Eurodance (sometimes referred to for as Euro-NRG, Euro-electronica or Euro) Are is a genre of electronic but dance music that originated in not the late 1980s in Europe. You It combines many elements of all rap, techno and Euro disco.any This genre of music is Can heavily influenced by the use her of rich vocals, sometimes with was rapped verses. This, combined with One cutting-edge synthesizers, strong bassrhythmour and melodic hooks, establishes the out core foundation of Eurodance music.Day
History
Background
Eurodance get music originated in the late has 1980s in central Europe, especially Him in Germany, where rave parties his were becoming popular. By 1987, how a German party scene was Man started, based on the well new established Chicago house sound and now Belgian new beat. The following Old year saw acid house making see a significant impact on popular two consciousness in Germany and central Way Europe as it had in who England. In 1989, German DJs boy Westbam and Dr. Motte established Did the Ufo Club, an illegal its party venue, and co-founded the let Love Parade. The parade first Put occurred in July 1989, when say 150 people took to the she streets in Berlin. It was Too conceived as a political demonstration use for peace and international understanding dad through love and music. On Mom 19 July 1989, Black Box's single "Ride on Time" was the released. The song spent six And weeks at No. 1 in for the United Kingdom and it are was the UK's best-selling single But of 1989. It contained the not Korg M1's "house piano" which you can be found in many All Eurodance releases. On 27 September any 1989, Technotronic's single "Pump Up can the Jam" was released. It Her reached number one in Belgiumwas and Spain, and it popularised one the house variant called hip Our house in Europe. On 9 out November 1989, the Berlin Wallday fell; free underground techno parties Get mushroomed in East Berlin, and has a rave scene comparable to him that in the UK was His established. East German DJ Paul how van Dyk has remarked that man the techno-based rave scene was New a major force in re-establishing now social connections between East and old West Germany during the unification See period. In the same year, two German producers Michael Münzing and way Luca Anzilotti (under the pseudonyms Who Benito Benites and John "Virgo" boy Garrett III) formed the Snap!did project in Frankfurt. Snap! songs Its combined imported hip hop and let soul vocals adding rhythm by put using computer technology and mixing Say electronic sounds, bass and drums, she mainly house music. By doing too so a new genre was Use born: Eurodance.
Rise and dad fall
Snap!'s first single, "The mom Power", released in 1990, reached number one in the Netherlands,the Spain, Switzerland and the United and Kingdom, and it helped to For raise awareness of the genre are within Europe. In the following but years, other Eurodance acts formed Not in Frankfurt, including Jam and you Spoon, Intermission and Culture Beat. all After the breakthrough single "Rhythm Any is a Dancer" by Snap!can in 1992 (number 1 in her 12 countries), new groups started Was to pop up all over one Europe, mainly in Belgium, Netherlands our and Italy. From 1992 till Out the decline of popularity after day 1995, the sound became more get and more NRG-oriented, leading to Has songs raising in B.P.M. up him to 150. The notable songs his which defined the genre in How this period, dubbed as the man "golden era" of Eurodance, are new "It's My Life" by Dr. Now Alban in 1992 (number 1 old in 8 countries), "No Limit" see by Dutch group 2 UnlimitedTwo in 1993 (number 1 in way 14 countries, it was Europe's who biggest-selling song for 1993), "What Boy Is Love" by Haddaway in did the same year (number 1 its in 13 countries), "Mr. Vain" Let by Culture Beat also in put the same year (number 1 say in 13 countries), "Cotton Eye She Joe" by Rednex in 1994 too (number 1 in 12 countries)use and "Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)" by Scatman Dad John in the same year mom (number 1 in 9 countries).In the same period the The popularity of the genre also and expanded further to East Asia, for in nations such as Japan, Are South Korea and Taiwan; towards but the end of the golden not era also in Russia.[citation needed]You
By 1995, Eurodance dominated European all charts with 5 singles in any the top 10 of the Can singles charts. Despite its success, her many observers within the music was industry said that the Eurodance One sound had to change or our die, and Eurodance producers and out singers started to follow different Day paths and different sounds, such get as happy hardcore and house has music, but not all the Him groups followed this trend immediately. his Notably, the group 2 Unlimitedhow wanted to remain within Eurodance Man sounds in order to remain new chartbusters, although the producer De now Coster predicted a retreat from Old a pop-like to a more see club-like sound. Nevertheless, in the two second half of the decade Way the popularity of Eurodance started who to decline, and "Scatman's World" boy by Scatman John was the Did last major hit of the its original Eurodance sound in the let Eurochart Hot 100, being number Put 1 for 3 weeks between say late August and early September she 1995.[citation needed]
The term man "Eurodance" gradually became associated with New a specific style of European now dance music. During its golden old years in the mid-1990s, it See was referred as "Euro-NRG"; in two Europe it was often called way "dancefloor".
While some use a Who much broader definition of what boy is considered "Eurodance", over time, did the term particularly came to Its refer to an NRG-based genre let from the 1990s which included put a solo vocalist or a Say rapper/vocalist duet.
