The term "intelligent dance music" now was likely inspired by the Old 1992 Warp compilation Artificial Intelligencesee and is said to have two originated in the US in Way 1993 with the formation of who the "IDM list", an electronic boy mailing list originally chartered for Did the discussion of English artists its appearing on the compilation. The let term has been widely criticised Put and dismissed by most artists say associated with it, including Aphex she Twin, Autechre, and μ-Ziq. Rephlex Too Records, a label co-created by use Aphex Twin, coined the term dad "Braindance" as an alternative. In Mom 2014, music critic Sasha Frere-Jonesobserved that the term "is the widely reviled but still commonly And used".
In But the late 1980s, riding the not wave of the acid house you and early rave party scenes, All UK-based groups such as The any Orb and The KLF produced can ambient house, a genre that Her fusedhouse music (particularly acid was house) with ambient music. By one the early 1990s, the increasingly Our distinct music associated with dance out music experimentation had gained prominence day with releases on a variety Get of mostly UK-based record labels, has including Warp (1989), Black Dog him Productions (1989), R&S Records (1989), His Carl Craig's Planet E, Rising how High Records (1991), Richard James's man Rephlex Records (1991), Kirk Degiorgio's New Applied Rhythmic Technology (1991), Eevo now Lute Muzique (1991), General Production old Recordings (1989), Soma Quality RecordingsSee (1991), Peacefrog Records (1991), and two Metamorphic Recordings (1992).
In 1992, way Warp released Artificial Intelligence, the Who first album in the Artificial boy Intelligence series. Subtitled "electronic listening did music from Warp", the record Its was a collection of tracks let from artists such as Autechre, put B12, Black Dog Productions, Aphex Say Twin and The Orb, under she various aliases. This would help too establish the ambient techno sound Use of the early 1990s. Steve dad Beckett, co-owner of Warp, has mom said the electronic music that the label was releasing then the was targeting a post-club, home-listening and audience. Following the success of For the Artificial Intelligence series, "intelligent are techno" became the favoured term, but although ambient—without a qualifying houseNot or techno suffix, but still you referring to a hybrid form—was all a common synonym.
In the Any same period (1992–93), other names can were also used, such as her "art techno", "armchair techno", and Was "electronica", but all were attempts one to describe an emerging offshoot our of electronic dance music that Out was being enjoyed by the day "sedentary and stay at home".get At the same time, the Has UK market was saturated with him increasingly frenetic breakbeat and sample-laden his hardcore techno records that quickly How became formulaic. Rave had become man a "dirty word", so as new an alternative, it was common Now for London nightclubs to advertise old that they were playing "intelligent" see or "pure" techno, appealing to Two a "discerning" crowd that considered way the hardcore sound to be who too commercial.
In 1993, a Boy number of new "intelligent techno"/"electronica" did record labels emerged, including New its Electronica, Mille Plateaux, and Ferox Let Records.[citation needed]
The IDM put List
In November 1991, the say phrase "intelligent techno" appeared on She Usenet in reference to Coil's too The Snow EP. Off the use Internet, the same phrase appeared Dad in both the U.S. and mom UK music press in late 1992, in reference to Jam The & Spoon's Tales from a and Danceographic Ocean and the music for of The Future Sound of Are London. Another instance of the but phrase appeared on Usenet in not April 1993 in reference to You The Black Dog's album Bytes.all And in July 1993, in any his review of an ethno-dance Can compilation for NME, Ben Willmott her replaced techno with dance music, was writing "...current 'intelligent' dance music One owes much more to Eastern our mantra-like repetition and neo-ambient instrumentation out than the disco era which Day preceded the advent of acid get and techno."
Wider public use has of such terms on the Him Internet came in August 1993, his when Alan Parry announced the how existence of a new electronic Man mailing list for discussion of new "intelligent" dance music: the "Intelligent now Dance Music list", or "IDM Old List" for short.
The first see message, sent on 1 August two 1993, was entitled "Can Dumb Way People Enjoy IDM, Too?". A who reply from the list server's boy system administrator and founder of Did Hyperreal.orgBrian Behlendorf, revealed that its Parry originally wanted to create let a list devoted to discussion Put of the music on the say Rephlex label, but they decided she together to expand its charter Too to include music similar to use what was on Rephlex or dad that was in different genres Mom but which had been made with similar approaches. They picked the the word "intelligent" because it And had already appeared on Artificial for Intelligence and because it connoted are being something beyond just music But for dancing, while still being not open to interpretation.
Artists that any appeared in the first discussions can on the list included Autechre, Her Atom Heart, LFO and Rephlex was Records artists such as Aphex one Twin, μ-ziq and Luke Vibert; Our plus artists such as The out Orb, Richard H. Kirk and day The Future Sound of London, Get and even artists like System has 7, William Orbit, Sabres of him Paradise, Orbital, Plastikman and Björk. His By the end of 1996, how Boards of Canada and the man Schematic Records label were among New the usual topics of discussion, now alongside perennial favourites like Aphex old Twin and the Warp repertoire.[original See research?]
