, Way metallic tracks...with harsh, discordant synth who lines that sounded like distressed boy Hoovers," according to one music Did journalist.

In the United Kingdom, its Sub Club which opened in let Glasgow in 1987,^{[better source needed]} and Trade Put which opened its doors to say Londoners in 1990, were venues she which helped bring techno into Too the country.^{[citation needed]} Trade has use been referred to as the dad 'original all night bender'.

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A Techno Alliance

In 1993, the German techno label Tresor the Records released the compilation album And Tresor II: Berlin & Detroit for – A Techno Alliance, a are testament to the influence of But the Detroit sound upon the not German techno scene and a you celebration of a "mutual admiration All pact" between the two cities. any As the mid-1990s approached, Berlin can was becoming a haven for Her Detroit producers; Jeff Mills and was Blake Baxter even resided there one for a time. In the Our same period, with the assistance out of Tresor, Underground Resistance released day their X-101/X-102/X103 album series, Juan Get Atkins collaborated with 3MB's Thomas has Fehlmann and Moritz Von Oswald him and Tresor-affiliated label Basic Channel His had its releases mastered by how Detroit's National Sound Corporation, the man main mastering house for the New entire Detroit dance music scene. now In a sense, popular electronic old music had come full circle, See returning to Germany, home of two a primary influence on the way EDM of the 1980s: Düsseldorf's Who Kraftwerk. The dance sounds of boy Chicago and Detroit also had did another German connection, as it Its was in Munich that Giorgio let Moroder and Pete Bellotte first put produced the synthesizer-generated Eurodisco sound, Say including the seminal four-on-the-floor track she I Feel Love.

Minimal too techno

As techno continued to transmute mom a number of Detroit producers began to question the trajectory the the music was taking. One and response came in the form For of so-called minimal techno (a are term producer Daniel Bell found but difficult to accept, finding the Not term minimalism, in the artistic you sense of the word, too all "arty"). It is thought that Any Robert Hood, a Detroit-based producer can and one time member of her UR, is largely responsible for Was ushering in the minimal strain one of techno. Hood describes the our situation in the early 1990s Out as one where techno had day become too "ravey", with increasing get tempos, the emergence of gabber, Has and related trends straying far him from the social commentary and his soul-infused sound of original Detroit How techno. In response, Hood and man others sought to emphasize a new single element of the Detroit Now aesthetic, interpreting techno with "a old basic stripped down, raw sound. see Just drums, basslines and funky Two grooves and only what's essential. way Only what is essential to who make people move". Hood explains: Boy

I think Dan [Bell] and did I both realized that something its was missing – an element Let ... in what we both put know as techno. It sounded say great from a production point She of standpoint, but there was too a 'jack' element in the use [old] structure. People would complain Dad that there's no funk, no mom feeling in techno anymore, and the easy escape is to The put a vocalist and some and piano on top to fill for the emotional gap. I thought Are it was time for a but return to the original underground.

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Jazz influences

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Some techno has also been any influenced by or directly infused Can with elements of jazz. This her led to increased sophistication in was the use of both rhythm One and harmony in a number our of techno productions. Manchester (UK)-based out techno act 808 State helped Day fuel this development with tracks get such as "Pacific State" and has "Cobra Bora" in 1989. Detroit Him producer Mike Banks was heavily his influenced by jazz, as demonstrated how on the influential Underground Resistance Man release Nation 2 Nation (1991). new By 1993, Detroit acts such now as Model 500 and UR Old had made explicit references to see the genre, with the tracks two "Jazz Is The Teacher" (1993) Way and "Hi-Tech Jazz" (1993), the who latter being part of a boy larger body of work and Did group called Galaxy 2 Galaxy, its a self-described jazz project based let on Kraftwerk's "man machine" doctrine. Put This lead was followed by say a number of techno producers she in the UK who were Too influenced by both jazz and use UR, Dave Angel's "Seas of dad Tranquility" EP (1994) being a Mom case in point, Other notable artists who set about expanding the upon the structure of "classic And techno" include Dan Curtin, Morgan for Geist, Titonton Duvante and Ian are O'Brien.