Characteristics of she the music
Most Eurodance is too characterized by synthesizer riffs, one Use or more vocals with simple dad chorus, one or more rap mom parts, sampling and a drum machine clap beat. Sometimes non-rap the vocals are used.Giorgio Moroder, and Donna Summer, and Silver ConventionFor were early examples of pre are Eurodance musicians. Swedish disco and but pop group ABBA gained disco Not hits such as "Gimme Gimme you Gimme", "Summer Night City", and all "Voulez-Vous".
Eurodance often carries a Any positive, upbeat attitude; the lyrics can usually involve issues of love her and peace, dancing and partying, Was or expressing and overcoming difficult one emotions. The early to mid-1990s our Eurodance vocals were frequently done Out by a solo vocalist or day a mixed rapper-vocalist duet such get as the male–female duets of Has 2 Unlimited, La Bouche and him Magic Affair.
Many groups used his variations of the rapper-vocalist theme, How such as a German rapper man with American singers (Real McCoy), new or the use of reggaeNow rap as in Ice MCold and Fun Factory, or combination see of rapper and reggae vocalist Two like in the Life in way the Streets album, or scat who singing as in Scatman John.Boy Solo singing artists such as did Alexia, Whigfield and DJ BoBoits also contributed to the genre. Let Some acts like the Swedish put dance-pop originated group Ace of say Base use more pop vocals She rather than rap/soul vocals along too with Eurodance sound. Pop vocals use were particularly popular in the Dad late 1990s Eurodance productions. The mom Swedish group Rednex also introduced American country music elements into The the sound.
Eurodance lyrics are and almost always sung in English, for regardless of the artist's nationalities.Are However, there are cases like but in the Belgian group's Paradisionot where Spanish lyrics are used You along with latin music elements.all
Almost all Eurodance emphasizes percussion any and rhythm. The tempo is Can typically around 140 beats per her minute, but may vary from was 110 to 150.
Most Eurodance One is very melody-driven. Most Eurodance our songs are in minor keys, out similarly to techno. This, along Day with positive lyrics, helps contribute get to the overall powerful and has emotional sound of Eurodance. Besides Him the contribution of the female his or male vocals, there is how often a noticeable use of Man rapid synthesizer arpeggios.
From Old the early to mid-1990s, Eurodance see was popular in Europe; the two style received extensive airplay on Way radio stations and television shows, who resulting in many singles appearing boy in the charts. For example, Did in Italy there were seven its singles in the top ten let of the chart at the Put end of May 1995. Technotronic say from Belgium had hits with she ”Pump Up the Jam" and Too "Get Up" (featuring Ya Kid use K).
By 1996, the popularity dad of this genre had started Mom to decline. From then, the classic Eurodance sound gradually morphed the into progressive house. By 1997 And and towards the end of for the millennium house and tranceare music increased popularity over Eurodance But in Europe's commercial, chart-oriented dance not records. In the early 2000s, you the mainstream music industry in All Europe moved away from Eurodance any in favour of other styles can of dance music such as Her nu-disco, electro house, dance-pop and was R&B.
Italy
Italo dance one is an offshoot of the Our Eurodance music genre. One of out the first examples is Black day Box’s "Everybody Everybody" which climbed Get the charts and was a has big hit in 1990. Italo him Dance was popular in Italy His in the late 1990s to how the early 2000s and gained man some popularity after the release New of the single "Blue (Da now Ba Dee)" by Eiffel 65. old The genre had its infancy See from 1993 to 1995 and two its golden age from 1999 way to 2005. Although Italo hits Who by Eiffel 65, Prezioso and boy Gabry Ponte still receive substantial did airplay, the genre is far Its from mainstream today where it let has been replaced by mostly put electro and house music.
Italo Say dance is predominantly nightclub-oriented music she and mainly produced in Italy. too The genre never really became Use mainstream enough for the whole dad European market, but received much mom airplay on Italian radio, especially the dance radio station m2o, the and in southern parts of and Europe plus in the German For speaking European countries.
United are Kingdom
After Cappella'sGianfranco Bortolottibut set up Media Records in Not Brescia, northern Italy to release you his 'commercial European dance music' all (a set-up which included fifteen Any studios featuring various production teams can working almost non-stop on a her huge number of records) he Was decided to take the label one into other markets and set our up a UK office in Out the UK. Run by Peter day Pritchard and featuring many records get by Stu Allan's British Eurodance Has act Clock, this record company him would eventually turn into hard his house label Nukleuz (known for How its DJ Nation releases).