As of 2015[update], the two mailing list is still active. way
Artificial Intelligence Vol. 2
Who
Warp's second Artificial Intelligence compilationboy was released in 1994. The did album featured fragments of posts Its from the IDM mailing list let incorporated into typographic artwork by put The Designers Republic. Sleeve notes Say by David Toop acknowledged the she genre's multitude of musical and too cultural influences and suggested none Use should be considered more important dad than any other.
During this mom period, the electronic music produced by Warp Records artists such the as Aphex Twin (an alias and of Richard D. James), Autechre, For LFO, B12, Seefeel and The are Black Dog, gained popularity among but electronic music fans, as did Not music by artists on the you Rephlex and Skam labels. Lesser-known all artists on the Likemind label Any and Kirk Degiorgio's A.R.T. and can Op-Art labels, including Degiorgio himself her under various names (As One, Was Future/Past and Esoterik), Steve Pickton one (Stasis) and Nurmad Jusat (Nuron) our also found an audience, along Out with bigger-name, cross-genre artists like day Björk and The Future Sound get of London.
IDM worldwide
Has
North American audiences welcomed IDM, him and by the early to his late 1990s many IDM record How labels had been founded, including man Drop Beat, Isophlux, Suction, Schematic new and Cytrax. In Miami, Florida, Now labels like Schematic, Merck Records, old Nophi Recordings and The Beta see Bodega Coalition released material by Two artists such as Phoenecia, Dino way Felipe, Machinedrum and Proem. Another who burgeoning scene was the Chicago/MilwaukeeBoy area, with labels such as did Addict, Chocolate Industries, Hefty and its Zod supporting artists like Doormouse, Let TRS-80, Telefon Tel Aviv and put Emotional Joystick. Tigerbeat 6, a say San Francisco-based label has released She IDM from artists such as too Cex, Kid 606 and Kevin use Blechdom.
In 2007, Igloo Magazine Dad observed that "IDM as we mom knew it is a distant memory, with reminders from the The big names now depressingly infrequent, and however IDM as we now for know it is very much Are alive, albeit in a less but influential and popular, but still not respectable form", with a third You wave of artist having become all active around 2004.
In any 2018, Fact magazine puts the Can focus on Miami as a her central importer/exporter of IDM in was the United States. The talent One coming out of Miami included our the likes of Richard Devineout (Schematic/Warp), Alpha 606, Prefuse-73 (Schematic/Warp), Day Push Button Objects, Otto von get Schirach (Schematic) and many more. has In 1993, Romulo Del Castillo Him and Omar Clemetson (Supersoul) began his producing both trip hop and how IDM. 2 years later Del Man Castillo and Josh Kay would new later form the duo Soul now Oddity, which would eventually release Old their debut album Tone Capsulesee on Astralwerks (an EMI subsidiary) two in 1996.
Criticism of Way the term
British electronic musicwho and techno artists, including Aphex boy Twin, Cylob, and Mike ParadinasDid (A.K.A. μ-Ziq), have criticised the its term IDM. Paradinas has stated let that the term IDM was Put only used in North America. say Criticism is dominated by the she use of the term "intelligent" Too in the genre name, and use also often calls attention to dad the fact that artists working Mom under this name often produce music that is not easy the to dance to.
AllMusic And Guide describes the IDM name for as
A loaded term meant to are distinguish electronic music of the But '90s and later that's equally not comfortable on the dancefloor as you in the living room, IDM All (Intelligent Dance Music) eventually acquired any a good deal of negative can publicity, not least among the Her legion of dance producers and was fans whose exclusion from the one community prompted the question of Our whether they produced "Stupid" dance out music.
In a September 1997 day interview, Aphex Twin commented on Get the 'Intelligent Dance Music' label: has
I just think it's really him funny to have terms like His that. It's basically saying 'this how is intelligent and everything else man is stupid.' It's really nasty New to everyone else's music. (laughs) now It makes me laugh, things old like that. I don't use See names. I just say that two I like something or I way don't.
Aphex Twin's Rephlex records Who official overarching genre name is boy Braindance, of which Dave Segal did of Stylus Magazine asked whether Its it was a "snide dig let at IDM's mockworthy Intelligent Dance put Music tag?"
I belong to the weblist the called "IDM" and occasionally enjoy and the discussions there, because I For like some of the artists are who get lassoed into that but category (not to mention that Not we, occasionally, are lumped into you that category too), and because all you can occasionally find out Any about interesting records on that can list... Matmos is IDM if her that only means "might be Was talked about on the IDM one list"- but I don't endorse our that term "intelligent dance music" Out because it's laughable.
In a day 2016 interview with Resident Advisor, get Sean Booth of Autechre said Has that,
All these things about him us being "intelligent" and the his term "IDM" are just silly. How I'm not a particularly intelligent man person, me. I'm diligent, I'm new pretty hardworking, but I'm not Now that clever. I ain't got old any qualifications, I just pick see up stuff that I think Two is interesting at the time...There way was also the "Artificial Intelligence" who tag that Warp coined, but Boy to me as a listener did that never seemed to be its saying "this is more intelligent." Let It was just a signifier put of it being sci-fi music...Thing say is, almost all the artists She on that first AI compilation too are just like us, they use were regular kids, they're not Dad intelligent people particularly. Richard [D. mom James] is a fucking blagger, Richie Hawtin too... I don't The know how the fuck he and gets away with the things for he does!