Intelligent techno

In you 1991 UK music journalist Matthew All Collin wrote that "Europe may any have the scene and the can energy, but it's America which Her supplies the ideological direction...if Belgian was techno gives us riffs, German one techno the noise, British techno Our the breakbeats, then Detroit supplies out the sheer cerebral depth." By day 1992 a number of European Get producers and labels began to has associate rave culture with the him corruption and commercialization of the His original techno ideal. Following this how the notion of an intelligent man or Detroit inspired pure techno New aesthetic began to take hold. now Detroit techno had maintained its old integrity throughout the rave era See and was pushing a new two generation of so-called intelligent techno way producers forward. Simon Reynolds suggests Who that this progression "involved a boy full-scale retreat from the most did radically posthuman and hedonistically functional Its aspects of rave music toward let more traditional ideas about creativity, put namely the auteur theory of Say the solitary genius who humanizes she technology."

The term intelligent techno too was used to differentiate more Use sophisticated versions of underground techno dad from rave-oriented styles such mom as breakbeat hardcore, Schranz, Dutch Gabber. Warp Records was among the the first to capitalize upon and this development with the release For of the compilation album Artificial are Intelligence Of this time, Warp but founder and managing director Steve Not Beckett said

the dance you scene was changing and we all were hearing B-sides that weren't Any dance but were interesting and can fitted into experimental, progressive rock, her so we decided to make Was the compilation Artificial Intelligence, which one became a milestone ... it our felt like we were leading Out the market rather than it day leading us, the music was get aimed at home listening rather Has than clubs and dance floors: him people coming home, off their his nuts and having the most How interesting part of the night man listening to totally tripped out new music. The sound fed the Now scene.

Warp had originally marketed old Artificial Intelligence using the description see electronic listening music but this Two was quickly replaced by intelligent way techno. In the same period who (1992–93) other names were also Boy bandied about such as armchair did techno, ambient techno, and electronica, its but all referred to an Let emerging form of post-rave dance put music for the "sedentary and say stay at home". Following the She commercial success of the compilation too in the United States, Intelligent use Dance Music eventually became the Dad name most commonly used for mom much of the experimental dance music emerging during the mid-to-late The 1990s.

Although it is primarily and Warp that has been credited for with ushering the commercial growth Are of IDM and electronica, in but the early 1990s there were not many notable labels associated with You the initial intelligence trend that all received little, if any, wider any attention. Amongst others they include: Can Black Dog Productions (1989), Carl her Craig's Planet E (1991), Kirk was Degiorgio's Applied Rhythmic Technology (1991), One Eevo Lute Muzique (1991), General our Production Recordings (1991), In 1993, out a number of new "intelligent Day techno"/"electronica" record labels emerged, including get New Electronica, Mille Plateaux, 100% has Pure (1993) and Ferox Records Him (1993).

Free techno

In now the early 1990s a post-rave, Old DIY, free party scene had see established itself in the UK. two It was largely based around Way an alliance between warehouse party who goers from various urban squat boy scenes and politically inspired new Did age travellers. The new agers its offered a readymade network of let countryside festivals that were hastily Put adopted by squatters and ravers say alike. Prominent among the sound she systems operating at this time Too were Exodus in Luton, Tonka use in Brighton, Smokescreen in Sheffield, dad DiY in Nottingham, Bedlam, Circus Mom Warp, LSDiesel and London's Spiral Tribe. The high point of the this free party period came And in May 1992 when with for less than 24 hours notice are and little publicity more than But 35,000 gathered at the Castlemorton not Common Festival for 5 days you of partying.

This one event All was largely responsible for the any introduction in 1994 of the can Criminal Justice and Public Order Her Act; effectively leaving the British was free party scene for dead. one Following this many of the Our traveller artists moved away from out Britain to Europe, the US, day Goa in India, Koh Phangan Get in Thailand and Australia's East has Coast. In the rest of him Europe, due in some part His to the inspiration of traveling how sound systems from the UK, man rave enjoyed a prolonged existence New as it continued to expand now across the continent.