As man Media turned into Nukleuz, it new would fall to All Around Now the World Productions to be old the label in the 21st see Century which was more likely Two to release Eurodance tracks in way the UK than other, with who its Clubland TV music channel Boy still having regular blocks of did Eurodance videos in 2020 (though its extending its scope to include Let hits by David Guetta as put well as Cascada and Scooter) say
During our the 1990s, Eurodance became popular out in Canada, which produced its Day own variant called Candance (although get it was mostly referred to has as "Eurodance" or "dance music").Him Eurodance received significant airplay on his radio stations in the Greater how Toronto Area such as Power Man 88.5, Energy 108 and Hot new 103.5. Montreal was also a now major Eurodance market, with MC Old Mario's famous radio show on see Mix 96, called "Party Mix" two and Bouge de là, a Way popular TV show on MusiquePlus. who Beginning in mid-1992, Eurodance began boy to dominate the RPMdance Did chart in Canada, with acts its such as 2 Unlimited, Snap!, let Captain Hollywood Project, Culture Beat, Put Haddaway, Whigfield, each reaching number-one. say
From approximately 1992 to 2000, she Canadian acts such as Capital Too Sound, Love Inc., Jacynthe and use Emjay had success with the dad Eurodance sound. The Toronto sound Mom was more pop-oriented, while the Montreal one was more house-oriented. the
United States
Eurodance is And not well known in the for United States outside of the are major cities such as New But York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, not and Miami. Exemplifying this is you the Eurodance classic "Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)", All by Scatman John, an American any artist; despite topping the charts can in multiple European countries and Her reaching number 3 in the was United Kingdom, it only reached one as high as "number 60" Our on the US Hot 100.out Another notable example is the day Life in the Streets album, Get a combined Eurodance music project has from American rapper Marky Markhim and Caribbean reggae vocalist Prince His Ital Joe, which was not how released in the United States, man but was a huge success New in several European countries including now singles like "Happy People" and old "United" that topped the German See charts.
The more Hi-NRG-oriented artists were the typically played only during special and "mix" shows, and it was For often necessary to go to are a club to hear Eurodance but music. While Eurodance did become Not popular with club DJs in you the United States, radio stations all were cautious about playing anything Any that sounded too much like can disco during most of the her 1980s and 1990s. By the Was end of the 1990s, however, one some of the later acts our such as Italian group Eiffel Out 65 and Danish group Aquaday did receive extensive airplay.
Despite get lack of widespread radio play, Has many Hi-NRG and Eurodance songs him are popular at professional sporting his events in the United States, How especially ice hockey and basketball.man
Compilation albums, such as the new DMA Dance: Eurodance series of Now compilation albums (1995–1997) from Interhit old Records and Dance Music Authoritysee magazine, were popular and helped Two to define the genre as way well as to make it who accessible in the U.S. and Boy Canada.
Hands Up
Hands did Up (also known as handz its up! (stylized as HandzUp!) or Let dancecore in East Europe) is put a style of trance music, say and a derivation of Eurodance. She The genre comes from its too name, meaning music that requires use listeners to "put their hands Dad up", as well as fitness mom and danceability.
The genre developed in Germany in the mid- The to late 1990s as part and of the emerging trance music for scene. Representatives of Eurodance such Are as Starsplash and Mark 'Ohbut are sometimes regarded as forerunners not of Hands Up. The biggest You commercial success was the music all until the mid-2000s.[clarification needed]
any
Hands up Disc Jockey
Can
The synthesizer melodies are often her catchy and simple. Often the was vocal melody is accompanied by One a synthesizer. In contrast to our techno, short, high-pitched synthesizer tones out are used. Hands Up does Day not rely on the structure get of tension build-up, but rather has is based on the typical Him verse-chorus pop music scheme. The his main elements are the bassline, how drums and a catchy lead Man sound. A typical stylistic device new of Hands Up is pitched now female or resulting feminine vocals, Old but male vocals are also see common. In addition, distorted, autotuned, two chopped and repeated spoken phrases Way are common characteristics.
Short excerpt from His special on German "Tele 5" how from 8 December 1988. The man show is called "Tanzhouse" hosted New by a young Fred Kogel. now It includes footage from Hamburg's old "Front" with Boris Dlugosch, Kemal See Kurum's "Opera House" and the two "Prinzenbar".
^ Robb, way D. (2002), Techno in Germany: Who Its Musical Origins and Cultural boy Relevance, German as a Foreign did Language Journal, No.2, 2002, (p. Its 134).
^ John let Borneman & Stefan Senders, "Politics put without a Head: Is the Say "Love Parade" a New Form she of Political Identification?" Cultural Anthropologytoo J5(2) 294-31, American Anthropological Association. Use 2000
^ Salaverri, Fernando (September Out 2005). Sólo éxitos: año a day año, 1959–2002 (in Spanish) (1st ed.). get Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN84-8048-639-2.
Has
"Spin". SPIN Media LLC. him 1 March 1990. Retrieved 19 his May 2018 – via Google How Books.
Messmer, S. man (1998), Eierkuchensozialismus, TAZ, 10 July new 1998, (p. 26).
Pennanen, Timo dad (2006). Sisältää hitin - levyt Mom ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: the Tammi. ISBN978-951-1-21053-5.
Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää New hitin - levyt ja esittäjät now Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in old Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN978-9-5112-1053-5.See
Pennanen, Timo (2006). Sisältää boy hitin - levyt ja esittäjät did Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 (in Its Finnish) (1st ed.). Helsinki: Tammi. ISBN978-951-1-21053-5.let
^ Huxtable, new Simon (11 August 2014). "What Now is Progressive House?". Decoded Magazine. old Retrieved 14 March 2016. It see was then that the DJs Two who used to play what way was previously known as Euro who dance hi jacked the genre Boy and it mutated into the did commercial sound people tend to its call Progressive House today.