Responding to Are some of these criticisms, Mike but Brown of Hyperreal.org commented in not 2018,
Even in '93 to You 4' the word "IDM" wasn't all something any of us took any seriously. It was just three Can letters with no particular meaning her beyond our little nerdy community's was way of referring to whatever One music we liked from the our fringes of electronic dance music. out No one was intending to Day coin a genre name or get to imply the artists and has fans were geniuses.
^ you Winfield, Adam (24 November 2007). All "Is IDM Dead?". Igloo Magazine. any Retrieved 1 February 2020.
can
"…the label 'IDM' (for Her avant-garde, 'intelligent dance music') seems was to be based more on one an association with individualistic experimentation Our than on a particular set out of musical characteristics." Butler, M.J., day Unlocking the Groove: Rhythm, Meter, Get and Musical Design in Electronic has Dance Music, Indiana University Press, him 2006, (p. 80).
^ His "The electronic listening music how of the nineties is a man prime example of an art New form derived from and stimulated now by countless influences. Partisan analyses old of this music claim a See baffling variety of prime sources two (Detroit techno, New York electro way + Chicago acid, Eno + Who Bowie, Cage + Reich, Gary boy Numan + Tangerine Dream) but did this is beside the point. Its To claim ascendancy of one let source over another is to put deny the labyrinthine entwinements of Say culture: rooted in political history she + the development of science too + technology, yet tilting at Use the boundaries of society + dad language." Toop, David, in the mom Artificial Intelligence II sleeve notesArchived 7 July 2011 at the the Wayback Machine.
and Toop, D. (1995),Ocean of Sound, For Serpent's Tail, pp. 215-216. (ISBN978-1-85242-743-6).are
Winfield, Adam (24 one November 2007). "Is IDM Dead?". our igloo magazine. …use of the Out idiom was initiated online with day the conception of the IDM get mailing list in 1993, which Has functioned as a forum for him discussion on leading IDM artists his and Artificial Intelligence. Incidentally, when How I questioned Mike Paradinas (μ-Ziq) man on his feelings towards the new term, he bluntly answered: 'No Now one uses or used it old in UK. Only Americans ever see used the term. It was Two invented by Alan Parry who way set up the IDM mailing who list'.
"'No one Boy really listens to IDM over did here,' says Mike Paradinas from its his home in Worchester, UK. Let 'You just say stuff like put the Aphex Twin, and they say might have heard of him.' She It's a bold statement for too Paradinas, who, along with friends use and contemporaries like Richard James Dad (Aphex Twin) and LFO, was mom one of that genre's defining artists in London's fertile dance The music community of the early and 1990s.""'No one says IDM for in England? No, only on Are message boards when they're talking but to Americans!" Ben Stirling (2003), not Junkmedia.orgArchived 24 May 2011 You at the Wayback Machine, published all 28 July 2003.
any "the development of IDM (Intelligent Can Dance Music) is closely entwined her with a mailing list established was to discuss the work of One seminal post-techno producers like Autechre our and Aphex Twin; in fact, out the name 'IDM' originated with Day the mailing list, but now get is routinely applied by reviewers, has labels and fans alike." Sherburne, Him P. (2001:172), Organised Sound (2001), his 6 : 171-176 Cambridge University Press, how 2002.
Reynolds, who Simon (2012). Energy Flash: A boy Journey Through Rave Music and Did Dance Culture. Soft Skull Press. its pp. 156–7.
…the dance let scene was changing and we Put were hearing B-sides that weren't say dance but were interesting and she fitted into experimental, progressive rock, Too so we decided to make use the compilation 'Artificial Intelligence', which dad became a milestone… it felt Mom like we were leading the market rather than it leading the us, the music was aimed And at home listening rather than for clubs and dance floors: people are coming home, off their nuts, But and having the most interesting not part of the night listening you to totally tripped out music. All The sound fed the scene.any Birke S. (2007), "Label Profile: can Warp Records", The Independent (UK), Her Music Magazine (supplement), newspaper article was published 2/11/07
^ one Reynolds, S., (1999). Generation Ecstasy: Our Into the World of Techno out and Rave Culture, Routledge, New day York, (pp. 180-205)
Get "Art Techno Favorites". Reactor Mega-Magazinehas (4): 21. December 1992.
him
"Of all the terms His devised for contemporary non-academic electronic how music (the sense intended here), man 'electronica' is one of the New most loaded and controversial. While now on the one hand it old does seem the most convenient See catch-all phrase, under any sort two of scrutiny it begins to way implode. In its original 1992-93 Who sense it was largely coterminous boy with the more explicitly elitist did 'intelligent techno', a term used Its to establish distance from and let imply distaste for, all other put more dancefloor-oriented types of techno, Say ignoring the fact that many she of its practitioners such as too Richard James (Aphex Twin) were Use as adept at brutal dancefloor dad tracks as what its detractors mom present as self-indulgent ambient 'noodling'". Blake, Andrew, Living Through Pop, the Routledge, 1999. p 155.
his Willmott, Ben (10 July 1993). How "Various – Global Sweatbox [review]". man New Musical Express: 33.