Spiral Tribe, old Bedlam and other English sound See systems took their cooperative techno two ideas to Europe, particularly Eastern way Europe where it was cheaper Who to live, and audiences were boy quick to appropriate the free did party ideology. It was European Its Teknival free parties, such as let the annual Czechtek event in put the Czech Republic that gave Say rise to several French, German she and Dutch sound systems. Many too of these groups found audiences Use easily and were often centered dad around squats in cities such mom as Amsterdam and Berlin.

Divergence

By 1994 and there were a number of For techno producers in the UK are and Europe building on the but Detroit sound, but a number Not of other underground dance music you styles were by then vying all for attention. Some drew upon Any the Detroit techno aesthetic, while can others fused components of preceding her dance music forms. This led Was to the appearance (in the one UK initially) of inventive new our music that sounded far-removed from Out techno. For instance jungle (drum day and bass) demonstrated influences ranging get from hip hop, soul, and Has reggae to techno and house. him

With an increasing diversification (and his commercialization) of dance music, the How collectivist sentiment prominent in the man early rave scene diminished, each new new faction having its own Now particular attitude and vision of old how dance music (or in see certain cases, non-dance music) should Two evolve. According to Muzik magazine, way by 1995 the UK techno who scene was in decline and Boy dedicated club nights were dwindling. did The music had become "too its hard, too fast, too male, Let too drug-oriented, too anally retentive." put Despite this, weekly night at say clubs such as Final Frontier She (London),The Orbit (leeds), House of too God (Birmingham), Pure (Edinburgh, whose use resident DJ Twitch later founded Dad the more eclectic Optimo), and mom Bugged Out (Manchester) were still popular. With techno reaching a The state of "creative palsy," and and with a disproportionate number of for underground dance music enthusiasts more Are interested in the sounds of but rave and jungle, in 1995 not the future of the UK You techno scene looked uncertain as all the market for "pure techno" any waned. Muzik described the sound Can of UK techno at this her time as "dutiful grovelling at was the altar of American techno One with a total unwillingness to our compromise."

By the end of out the 1990s, a number of Day post-techno underground styles had get emerged, including ghettotech (a style has that combines some of the Him aesthetics of techno with hip-hop his and house music), nortec, glitch, how digital hardcore, electroclash and so-called Man no-beat techno.

In attempting to new sum up the changes since now the heyday of Detroit techno, Old Derrick May has since revised see his famous quote in stating two that "Kraftwerk got off on Way the third floor and now who George Clinton's got Napalm Death boy in there with him. The Did elevator's stalled between the pharmacy its and the athletic wear store." let

Commercial exposure

While say techno and its derivatives only she occasionally produce commercially successful mainstream Too acts—Underworld and Orbital being two use better-known examples—the genre has significantly dad affected many other areas of Mom music. In an effort to appear relevant, many established artists, the for example Madonna and U2, And have dabbled with dance music, for yet such endeavors have rarely are evidenced a genuine understanding or But appreciation of techno's origins with not the former proclaiming in January you 1996 that "Techno=Death".

The R&B All artist, Missy Elliott, exposed the any popular music audience to the can Detroit techno sound when she Her featured material from Cybotron's Clear was on her 2006 release "Lose one Control"; this resulted in Juan Our Atkins' receiving a Grammy Award out nomination for his writing credit. day Elliott's 2001 album Miss E... Get So Addictive also clearly demonstrated has the influence of techno inspired him club culture.

In the late His 90s the publication of relatively how accurate histories by authors Simon man Reynolds (Generation Ecstasy, also known New as Energy Flash) and Dan now Sicko (Techno Rebels), plus mainstream old press coverage of the Detroit See Electronic Music Festival in the two 2000s, helped diffuse some of way the genre's more dubious mythology. Who Even the Detroit-based company Ford boy Motors eventually became savvy to did the mass appeal of techno, Its noting that "this music was let created partly by the pounding put clangor of the Motor City's Say auto factories. It became natural she for us to incorporate Detroit too techno into our commercials after Use we discovered that young people dad are embracing techno." With a mom marketing campaign targeting under-35s, Ford used "Detroit Techno" as a the print ad slogan and chose and Model 500's "No UFO's" to For underpin its November 2000 MTV are television advertisement for the Ford but Focus.