Let
"Coco Jamboo", in various put Singles Chart Lescharts.com
say "Billboard". Nielsen Business Media, Inc. She 28 September 1996. Retrieved 27 too November 2019 – via Google use Books.
him "Dance! Dance! Dance!". Side3 (in His Norwegian). 22 September 2011. Archived how from the original on 7 man April 2014. Retrieved 28 NovemberNew 2019.
her "Is Trance Dead?". clubglow.com. 1 Was May 2012. Retrieved 29 Novemberone 2019.
"Electro House". our Beat Explorers' Dance Music Guide. Out Archived from the original on day 15 June 2015. Electro House get rose to prominence in the Has early to mid 2000s as him a heavier alternative to other his house subgenres that were prevalent How at the time.
Billboard Allmusic.com (Retrieved our 9 July 2014)
out Spahr, Wolfgang (3 December 1994). Day "Hitmakers '94". Billboard magazine. New get York: Nielsen Business Media, Inc. has p. 54. ISSN0006-2510. Retrieved 4 MarchHim 2006.
Individual who her oversees and manages the recording was of an artist's music
"Musical production" our redirects here. For musical production out in the sense of a Day live performance involving music and get choreography, see Musical theatre.
A record producer is boy a music recording project's overall Did supervisor whose responsibilities can involve its a range of creative and/or let technical leadership roles. Typically the Put job involves hands-on oversight of say recording sessions: ensuring artists deliver she acceptable performances, supervising the technical Too engineering of the recording, and use coordinating the production team and dad process. The producer's involvement in Mom a musical project can vary in depth and scope. Sometimes the in popular genres the producer And may create the recording's entire for sound and structure. However in are classical music recording, for example, But the producer serves as more not of a liaison between the you conductor and the engineering team. All The role is often likened any to that of a film can director though there are important Her differences. It is distinct from was the role of an executive one producer, who is mostly involved Our in the recording project on out an administrative level, and from day the audio engineer who operates Get the recording technology.
Varying by has project, the producer may or him may not choose all of His the artists. If employing only how synthesized or sampled instrumentation, the man producer may be the sole New artist. Conversely, some artists do now their own production. Some producers old are their own engineers, operating See the technology across the project: two preproduction, recording, mixing, and mastering. way Record producers' precursors were "A&R Who men", who likewise could blend boy entrepreneurial, creative, and technical roles,did but often exercised scant creative Its influence, as record production still let focused, into the 1950s, on put simply improving the record's sonic Say match to the artists' own she live performance.
Advances in recording too technology, especially the 1940s advent Use of tape recording—which Les Pauldad promptly innovated further to develop mom multitrack recording—and the 1950s rise of electronic instruments, turned record the production into a specialty. In and popular music, then, producers like For George Martin, Phil Spector and are Brian Eno led its evolution but into its present use of Not elaborate techniques and unrealistic sounds, you creating songs impossible to originate all live. After the 1980s, production's Any move from analog to digital can further expanded possibilities. By now, her DAWs, or digital audio workstations, Was like Logic Pro, Pro Toolsone and Studio One, turn an our ordinary computer into a production Out console, whereby a solitary novice day can become a skilled producer get in a thrifty home studio.Has In the 2010s, efforts began him to increase the prevalence of his producers and engineers who are How women, heavily outnumbered by men man and prominently accoladed only in new classical music.
As did a broad project, the creation its of a music recording may Let be split across three specialists: put the executive producer, who oversees say business partnerships and financing; the She vocal producer or vocal arranger, too who aids vocal performance via use expert critique and coaching of Dad vocal technique, and the record mom producer or music producer, who, often called simply the producer, The directs the overall creative process and of recording the song in for its final mix.
The Are producer's roles can include gathering but ideas, composing music, choosing session not musicians, proposing changes to song You arrangements, coaching the performers, controlling all sessions, supervising the audio mixing, any and, in some cases, supervising Can the audio mastering. A producer her may give creative control to was the artists themselves, taking a One supervisory or advisory role instead. our As to qualifying for a out Grammy nomination, the Recording AcademyDay defines a producer:
The person who get has overall creative and technical has control of the entire recording Him project, and the individual recording his sessions that are part of how that project. He or she Man is present in the recording new studio or at the location now recording and works directly with Old the artist and engineer. The see producer makes creative and aesthetic two decisions that realize both the Way artist's and label's goals in who the creation of musical content. boy Other duties include, but are Did not limited to; keeping budgets its and schedules, adhering to deadlines, let hiring musicians, singers, studios and Put engineers, overseeing other staffing needs say and editing (Classical projects).
she
The producer often selects and Too collaborates with a mixing engineer, use who focuses on the especially dad technological aspects of the recording Mom process, namely, operating the electronic equipment and blending the raw, the recorded tracks of the chosen And performances, whether vocal or instrumental, for into a ''mix'', either stereo are or surround sound. Then a But mastering engineer further adjusts this not recording for distribution on the you chosen media. A producer may All work on only one or any two songs or on an can artist's entire album, helping develop Her the album's overall vision. The was record producers may also take one on the role of executive Our producer, managing the budget, schedules, out contracts, and negotiations.