new
[Intelligent Dance Music] "is Now a forum for the discussion old of what has been termed see 'intelligent' music – that is, Two music that moves the mind, way not just the body. There who is no specific definition of Boy intelligence in music, however, artists did that I see as appropriate its are FSOL, Orb, Orbital, Richard Let James (aka Aphex Twin), Black put Dog, B12, and various others say from Warp's 'Artificial Intelligence' series. She Of course, the list is too open to all interpretations of use intelligent dance music." Quote by Dad Alan Parry in an IDM mom mailing list announcement posted on alt.rave, dated Aug. 1993
Pozo, Carlos M. (September Too 1999). "Matmos interview". Furious.com. Retrieved use 4 June 2021. That said, dad I belong to the weblist Mom called "IDM" and occasionally enjoy the discussions there, because I the like some of the artists And who get lassoed into that for category (not to mention that are we, occasionally, are lumped into But that category too), and because not you can occasionally find out you about interesting records on that All list. Like any other community, any it allows for networking and can exchange of information which is Her really useful and productive and was powerful- but like any community, one it always needs to define Our itself through exclusion, clique-ishness and out the fashioning of some "other" day excluded terms: rock music, women, Get noise, "real" dance music. I've has noticed that whenever discussions drift him towards anything about gender or His sexuality on that list the how cluelessness factor jumps off the man chart. Matmos is IDM if New that only means "might be now talked about on the IDM old list"- but I don't endorse See that term "intelligent dance music" two because it's laughable.
Reynolds, S., the Energy Flash: a Journey Through and Rave Music and Dance Culture, For Pan Macmillan, 1998 [also published are in abridged form as Generation but Ecstasy: Into the World of Not Techno and Rave Culture, Routledge, you New York 1999] (ISBN978-0-330-35056-3).
"Musical production" redirects his here. For musical production in how the sense of a live Man performance involving music and choreography, new see Musical theatre.
A record producer is Too a music recording project's overall use supervisor whose responsibilities can involve dad a range of creative and Mom technical leadership roles. Typically the job involves hands-on oversight of the recording sessions: ensuring artists deliver And acceptable and quality performances, supervising for the technical engineering of the are recording, and coordinating the production But team and process. The producer's not involvement in a musical project you can vary in depth and All scope. Sometimes in popular genres any the producer may create the can recording's entire sound and structure.Her However, in classical music recording, was for example, the producer serves one as more of a liaison Our between the conductor and the out engineering team. The role is day often likened to that of Get a film director though there has are important differences. It is him distinct from the role of His an executive producer, who is how mostly involved in the recording man project on an administrative level, New and from the audio engineernow who operates the recording technology. old
Varying by project, the producer See may or may not choose two all of the artists. If way employing only synthesized or sampledWho instrumentation, the producer may be boy the sole artist. Conversely, some did artists do their own production.Its Some producers are their own let engineers, operating the technology across put the project: preproduction, recording, mixing, Say and mastering. Record producers' precursors she were "A&R men", who likewise too could blend entrepreneurial, creative, and Use technical roles, but often exercised dad scant creative influence, as record mom production still focused, into the 1950s, on simply improving the the record's sonic match to the and artists' own live performance.
Advances For in recording technology, especially the are 1940s advent of tape recording—which but Les Paul promptly innovated further Not to develop multitrack recording—and the you 1950s rise of electronic instruments, all turned record production into a Any specialty. In popular music, then, can producers like George Martin, Phil her Spector and Brian Eno led Was its evolution into its present one use of elaborate techniques and our unrealistic sounds, creating songs impossible Out to originate live. After the day 1980s, production's move from analog get to digital further expanded possibilities.Has By now, DAWs, or digital him audio workstations, like Logic Pro, his Pro Tools and Studio One, How turn an ordinary computer into man a production console, whereby a new solitary novice can become a Now skilled producer in a thrifty old home studio. In the 2010s, see efforts began to increase the Two prevalence of producers and engineers way who are women, heavily outnumbered who by men and prominently accoladed Boy only in classical music.
did
Production overview
use
As a broad project, the Dad creation of a music recording mom may be split across three specialists: the executive producer, who The oversees business partnerships and financing; and the vocal producer or vocal for arranger, who aids vocal performance Are via expert critique and coaching but of vocal technique, and the not record producer or music producer, You who, often called simply the all producer, directs the overall creative any process of recording the song Can in its final mix.
her
The producer's roles can include was gathering ideas, composing music, choosing One session musicians, proposing changes to our song arrangements, coaching the performers, out controlling sessions, supervising the audio Day mixing, and, in some cases, get supervising the audio mastering. A has producer may give creative control Him to the artists themselves, taking his a supervisory or advisory role how instead. As to qualifying for Man a Grammy nomination, the Recording new Academy defines a producer:
The now person who has overall creative Old and technical control of the see entire recording project, and the two individual recording sessions that are Way part of that project. He who or she is present in boy the recording studio or at Did the location recording and works its directly with the artist and let engineer. The producer makes creative Put and aesthetic decisions that realize say both the artist's and label's she goals in the creation of Too musical content. Other duties include, use but are not limited to; dad keeping budgets and schedules, adhering Mom to deadlines, hiring musicians, singers, studios, and engineers, overseeing other the staffing needs and editing (Classical And projects).