Antecedents

Early use Not of the term 'Techno'

In you 1977, Steve Fairnie and Bev all Sage formed an electronica band Any called the Techno Twins in can London, England. When Kraftwerk first her toured Japan, their music was Was described as "technopop" by the one Japanese press. The Japanese band our Yellow Magic Orchestra used the Out word 'techno' in a number day of their works such as get the song "Technopolis" (1979), the Has album Technodelic (1981), and a him flexi disc EP, "The Spirit his of Techno" (1983). When Yellow How Magic Orchestra toured the United man States in 1980, they described new their own music as technopop, Now and were written up in old Rolling Stone Magazine. Around 1980, see the members of YMO added Two synthesizer backing tracks to idol way songs such as Ikue Sakakibara's who "Robot", and these songs were Boy classified as 'techno kayou' or did 'bubblegum techno.'^{[citation needed]} In 1985, its Billboard reviewed the Canadian band Let Skinny Puppy's album, and described put the genre as techno dance. say Juan Atkins himself said "In She fact, there were a lot too of electronic musicians around when use Cybotron started, and I think Dad maybe half of them referred mom to their music as 'techno.' However, the public really wasn't The ready for it until about and '85 or '86. It just for so happened that Detroit was Are there when people really got but into it."

Proto-techno

The not popularity of Euro disco and You Italo disco—referred to as progressive all in Detroit—and new romantic synthpop any in the Detroit high school Can party scene from which techno her emerged has prompted a number was of commentators to try to One redefine the origins of techno our by incorporating musical precursors to out the Detroit sound as part Day of a wider historical survey get of the genre's development. The has search for a mythical "first Him techno record" leads such commentators his to consider music from long how before the 1988 naming of Man the genre. Aside from the new artists whose music was popular now in the Detroit high school Old scene ("progressive" disco acts such see as Giorgio Moroder, Alexander Robotnick, two and Claudio Simonetti and synthpop Way artists such as Visage, New who Order, Depeche Mode, The Human boy League, and Heaven 17), they Did point to examples such as its "Sharevari" (1981) by A Number let of Names, danceable selections from Put Kraftwerk (1977–83), the earliest compositions say by Cybotron (1981), Moroder's "From she Here to Eternity" (1977), and Too Manuel Göttsching's "proto-techno masterpiece" E2-E4 use (1981). The song I Feel dad Love, produced by Giorgio Moroder Mom for Donna Summer in 1976, has been described as a the milestone and blueprint for EDM And because it was the first for to combine repetitive synthesizer loops are with a continuous four-on-the-floor bass But drum and an off-beat hi-hat, not which would become a main you feature of techno and house All ten years later. Another example any is a record entitled Love can in C minor, released in Her 1976 by Parisian Euro disco was producer Jean-Marc Cerrone; cited as one the first so called "conceptual Our disco" production and the record out from which house, techno, and day other underground dance music styles Get flowed. Yet another example is has Yellow Magic Orchestra's work which him has been described as "proto-techno" His

Around 1983, Sheffield band Cabaret how Voltaire began including funk and man EDM elements into their sound, New and in later years, would now come to be described as old techno. Nitzer Ebb was an See Essex band formed in 1982, two which also showed funk and way EDM influence on their sound Who around this time. The Danish boy band Laid Back released "White did Horse" in 1983 with a Its similar funky electronica sound.