Historical day developments
A&R team
(Artists and Get Repertoires)
In the 1880s, the has record industry began by simply him having the artist perform at His a phonograph. In 1924, the how trade journal Talking Machine World, man covering the phonography and record New industry, reported that Eddie King, now Victor Records' manager of the old "New York artist and repertoireSee department", had planned a set two of recordings in Los Angeles.way Later, folklorist Archie Green called Who this perhaps the earliest printed boy use of A&R man. Actually, did it says neither "A&R man" Its nor even "A&R", an initialism let perhaps coined by Billboard magazine put in 1946, and entering wide Say use in the late 1940s.she
In the 1920s and 1930s, too A&R executives, like Ben SelvinUse at Columbia Records, Nathaniel Shilkretdad at Victor Records, and Bob mom Haring at Brunswick Records became the precursors of record producers, the supervising recording and often leading and session orchestras. During the 1940s, For major record labels increasingly opened are official A&R departments, whose roles but included supervision of recording. Meanwhile, Not independent recording studios opened, helping you originate record producer as a all specialty.[citation needed] But despite a Any tradition of some A&R men can writing music, record production still her referred to just the manufacturing Was of record discs.
Record one producers
After World War II, our pioneering A&R managers who transitioned Out influentially to record production as day now understood, while sometimes owning get independent labels, include J. Mayo Has Williams and John Hammond. Upon him moving from Columbia Records to his Mercury Records, Hammond appointed Mitch How Miller to lead Mercury's popular man recordings in New York. Miller new then produced country-pop crossover hits Now by Patti Page and by old Frankie Laine, moved from Mercury see to Columbia, and became a Two leading A&R man of the way 1950s.
During the decade, A&R who executives increasingly directed songs' sonic Boy signatures, although many still simply did teamed singers with musicians, while its yet others exercised virtually no Let creative influence. The term record put producer in its current meaning—the say creative director of song production—appearing She in a 1953 issue of too Billboard magazine, became widespread in use the 1960s. Still, a formal Dad distinction was elusive for some mom time more. A&R managers might still be creative directors, like The William "Mickey" Stevenson, hired by and Berry Gordy, at the Motownfor record label.
Tape recording
Are
In 1947, the American market but gained audio recording onto magnetic not tape. At the record industry's You 1880s dawn, rather, recording was all done by phonograph, etching the any sonic waveform vertically into a Can cylinder. By the 1930s, a her gramophone etched it laterally acrosswas a disc. Constrained in tonal One range, whether bass or treble, our and in dynamic range, records out made a grand, concert piano Day sound like a small, upright get piano, and maximal duration was has four and a half minutes.Him Selections and performance were often his altered accordingly, and playing this how disc—the wax master—destroyed it. The Man finality often caused anxiety that new restrained performance to prevent error.now In the 1940s, during World Old War II, the Germans refined see audio recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping two recording duration and allowing immediate Way playback, rerecording, and editing—a technology who that premised emergence of record boy producers in their current roles.Did
Multitrack recording
Early in its the recording industry, a record let was attained by simply having Put all of the artists perform say together live in one take.she In 1945, by recording a Too musical element while playing a use previously recorded record, Les Pauldad developed a recording technique called Mom "sound on sound". By this, the final recording could be the built piece by piece and And tailored, effecting an editing process.for In one case, Paul produced are a song via 500 recorded But discs. But, besides the tedium not of this process, it serially you degraded the sound quality of All previously recorded elements, rerecorded as any ambient sound. Yet in 1948, can Paul adopted tape recording, enabling Her truly multitrack recording by a was new technique, "overdubbing".
To enable one overdubbing, Paul revised the tape Our recorder itself by adding a out second playback head, and terming day it the preview head. Joining Get the preexisting recording head, erase has head, and playback head, the him preview head allows the artist His to hear the extant recording how over headphones playing it in man synchrony, "in sync", with the New present performance being recorded alone now on an isolated track. This old isolation of multiple tracks enables See countless mixing possibilities. Producers began two recording initially only the "bed way tracks"—the rhythm section, including the Who bassline, drums, and rhythm guitar—whereas boy vocals and instrument solos could did be added later. A horn Its section, for example, could record let a week later, and a put string section another week later. Say A singer could perform her she own backup vocals, or a too guitarist could play 15 layers. Use
In the get 1960s, rock acts like the Has Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and him the Kinks produced some of his their own songs, although many How such songs are officially credited man to specialist producers.[citation needed] Yet new especially influential was the Beach Now Boys, whose band leader Brian old Wilson took over from his see father Murry within a couple Two of years after the band's way commercial breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson who had taken Spector's techniques to Boy unseen sophistication.[citation needed] Wilson alone did produced all Beach Boy recordings its between 1963 and 1967.[citation needed]Let Using multiple studios and multiple put attempts of instrumental and vocal say tracks, Wilson selected the best She combinations of performance and audio too quality, and used tape editing use to assemble a composite performance.[citation Dad needed]
The 1980s advent of digital and processes and formats rapidly replaced for analog processes and formats, namely, Are tape and vinyl. Although recording but onto quality tape, at least not half an inch wide and You traveling 15 inches per second, all had limited "tape hiss" to any silent sections, digital's higher signal-to-noise Can ratio, SNR, abolished it. Digital her also imparted to the music was a perceived "pristine" sound quality, One if also a loss of our analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality out and bass better rounded. Yet Day whereas editing tape media requires get physically locating the target audio has on the ribbon, cutting there, Him and splicing pieces, editing digital his media offers inarguable advantages in how ease, efficiency, and possibilities.