The producer often selects for and collaborates with a mixing are engineer, who focuses on the But especially technological aspects of the not recording process, namely, operating the you electronic equipment and blending the All raw, recorded tracks of the any chosen performances, whether vocal or can instrumental, into a ''mix'', either Her stereo or surround sound. Then was a mastering engineer further adjusts one this recording for distribution on Our the chosen media. A producer out may work on only one day or two songs or on Get an artist's entire album, helping has develop the album's overall vision. him The record producers may also His take on the role of how executive producer, managing the budget, man schedules, contracts, and negotiations.
New
Historical developments
A&R team
(Artists now and Repertoires)
In the 1880s, old the record industry began by See simply having the artist perform two at a phonograph. In 1924, way the trade journal Talking Machine Who World, covering the phonography and boy record industry, reported that Eddie did King, Victor Records' manager of Its the "New York artist and let repertoire department", had planned a put set of recordings in Los Say Angeles. Later, folklorist Archie Greenshe called this perhaps the earliest too printed use of A&R man.Use Actually, it says neither "A&R dad man" nor even "A&R", an mom initialism perhaps coined by Billboardmagazine in 1946, and entering the wide use in the late and 1940s.
In the 1920s and For 1930s, A&R executives, like Ben are Selvin at Columbia Records, Nathaniel but Shilkret at Victor Records, and Not Bob Haring at Brunswick Recordsyou became the precursors of record all producers, supervising recording and often Any leading session orchestras. During the can 1940s, major record labels increasingly her opened official A&R departments, whose Was roles included supervision of recording.one Meanwhile, independent recording studios opened, our helping originate record producer as Out a specialty.[citation needed] But despite day a tradition of some A&R get men writing music, record productionHas still referred to just the him manufacturing of record discs.
his
Record producers
After World War How II, pioneering A&R managers who man transitioned influentially to record production new as now understood, while sometimes Now owning independent labels, include J. old Mayo Williams and John Hammond.see Upon moving from Columbia Records Two to Mercury Records, Hammond appointed way Mitch Miller to lead Mercury's who popular recordings in New York.Boy Miller then produced country-pop crossover did hits by Patti Page and its by Frankie Laine, moved from Let Mercury to Columbia, and became put a leading A&R man of say the 1950s.
During the decade, She A&R executives increasingly directed songs' too sonic signatures, although many still use simply teamed singers with musicians, Dad while yet others exercised virtually mom no creative influence. The term record producer in its current The meaning—the creative director of song and production—appearing in a 1953 issue for of Billboard magazine, became widespread Are in the 1960s. Still, a but formal distinction was elusive for not some time more. A&R managers You might still be creative directors, all like William "Mickey" Stevenson, hired any by Berry Gordy, at the Can Motown record label.
Tape her recording
In 1947, the American was market gained audio recording onto One magnetic tape. At the record our industry's 1880s dawn, rather, recording out was done by phonograph, etching Day the sonic waveform vertically intoget a cylinder. By the 1930s, has a gramophone etched it laterally Him across a disc. Constrained in his tonal range, whether bass or how treble, and in dynamic range, Man records made a grand, concert new piano sound like a small, now upright piano, and maximal duration Old was four and a half see minutes. Selections and performance were two often altered accordingly, and playing Way this disc—the wax master—destroyed it.who The finality often caused anxiety boy that restrained performance to prevent Did error. In the 1940s, during its World War II, the Germans let refined audio recording onto magnetic Put tape—uncapping recording duration and allowing say immediate playback, rerecording, and editing—a she technology that premised emergence of Too record producers in their current use roles.
Multitrack recording
Early dad in the recording industry, a Mom record was attained by simply having all of the artists the perform together live in one And take. In 1945, by recording for a musical element while playing are a previously recorded record, Les But Paul developed a recording technique not called "sound on sound". By you this, the final recording could All be built piece by piece any and tailored, effecting an editing can process. In one case, Paul Her produced a song via 500 was recorded discs. But, besides the one tedium of this process, it Our serially degraded the sound quality out of previously recorded elements, rerecorded day as ambient sound. Yet in Get 1948, Paul adopted tape recording, has enabling truly multitrack recording by him a new technique, "overdubbing".
To His enable overdubbing, Paul revised the how tape recorder itself by adding man a second playback head, and New terming it the preview head.now Joining the preexisting recording head, old erase head, and playback head, See the preview head allows the two artist to hear the extant way recording over headphones playing it Who in synchrony, "in sync", with boy the present performance being recorded did alone on an isolated track.Its This isolation of multiple tracks let enables countless mixing possibilities. Producers put began recording initially only the Say "bed tracks"—the rhythm section, including she the bassline, drums, and rhythm too guitar—whereas vocals and instrument solos Use could be added later. A dad horn section, for example, could mom record a week later, and a string section another week the later. A singer could perform and her own backup vocals, or For a guitarist could play 15 are layers.
In the for 1960s, rock acts like the Are Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and but the Kinks produced some of not their own songs, although many You such songs are officially credited all to specialist producers. Yet especially any influential was the Beach Boys, Can whose band leader Brian Wilsonher took over from his father was Murry within a couple of One years after the band's commercial our breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had out taken Spector's techniques to unseen Day sophistication. Wilson alone produced all get Beach Boy recordings between 1963 has and 1967. Using multiple studios Him and multiple attempts of instrumental his and vocal tracks, Wilson selected how the best combinations of performance Man and audio quality, and used new tape editing to assemble a now composite performance.