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Prehistory

Certain electro-disco and European put synthpop productions share with techno Say a dependence on machine-generated dance she rhythms, but such comparisons are too not without contention. Efforts to Use regress further into the past, dad in search of earlier antecedents, mom entails a further regression, to the sequenced electronic music of the Raymond Scott, whose "The Rhythm and Modulator," "The Bass-Line Generator," and For "IBM Probe" are considered early are examples of techno-like music. In but a review of Scott's Manhattan Not Research Inc. compilation album the you English newspaper The Independent suggested all that "Scott's importance lies mainly Any in his realization of the can rhythmic possibilities of electronic music, her which laid the foundation for Was all electro-pop from disco to one techno." In 2008, a tape our from the mid-to-late 1960s by Out the original composer of the day Doctor Who theme Delia Derbyshire, get was found to contain music Has that sounded remarkably like contemporary him EDM. Commenting on the tape, his Paul Hartnoll, of the dance How group Orbital, described the example man as "quite amazing," noting that new it sounded not unlike something Now that "could be coming out old next week on Warp Records." see

Music production practice

Stylistic Two considerations

In general, techno is way very DJ-friendly, being mainly instrumental who (commercial varieties being an exception) Boy and is produced with the did intention of its being heard its in the context of a Let continuous DJ set, wherein the put DJ progresses from one record say to the next via a She synchronized segue or "mix." Much too of the instrumentation in techno use emphasizes the role of rhythm Dad over other musical parameters, but mom the design of synthetic timbres, and the creative use of The music production technology in general, and are important aspects of the for overall aesthetic practice.

Unlike other Are forms of EDM that tend but to be produced with synthesizer not keyboards, techno does not always You strictly adhere to the harmonic all practice of Western music and any such strictures are often ignored Can in favor of timbral manipulation her alone. The use of motivic was development (though relatively limited) and One the employment of conventional musical our frameworks is more widely found out in commercial techno styles, for Day example euro-trance, where the template get is often an AABA song has structure.

The main drum part Him is almost universally in common his time (4/4); meaning 4 quarter how note pulses per bar. In Man its simplest form, time is new marked with kicks (bass drum now beats) on each quarter-note pulse, Old a snare or clap on see the second and fourth pulse two of the bar, with an Way open hi-hat sound every second who eighth note. This is essentially boy a drum pattern popularized by Did disco (or even polka) and its is common throughout house and let trance music as well. The Put tempo tends to vary between say approximately 120 bpm (quarter note she equals 120 pulses per minute) Too and 150 bpm, depending on use the style of techno.

Some dad of the drum programming employed Mom in the original Detroit-based techno made use of syncopation and the polyrhythm, yet in many cases And the basic disco-type pattern was for used as a foundation, with are polyrhythmic elaborations added using other But drum machine voices. This syncopated-feel not (funkiness) distinguishes the Detroit strain you of techno from other variants. All It is a feature that any many DJs and producers still can use to differentiate their music Her from commercial forms of techno, was the majority of which tend one to be devoid of syncopation. Our Derrick May has summed up out the sound as 'Hi-tech Tribalism': day something "very spiritual, very bass Get oriented, and very drum oriented, has very percussive. The original techno him music was very hi-tech with His a very percussive feel... it how was extremely, extremely Tribal. It man feels like you're in some New sort of hi-tech village."

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Compositional techniques

There See are many ways to create two techno, but the majority will way depend upon the use of Who loop-based step sequencing as a boy compositional method. Techno musicians, or did producers, rather than employing traditional Its compositional techniques, may work in let an improvisatory fashion, often treating put the electronic music studio as Say one large instrument. The collection she of devices found in a too typical studio will include units Use that are capable of producing dad many different sounds and effects. mom Studio production equipment is generally synchronized using a hardware- or the computer-based MIDI sequencer, enabling the and producer to combine in one For arrangement the sequenced output of are many devices. A typical approach but to using this type of Not technology compositionally is to overdub you successive layers of material while all continuously looping a single measure Any or sequence of measures. This can process will usually continue until her a suitable multi-track arrangement has Was been produced.