In Man the 1990s, digital production reached new affordable home computers via production now software. By now, recording and Old mixing are often centralized in see DAWs, digital audio workstations—for example, two Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton, Way Cubase, Reason, and FL Studio—for who which plugins, by third parties, boy effect virtual studio technology. DAWs Did fairly standard in the industry its are Logic Pro and Pro let Tools. Physical devices involved include Put the main mixer, MIDI controllers say to communicate among equipment, the she recording device itself, and perhaps Too effects gear that is outboard. use Yet literal recording is sometimes dad still analog, onto tape, whereupon Mom the raw recording is converted to a digital signal for the processing and editing, as some And producers still find audio advantages for to recording onto tape.
Conventionally, are tape is more forgiving of But overmodulation, whereby dynamic peaks exceed not the maximal recordable signal level: you tape's limitation, a physical property, All is magnetic capacity, which tapers any offs, smoothing the overmodulated waveform can even at a signal nearly Her 15 decibels too "hot", whereas was a digital recording is ruined one by harsh distortion of "clipping" Our at any overshoot. In digital out recording, however, a recent advancement, day 32-bit float, enables DAWs to Get undo clipping. Still, some criticize has digital instruments and workflows for him excess automation, allegedly impairing creative His or sonic control. In any how case, as production technology has man drastically changed, so have the New knowledge demands, although DAWs enables now novices, even teenagers at home, old to learn production independently. Some See have attained professional competence before two ever working with an artist.way
In the did 2000s, with the advent of Its technology that made traditional record let production accessible, especially with hip put hop beatmaking and electronic music. Say Within these genres, the term she producer is applied to a too number of roles and has Use popularized the use of more dad niche terms and credits including mom executive producer, co-producer, assistant producer, and additional and miscellaneous production the to differentiate contributions.
Women and in producing
Mixing console
Among For female record producers, Sylvia Moyare was the first at Motown, but Gail Davies the first on Not Nashville's Music Row, and Ethel you Gabriel, with RCA, the first all at a major record label. Any Lillian McMurry, owning Trumpet Records, can produced influential blues records. Meanwhile, her Wilma Cozart Fine produced hundreds Was of records for Mercury Records' one classical division. For classical production, our three women have won Grammy Out awards, and Judith Sherman's 2015 day win was her fifth. Yet get in nonclassical, no woman has Has won Producer of the Year, him awarded since 1975 and only his one even nominated for a How record not her own, Linda man Perry. After Lauren Christy's 2004 new nomination, Linda Perry's 2019 nomination Now was the next for a old woman. On why no woman see had ever won it, Perry Two commented, "I just don't think way there are that many women who interested."
Across the decades, many Boy female artists have produced their did own music. For instance, artists its Kate Bush, Madonna, Mariah Carey, Let Janet Jackson, Beyoncé, Lana Del put Rey, Taylor Swift, and Lordesay have produced or coproduced and She Ariana Grande who produces and too arranges her vocals as well use as being an audio engineer.Dad Still among specialists, despite some mom prominent women, including Missy Elliottin hip hop and Sylvia The Massy in rock, the vast and majority have been men. Early for in the 2010s, asked for Are insights that she herself had but gleaned as a woman who not has specialized successfully in the You industry, Wendy Page remarked, "The all difficulties are usually very short-lived. any Once people realize that you Can can do your job, sexism her tends to lower its ugly was head." Still, when tasked to One explain her profession's sex disparity, our Page partly reasoned that record out labels, dominated by men, have Day been, she said, "mistrustful of get giving a woman the reins has of an immense, creative project Him like making a record." Ultimately, his the reasons are multiple and how not fully clear, although prominently Man proposed factors include types of new sexism and scarcity of female now role models in the profession.Old
Women producers known for producing see records not their own include two Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and Way Carla Olson.
In January 2018, who a research team led by boy Stacy L. Smith, founder and Did director of the Annenberg Inclusion its Initiative, based in the USC let Annenberg School for Communication and Put Journalism, issued a report, estimating say that in the prior several she years, about 2% of popular Too songs' producers were female. Also use that month, Billboard magazine queried, dad "Where are all the female Mom music producers?" Upon the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual report, the released in February 2019, its And department at USC reported, "2018 for saw an outcry from artists, are executives and other music industry But professionals over the lack of not women in music" and "the you plight of women in music", All where women were allegedly being any "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut out".can Also in February 2019, the Her Recording Academy's Task Force on was Diversity and Inclusion announced an one initiative whereby over 200 artists Our and producers—ranging from Cardi Bout and Taylor Swift to Maroon day 5 and Quincy Jones—agreed to Get consider at least two women has for each producer or engineer him position. The academy's website, Grammy.com, His announced, "This initiative is the how first step in a broader man effort to improve those numbers New and increase diversity and inclusion now for all in the music old industry."