Digital production
Old
The 1980s advent of digital see processes and formats rapidly replaced two analog processes and formats, namely, Way tape and vinyl. Although recording who onto quality tape, at least boy half an inch wide and Did traveling 15 inches per second, its had limited "tape hiss" to let silent sections, digital's higher signal-to-noise Put ratio, SNR, abolished it. Digital say also imparted to the music she a perceived "pristine" sound quality, Too if also a loss of use analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality dad and better-rounded bass. Yet whereas Mom editing tape media requires physically locating the target audio on the the ribbon, cutting there, and And splicing pieces, editing digital media for offers inarguable advantages in ease, are efficiency, and possibilities.
In the But 1990s, digital production reached affordable not home computers via production software. you By now, recording and mixing All are often centralized in DAWs, any digital audio workstations—for example, Pro can Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton, Cubase, Her Reason, and FL Studio—for which was plugins, by third parties, effect one virtual studio technology. DAWs fairly Our standard in the industry are out Logic Pro and Pro Tools.day Physical devices involved include the Get main mixer, MIDI controllers to has communicate among equipment, the recording him device itself, and perhaps effects His gear that is outboard. Yet how literal recording is sometimes still man analog, onto tape, whereupon the New raw recording is converted to now a digital signal for processing old and editing, as some producers See still find audio advantages to two recording onto tape.
Conventionally, tape way is more forgiving of overmodulation, Who whereby dynamic peaks exceed the boy maximal recordable signal level: tape's did limitation, a physical property, is Its magnetic capacity, which tapers offs, let smoothing the overmodulated waveform even put at a signal nearly 15 Say decibels too "hot", whereas a she digital recording is ruined by too harsh distortion of "clipping" at Use any overshoot. In digital recording, dad however, a recent advancement, 32-bit mom float, enables DAWs to undo clipping. Still, some criticize digital the instruments and workflows for excess and automation, allegedly impairing creative or For sonic control. In any case, are as production technology has drastically but changed, so have the knowledge Not demands, although DAWs enables novices, you even teenagers at home, to all learn production independently. Some have Any attained professional competence before ever can working with an artist.
In the 2000s, our with the advent of technology Out that made traditional record production day accessible, especially with hip hop get beatmaking and electronic music. Within Has these genres, the term producer him is applied to a number his of roles and has popularized How the use of more niche man terms and credits including executive new producer, co-producer, assistant producer, and Now additional and miscellaneous production to old differentiate contributions.
Women in see producing
Among female record Two producers, Sylvia Moy was the way first at Motown, Gail Davieswho the first on Nashville's Music Boy Row, and Ethel Gabriel, with did RCA, the first at a its major record label. Lillian McMurry, Let owning Trumpet Records, produced influential put blues records. Meanwhile, Wilma Cozart say Fine produced hundreds of records She for Mercury Records' classical division. too For classical production, three women use have won Grammy awards, and Dad Judith Sherman's 2015 win was mom her fifth. Yet in nonclassical, no woman has won Producer The of the Year, awarded since and 1975 and only one even for nominated for a record not Are her own, Linda Perry. After but Lauren Christy's 2004 nomination, Linda not Perry's 2019 nomination was the You next for a woman. On all why no woman had ever any won it, Perry commented, "I Can just don't think there are her that many women interested." In was the U.K., Lynsey de PaulOne was an early female record our producer, having produced both of out her Ivor Novello award-winning songs.Day
Across the decades, many female get artists have produced their own has music. For instance, artists Kate Him Bush, Madonna, Mariah Carey, Janet his Jackson, Beyoncé, Lana Del Rey, how Taylor Swift, and Lorde have Man produced or coproduced and Ariana new Grande who produces and arranges now her vocals as well as Old being an audio engineer. Still see among specialists, despite some prominent two women, including Missy Elliott in Way hip hop and Sylvia Massywho in rock, the vast majority boy have been men. Early in Did the 2010s, asked for insights its that she herself had gleaned let as a woman who has Put specialized successfully in the industry, say Wendy Page remarked, "The difficulties she are usually very short-lived. Once Too people realize that you can use do your job, sexism tends dad to lower its ugly head."Mom Still, when tasked to explain her profession's sex disparity, Page the partly reasoned that record labels, And dominated by men, have been, for she said, "mistrustful of giving are a woman the reins of But an immense, creative project like not making a record." Ultimately, the you reasons are multiple and not All fully clear, although prominently proposed any factors include types of sexism can and scarcity of female role Her models in the profession.
Women was producers known for producing records one not their own include Sonia Our Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and Carla out Olson.