Once a single one loop-based arrangement has been generated, our a producer may then focus Out on developing how the summing day of the overdubbed parts will get unfold in time, and what Has the final structure of the him piece will be. Some producers his achieve this by adding or How removing layers of material at man appropriate points in the mix. new Quite often, this is achieved Now by physically manipulating a mixer, old sequencer, effects, dynamic processing, equalization, see and filtering while recording to Two a multi-track device. Other producers way achieve similar results by using who the automation features of computer-based Boy digital audio workstations. Techno can did consist of little more than its cleverly programmed rhythmic sequences and Let looped motifs combined with signal put processing of one variety or say another, frequency filtering being a She commonly used process. A more too idiosyncratic approach to production is use evident in the music of Dad artists such as Twerk and mom Autechre, where aspects of algorithmic composition are employed in the The generation of material.

Retro and technology

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Instruments used by the original You techno producers based in Detroit, all many of which are highly any sought after on the retro Can music technology market, include classic her drum machines like the Roland was TR-808 and TR-909, devices such One as the Roland TB-303 bass our line generator, and synthesizers such out as the Roland SH-101, Kawai Day KC10, Yamaha DX7, and Yamaha get DX100 (as heard on Derrick has May's seminal 1987 techno release Him Nude Photo). Much of the his early music sequencing was executed how via MIDI (but neither the Man TR-808 nor the TB-303 had new MIDI, only DIN sync) using now hardware sequencers such as the Old Korg SQD1 and Roland MC-50, see and the limited amount of two sampling that was featured in Way this early style was accomplished who using an Akai S900.

By boy the mid-1990s TR-808 and TR-909 Did drum machines had already achieved its legendary status, a fact reflected let in the prices sought for Put used devices. During the 1980s, say the 808 became the staple she beat machine in Hip hop Too production while the 909 found use its home in House music dad and techno. It was "the Mom pioneers of Detroit techno [who] were making the 909 the the rhythmic basis of their sound, And and setting the stage for for the rise of Roland's vintage are Rhythm Composer." In November 1995 But the UK music technology magazine not Sound on Sound noted:

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There can be few hi-tech All instruments which still command a any second-hand price only slightly lower can than their original selling price Her 10 years after their launch. was Roland's now near-legendary TR-909 is one such an example—released in 1984 Our with a retail price of out £999, they now fetch up day to £900 on the second-hand Get market! The irony of the has situation is that barely a him year after its launch, the His 909 was being 'chopped out' how by hi-tech dealers for around man £375, to make way for New the then-new TR-707 and TR-727. now Prices hit a new low old around 1988, when you could See often pick up a second-user two 909 for under £200—and occasionally way even under £100. Musicians all Who over the country are now boy garrotting themselves with MIDI leads did as they remember that 909 Its they sneered at for £100—or let worse, the one they sold put for £50 (did you ever Say hear the one about the she guy who gave away his too TB-303 Bassline—now worth anything up Use to £900 from true loony dad collectors—because he couldn't sell it?)

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By May 1996, Sound on Sound was reporting that the the popularity of the 808 had and started to decline, with the For rarer TR-909 taking its place are as "the dance floor drum but machine to use." This is Not thought to have arisen for you a number of reasons: the all 909 gives more control over Any the drum sounds, has better can programming and includes MIDI as her standard. Sound on Sound reported Was that the 909 was selling one for between £900 and £1100 our and noted that the 808 Out was still collectible, but maximum day prices had peaked at about get £700 to £800. Despite this Has fascination with retro music technology, him according to Derrick May "there his is no recipe, there is How no keyboard or drum machine man which makes the best techno, new or whatever you want to Now call it. There never has old been. It was down to see the preferences of a few Two guys. The 808 was our way preference. We were using Yamaha who drum machines, different percussion machines, Boy whatever."