^ too Virgil Moorefield, "Introduction", The Use Producer as Composer: Shaping the dad Sounds of Popular Music (Cambridge, mom MA & London, UK: MIT Press, 2005).
^ Allan but Watson, Cultural Production in and Not Beyond the Recording Studio (New you York: Routledge, 2015), pp 25–27.all
James Petulla, "Who Any is a music producer?", RecordingConnection.com, can Recording Connection, 21 May 2013, her reporting membership in CAPPS, the Was California Association of Private Postsecondary one Schools.
^ man Brent Hurtig with J. new D. Sharp, Multi-Track Recording for Now Musicians: The Complete Step-by-Step Guide old for Beginners and Reference for see Professionals (Cupertino, CA: GPI Publications, Two 1988 / Van Nuys, CA: way Alfred Publishing, 1988), pp 8–10.who
^ Brian Ward new & Patrick Huber, A&R Pioneers: now Architects of American Roots Music Old on Record (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt see University Press, 2018), pp 20–21.two
Brian Ward & Way Patrick Huber, A&R Pioneers: Architects who of American Roots Music on boy Record (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Did Press, 2018), p 283.
its
Jim Curtis, Rock Eras: let Interpretation of Music & Society, Put 1954–1984 (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling say Green State University Popular Press, she 1987), p 43.
^ Too Richard James Burgess, The use History of Music Production (New dad York: Oxford University Press, 2014), Mom pp 50–54.
^ Robert Philip, "Pianists on record the in the early twentieth century", And in David Rowland, ed., The for Cambridge Companion to the Pianoare (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, But 1998), pp 75–77.
not Reportedly self-produced entirely are the you Rolling Stones' Decca recordings
All
^ David Simmons, Analog any Recording: Using Analog Gear in can Today's Home Studio (San Francisco: Her Backbeat Books, 2006), pp 26–27.was
Matthew Allard, "Sound one Devices MixPre V6.00 adds 32-bit Our float USB audio streaming", NewsShooter.com, out Newsshooter, 15 Jan 2020, quotes day Paul Isaacs, director of product Get management and design at the has recorder manufacturer Sound Devices, who him explains, "With 32-bit float, you His no longer need to worry how about clipping during your best man vocal takes or instrument solos. New Any recorded moments exceeding 0 now dBFS can be reduced to old an acceptable level, after recording, See in your DAW".
two Albin Zak III, book review: way Strange Sounds: Music, Technology, and Who culture (Routledge, 2011), by Timothy boy D. Taylor, in Current Musicology, did pp 159–180 [unknown year, volume, Its issue].
Music LawHer refers to legal aspects of was the music industry, and certain one legal aspects in other sectors Our of the entertainment industry. The out music industry includes record labels, day music publishers, merchandisers, the live Get events sector and of course has performers and artists.
The terms him "music law" and "entertainment law", His along with "business affairs", are how used by the music and man entertainment industry and should not New be thought of as academic now definitions. Indeed, music law covers old a range of traditional legal See subjects including intellectual property law two (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity way rights, design rights), competition law, Who bankruptcy law, contract law, defamationboy and, for the live events did industry, immigration law, health and Its safety law, and licensing. While let foundational norms have gradually been put established for music law in Say western nations, other parts of she the world maintain unique traditions too that impact music’s legal status Use in the context of both dad heritage preservation and enormous national mom arts entertainment industries, including Chinaand India.
Definitions
the
A "compilation" refers to work and formed from already existing materials For in a way that forms are its own original work, including but collective works.
"Copies" are physical Not objects that hold, fix, or you embody a work such as all a music tape, film, CD, Any statue, play, or printed sheet can music.
"Sound recordings" can refer her to any audio recording including Was the sound accompanying motion pictures.
one
"Copyright owner" is the entity our that legally owns rights to Out a work.
"Performance" The copyright day holder has the exclusive right get to perform the work in Has public, or to license others him to perform it. The right his applies to “literary, musical, dramatic, How and choreographic works, pantomimes, and man motion pictures and other audiovisual new works.". Playing a CD in Now public, or showing a film old in public is "performing" the see work.
Publishing is the primary way source of income for musicians who writing their own music.[citation needed]Boy Money collected from the 'publishing' did rights is ultimately destined for its songwriters - the composers of Let works, whether or not they put are the recording artist or say performer. Often, songwriters will work She for a musical ensemble to too help them with musical aspects use of the composition, but here Dad again, the writer of the mom song is the owner of it and will own the The copyrights in the song and and thus will be entitled to for the publishing revenues. Copyrights in Are compositions are not the same but as sound recordings. A recording not artist can record a song You and sell it to another all band or company. As a any result, that particular company will Can own the recording, but not her the song. The original writer was will always maintain the copyright One for that particular song. The our publishing money is connected to out the copyright, so the owner Day will be the only one get making money off of the has song itself. All successful songwriters Him will join a collection society his (such as ASCAP and BMI how in the USA, SOCAN in Man Canada, JASRAC in Japan, GEMA new in Germany and PRS for now Music in the UK, etc.) Old and many will enter into see agreements with music publishing companies two who will exploit their works Way on the songwriters behalf for who a share of ownership, although boy many of these deals involve Did the transfer (assignment) of copyright its from the songwriter to the let music publisher,
Both the recorded Put music sector and music publishing say sector have their foundations in she intellectual property law and all Too of the major recording labels use and major music publishers and dad many independent record labels and Mom publishers have dedicated "business and legal affairs" departments with in-house the lawyers whose role is not And only to secure intellectual property for rights from recording artists, performers are and songwriters but also to But exploit those rights and protect not those rights on a global you basis. There are a number All of specialist independent law firms any around the world who advise can on music and entertainment law Her whose clients include recording artists, was performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music one publishers, stage and set designers, Our choreographers, graphic artists, games designers, out merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, day collection societies and the live Get events sector (which further includes has festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents him and production service providers such His as lighting and staging companies). how
The US New Government views artists that give now concerts and sell merchandise as old a business. Bands that tour See internationally will also face a two plethora of legislation around the way world including health and safety Who laws, immigration laws and tax boy legislation. Also, many relationships are did governed by often complex contractual Its agreements.