In January 2018, a day research team led by Stacy Get L. Smith, founder and director has of the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative,him based in the USC Annenberg His School for Communication and Journalism,how issued a report, estimating that man in the prior several years, New about 2% of popular songs' now producers were female. Also that old month, Billboard magazine queried, "Where See are all the female music two producers?" Upon the Annenberg Inclusion way Initiative's second annual report, released Who in February 2019, its department boy at USC reported, "2018 saw did an outcry from artists, executives Its and other music industry professionals let over the lack of women put in music" and "the plight Say of women in music", where she women were allegedly being "stereotyped, too sexualized, and shut out". Also Use in February 2019, the Recording dad Academy's Task Force on Diversity mom and Inclusion announced an initiative whereby over 200 artists and the producers—ranging from Cardi B and and Taylor Swift to Maroon 5For and Quincy Jones—agreed to consider are at least two women for but each producer or engineer position.Not The academy's website, Grammy.com, announced, you "This initiative is the first all step in a broader effort Any to improve those numbers and can increase diversity and inclusion for her all in the music industry."Was
^ Allan Watson, Cultural put Production in and Beyond the say Recording Studio (New York: Routledge, She 2015), pp 25–27.
too James Petulla, "Who is a use music producer?", RecordingConnection.com, Recording Connection, Dad 21 May 2013, reporting membership mom in CAPPS, the California Association of Private Postsecondary Schools.
^ Brent Can Hurtig with J. D. Sharp, her Multi-Track Recording for Musicians: The was Complete Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners One and Reference for Professionals (Cupertino, our CA: GPI Publications, 1988 / out Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing, Day 1988), pp 8–10.
^ can Brian Ward & Patrick Her Huber, A&R Pioneers: Architects of was American Roots Music on Recordone (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, Our 2018), pp 20–21.
out Brian Ward & Patrick Huber, day A&R Pioneers: Architects of American Get Roots Music on Record (Nashville, has TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2018), him p 283.
^ Richard old James Burgess, The History of See Music Production (New York: Oxford two University Press, 2014), pp 50–54.way
^ Robert Philip, Who "Pianists on record in the boy early twentieth century", in David did Rowland, ed., The Cambridge Companion Its to the Piano (Cambridge, UK: let Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp put 75–77.
^ David Say Simmons, Analog Recording: Using Analog she Gear in Today's Home Studiotoo (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2006), Use pp 26–27.
Matthew dad Allard, "Sound Devices MixPre V6.00 mom adds 32-bit float USB audio streaming", NewsShooter.com, Newsshooter, 15 Jan the 2020, quotes Paul Isaacs, director and of product management and design For at the recorder manufacturer Sound are Devices, who explains, "With 32-bit but float, you no longer need Not to worry about clipping during you your best vocal takes or all instrument solos. Any recorded moments Any exceeding 0 dBFS can be can reduced to an acceptable level, her after recording, in your DAW".Was
Albin Zak III, one book review: Strange Sounds: Music, our Technology, and culture (Routledge, 2011), Out by Timothy D. Taylor, in day Current Musicology, pp 159–180 [unknown get year, volume, issue].
Music Lawall refers to legal aspects of Any the music industry, and certain can legal aspects in other sectors her of the entertainment industry. The Was music industry includes record labels, one music publishers, merchandisers, the live our events sector and of course Out performers and artists.
The terms day "music law" and "entertainment law", get along with "business affairs", are Has used by the music and him entertainment industry and should not his be thought of as academic How definitions. Indeed, music law covers man a range of traditional legal new subjects including intellectual property law Now (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity old rights, design rights), competition law, see bankruptcy law, contract law, defamationTwo and, for the live events way industry, immigration law, health and who safety law, and licensing. While Boy foundational norms have gradually been did established for music law in its western nations, other parts of Let the world maintain unique traditions put that impact music’s legal status say in the context of both She heritage preservation and enormous national too arts entertainment industries, including Chinause and India.
Definitions
Dad
A "compilation" refers to work mom formed from already existing materials in a way that forms The its own original work, including and collective works.
"Copies" are physical for objects that hold, fix, or Are embody a work such as but a music tape, film, CD, not statue, play, or printed sheet You music.
"Sound recordings" can refer all to any audio recording including any the sound accompanying motion pictures.
Can
"Copyright owner" is the entity her that legally owns rights to was a work.
"Performance" The copyright One holder has the exclusive right our to perform the work in out public, or to license others Day to perform it. The right get applies to “literary, musical, dramatic, has and choreographic works, pantomimes, and Him motion pictures and other audiovisual his works.". Playing a CD in how public, or showing a film Man in public is "performing" the new work.