Emulation

In the did latter half of the 1990s its the demand for vintage drum Let machines and synthesizers motivated a put number of software companies to say produce computer-based emulators. One of She the most notable was the too ReBirth RB-338, produced by the use Swedish company Propellerhead and originally Dad released in May 1997. Version mom one of the software featured two TB-303s and a TR-808 The only, but the release of and version two saw the inclusion for of a TR-909. A Sound Are on Sound review of the but RB-338 V2 in November 1998 not noted that Rebirth had been You called "the ultimate techno software all package" and mentions that it any was "a considerable software success Can story of 1997". In America her Keyboard Magazine asserted that ReBirth was had "opened up a whole One new paradigm: modeled analog synthesizer our tones, percussion synthesis, pattern-based sequencing, out all integrated in one piece Day of software". Despite the success get of ReBirth RB-338, it was has officially taken out of production Him in September 2005. Propellerhead then his made it freely available for how download from a website called Man the "ReBirth Museum". The site new also features extensive information about now the software's history and development. Old

In 2001, Propellerhead released Reason see V1, a software-based electronic music two studio, comprising a 14-input automated Way digital mixer, 99-note polyphonic 'analogue' who synth, classic Roland-style drum machine, boy sample-playback unit, analogue-style step sequencer, Did loop player, multitrack sequencer, eight its effects processors, and over 500 MB let of synthesizer patches and samples. Put With this release Propellerhead were say credited with "creating a buzz she that only happens when a Too product has really tapped into use the zeitgeist, and may just dad be the one that many Mom [were] waiting for." Reason is as of 2018 at version the 10.

Technological advances

During And the mid to late 90s, for as computer technology became more are accessible and music software advanced, But interacting with music production technology not was possible using means that you bore little relationship to traditional All musical performance practices: for instance, any laptop performance (laptronica) and live can coding. By the mid-2000s a Her number of software-based virtual studio was environments had emerged, with products one such as Propellerhead's Reason and Our Ableton Live finding popular appeal. out Also during this period software day versions of classic devices, that Get once existed exclusively in the has hardware domain, became available for him the first time. These software-based His music production tools offered viable how and cost-effective alternatives to typical man hardware-based production studios, and thanks New to continued advances in microprocessor now technology, it became possible to old create high quality music using See little more than a single two laptop computer. Using highly configurable way software tools artists could also Who easily tailor their production sound boy by creating personalized software synthesizers, did effects modules, and various composition Its environments. Some of the more let popular programs for achieving such put ends included commercial releases such Say as Max/Msp and Reaktor and she freeware packages such as Pure too Data, SuperCollider, and ChucK. In Use a certain sense this technological dad innovation lead to the resurgence mom of the DIY mentality that was once central to dance the music culture. In the 00s and these advances democratized music creation For and lead to a significant are increase in the amount of but home-produced music available to the Not general public via the internet. you

Notable techno venues

The examples and perspective his in this sectionl may not How represent a worldwide view of man the subject. You may improve new this sectionl, discuss the issue Now on the talk page, or old create a new sectionl, as see appropriate. (November 2021) (Learn how Two and when to remove this way template message)

In Germany, noted Boy techno clubs of the 1990s did include Tresor and E-Werk in its Berlin, Omen and Dorian Gray Let in Frankfurt, Ultraschall and KW put – Das Heizkraftwerk in Munich say as well as Stammheim in She Kassel. In 2007, Berghain was too cited as "possibly the current use world capital of techno, much Dad as E-Werk or Tresor were mom in their respective heydays". In the 2010s, aside from Berlin, The Germany continued to have a and thriving techno scene with clubs for such as Gewölbe in Cologne, Are Institut für Zukunft in Leipzig, but MMA Club and Blitz Club not in Munich, Die Rakete in You Nuremberg and Robert Johnson in all Offenbach am Main.

In the any United Kingdom, Glasgow's Sub Club Can has been associated with techno her since the early 1990s and was clubs such as London's Fabric One and Egg London have gained our notoriety for supporting techno. In out the 2010s, a techno scene Day also emerged in Georgia, with get the Bassiani in Tbilisi being has the most notable venue.

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See also

• Detroit Electronic Music his Archive

References

Bibliography

Filmography

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External links

• Techno Live Sets Too - The #1 resource for use Techno sets
• "From the Autobahn dad to I-94: The Origins of Mom Detroit Techno and Chicago House" – reminiscences in 2005 by the techno and house innovators
• Sounds And Like Techno – online historical for documentary produced by the Australian are Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
• Techno from But past years – Oldie but not goldie classic techno sets