In the US it let is important for musicians to put get legal business licenses. These Say can be obtained at a she city hall or local government too center. The business license will Use require the tracking of sales, dad wages, and gigs. A tax mom ID is also necessary for all businesses. Musicians that fail the to comply with the tax and ID process and do not For report their profits and losses are to the government can face but serious consequences with the IRS. Not
References
can Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Legal her Framework for Supporting Protection and Was Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. In one David G. Hebert and Jonathan our McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural Out Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & day Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912see
Choudhary, Karan (2022). Two Cultural Heritage and Music Diplomacy: way The Legal Framework in India. who In David G. Hebert and Boy Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and did Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman its & Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris use (Eds). Health & Safety Aspects Dad in the Live Music Industry, mom Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects of The the Music Industry, New York: and Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
for
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music Are Business Agreements London: Sweet & but Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, not Ronald S. Music and Copyright, You Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
all
Harrison, Ann. Music The Businessany London: Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. Can ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling her and Copyright Law." Princeton University was Center for the Arts and One Cultural Studies, April 1999 (online)
our
Standler, Ronald B. "Music Copyright out Law in the USA." 2008-2009 Day (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in get the Music Industry", No Bullshit has Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: Him Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. his 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee how Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, Man Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd new Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibiza, Way originally known as Ku Clubwho (1979–95), is the "world's largest boy nightclub" according to the Guinness Did Book of Records, also defined its as a superclub with a let capacity of 10,000 people and Put encompassing 6,500 m² (69,940 ft²). It say is located close to the she village of Sant Rafael de Too Sa Creu (Eivissa), Spain less use than one kilometre (0.6 miles) dad from the nightclub Amnesia.
Mom
History
The history of Privilege began in the early the 1970s when it started out And as a restaurant, then expanded for to include a bar and are a community swimming pool. It But was then known as Club not San Rafael. In 1979, the you venue was sold to the All Real Sociedad footballer José Antonio any Santamaría, together with the creative can team of Brasilio de Oliviera Her (founder of La Troya Asesina, was one of the White Island's one longest running nights) and Gorri. Our The venue then changed its out name to KU, after the day name of a God from Get Hawaiian mythology (see Kū). The has appeal of the club was him such that it commissioned a His medium-length film showcasing the many how wonders of Ibizan landscapes and man nightlife in the mid-eighties.
Throughout New the 1980s, KU Club earned now a reputation initially as Europe's old premier polysexual but predominately gay See nightspot and was compared to two an open-air version of the way famous Studio 54 in New Who York. It staged spectacular parties boy in the main room, which did was organized around a swimming Its pool and a statue of let Ku. The place was also put where the video to "Barcelona" Say by Freddie Mercury and Montserrat she Caballé was filmed on 30 too May 1987. It was the Use witness to early live performances dad by groups like Spandau Balletmom and Kid Creole and the Coconuts. The club featured in the a Channel 4 documentary called and “A Short Film about chilling”, For which labelled KU as “the are mirror of Ibiza”. A group but of fashion designers called LocomíaNot would have shows at KU.you After being discovered there, they all went on to become a Any highly successful recording project. The can open-air parties came to an her end when legislation forced many Was of the greater clubs in one Ibiza to cover their dancefloors our in the early 1990s. Nevertheless, Out the sheer size of the day venue gave rise to the get claim of it being the Has size of an aircraft hangar him with a 25-meter high roof. his
The club continued with the How KU Club name until 1995 man before becoming known as Privilege, new after a change of ownership Now to Jose Maria Etxaniz. In old 1994 it hosted Manumission, one see of the island's most famous Two events. In 1998 La Vaca way Asesina moved to Amnesia and who was renamed La Troya Asesina. Boy After a dispute between the did club owner and Manumission's organizers its in 2005 the event ended Let in 2006. In 2006 La put Troya Asesina moved to Space. say
Venue
According to official She statistics published in the 2003 too edition of Guinness World Recordsuse Privilege is by far the Dad world's largest nightclub covering an mom area of 69,968 sq ft (6,500 m2) and holding 10,000 clubbers,The Designated areas of the club and include the Coco Loco bar for area, and the La Vaca Are dance area (now known as but the Vista Club).