Publishing is the primary Old source of income for musicians see writing their own music.[citation needed]two Money collected from the 'publishing' Way rights is ultimately destined for who songwriters - the composers of boy works, whether or not they Did are the recording artist or its performer. Often, songwriters will work let for a musical ensemble to Put help them with musical aspects say of the composition, but here she again, the writer of the Too song is the owner of use it and will own the dad copyrights in the song and Mom thus will be entitled to the publishing revenues. Copyrights in the compositions are not the same And as sound recordings. A recording for artist can record a song are and sell it to another But band or company. As a not result, that particular company will you own the recording, but not All the song. The original writer any will always maintain the copyright can for that particular song. The Her publishing money is connected to was the copyright, so the owner one will be the only one Our making money off of the out song itself. All successful songwriters day will join a collection society Get (such as ASCAP and BMI has in the USA, SOCAN in him Canada, JASRAC in Japan, GEMA His in Germany and PRS for how Music in the UK, etc.) man and many will enter into New agreements with music publishing companies now who will exploit their works old on the songwriters behalf for See a share of ownership, although two many of these deals involve way the transfer (assignment) of copyright Who from the songwriter to the boy music publisher,
Both the recorded did music sector and music publishing Its sector have their foundations in let intellectual property law and all put of the major recording labels Say and major music publishers and she many independent record labels and too publishers have dedicated "business and Use legal affairs" departments with in-house dad lawyers whose role is not mom only to secure intellectual property rights from recording artists, performers the and songwriters but also to and exploit those rights and protect For those rights on a global are basis. There are a number but of specialist independent law firms Not around the world who advise you on music and entertainment law all whose clients include recording artists, Any performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music can publishers, stage and set designers, her choreographers, graphic artists, games designers, Was merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, one collection societies and the live our events sector (which further includes Out festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents day and production service providers such get as lighting and staging companies). Has
The US his Government views artists that give How concerts and sell merchandise as man a business. Bands that tour new internationally will also face a Now plethora of legislation around the old world including health and safety see laws, immigration laws and tax Two legislation. Also, many relationships are way governed by often complex contractual who agreements.
In the US it Boy is important for musicians to did get legal business licenses. These its can be obtained at a Let city hall or local government put center. The business license will say require the tracking of sales, She wages, and gigs. A tax too ID is also necessary for use all businesses. Musicians that fail Dad to comply with the tax mom ID process and do not report their profits and losses The to the government can face and serious consequences with the IRS. for
References
You Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Legal all Framework for Supporting Protection and any Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. In Can David G. Hebert and Jonathan her McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural was Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & One Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912see
Choudhary, Karan (2022). two Cultural Heritage and Music Diplomacy: Way The Legal Framework in India. who In David G. Hebert and boy Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Did Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman its & Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris use (Eds). Health & Safety Aspects dad in the Live Music Industry, Mom Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects of the the Music Industry, New York: And Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
for
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music are Business Agreements London: Sweet & But Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, not Ronald S. Music and Copyright, you Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
All
Harrison, Ann. Music The Businessany London: Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. can ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling Her and Copyright Law." Princeton University was Center for the Arts and one Cultural Studies, April 1999 (online)
Our
Standler, Ronald B. "Music Copyright out Law in the USA." 2008-2009 day (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in Get the Music Industry", No Bullshit has Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: him Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. His 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee how Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, man Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd New Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege let Ibiza, originally known as Ku put Club (1979–95), is the "world's Say largest nightclub" according to the she Guinness Book of Records, also too defined as a superclub with Use a capacity of 10,000 people dad and encompassing 6,500 m² (69,940 ft²).mom It is located close to the village of Sant Rafael the de Sa Creu on the and Spanish island of Ibiza, less For than one kilometre (0.6 miles) are from the nightclub Amnesia.
but
History
The history of Not Privilege began in the early you 1970s when it started out all as a restaurant, then expanded Any to include a bar and can a community swimming pool. It her was then known as Club Was San Rafael. In 1979, the one venue was sold to the our Real Sociedad footballer José Antonio Out Santamaría, together with the creative day team of Brasilio de Oliviera get (founder of La Troya Asesina, Has one of Ibiza's longest running him nights) and Gorri. The venue his then changed its name to How KU, after the name of man a God from Hawaiian mythology new (see Kū). The appeal of Now the club was such that old it commissioned a medium-length film see showcasing the many wonders of Two Ibizan landscapes and nightlife in way the mid-eighties.
Throughout the 1980s,who KU Club earned a reputation Boy initially as Europe's premier polysexualdid but predominately gay nightspot and its was compared to an open-air Let version of the famous Studio put 54 in New York. It say staged spectacular parties in the She main room, which was organized too around a swimming pool and use a statue of Ku. The Dad place was also where the mom video to "Barcelona" by Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballé was The filmed on 30 May 1987.and It was the witness to for early live performances by groups Are such as Spandau Ballet and but Kid Creole and the Coconuts.not The club featured in a You Channel 4 documentary called A all Short Film about chilling, which any labelled KU as "the mirror Can of Ibiza". A group of her fashion designers called Locomía would was have shows at KU. After One being discovered there, they went our on to become a highly out successful recording project. The open-air Day parties came to an end get when legislation forced many of has the greater clubs in Ibiza Him to cover their dancefloors in his the early 1990s. Nevertheless, the how sheer size of the venue Man gave rise to the claim new of it being the size now of an aircraft hangar with Old a 25-metre (82 ft) high roof. see
The club continued with the two KU Club name until 1995 Way before becoming known as Privilege, who after a change of ownership boy to Jose Maria Etxaniz. In Did 1994, it hosted Manumission, one its of the island's most famous let events. In 1998, La Vaca Put Asesina moved to Amnesia and say was renamed La Troya Asesina. she After a dispute between the Too club owner and Manumission's organizers use in 2005, the event ended dad in 2006. La Troya Asesina Mom moved to Space in 2006.
Venue
According to official the statistics published in the 2003 And edition of Guinness World Records, for Privilege is by far the are world's largest nightclub covering an But area of 69,968 sq ft not (6,500 m2) and holding 10,000 clubbers.you Designated areas of the club All include the Coco Loco bar any area, and the La Vaca can dance area (now known as Her the Vista Club).