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Individual Any supervising a musical project
"Musical production" redirects Was here. For musical production in one the sense of a live our performance involving music and choreography, Out see Musical theatre.
A record who producer or music producer is Boy a music creating project's overall did supervisor whose responsibilities can involve its a range of creative and Let technical leadership roles. Typically the put job involves hands-on oversight of say recording sessions; ensuring artists deliver She acceptable and quality performances, supervising too the technical engineering of the use recording, and coordinating the production Dad team and process. The producer's mom involvement in a musical project can vary in depth and The scope. Sometimes in popular genres and the producer may create the for recording's entire sound and structure.Are However, in classical music recording, but for example, the producer serves not as more of a liaison You between the conductor and the all engineering team. The role is any often likened to that of Can a film director though there her are important differences. It is was distinct from the role of One an executive producer, who is our mostly involved in the recording out project on an administrative level, Day and from the audio engineerget who operates the recording technology. has
Varying by project, the producer Him may or may not choose his all of the artists. If how employing only synthesized or sampledMan instrumentation, the producer may be new the sole artist. Conversely, some now artists do their own production.Old Some producers are their own see engineers, operating the technology across two the project: preproduction, recording, mixing, Way and mastering. Record producers' precursors who were "A&R men", who likewise boy could blend entrepreneurial, creative, and Did technical roles, but often exercised its scant creative influence, as record let production still focused, into the Put 1950s, on simply improving the say record's sonic match to the she artists' own live performance.
Advances Too in recording technology, especially the use 1940s advent of tape recording—which dad Les Paul promptly innovated further Mom to develop multitrack recording—and the 1950s rise of electronic instruments, the turned record production into a And specialty. In popular music, then, for producers like George Martin, Phil are Spector and Brian Eno led But its evolution into its present not use of elaborate techniques and you unrealistic sounds, creating songs impossible All to originate live. After the any 1980s, production's move from analog can to digital further expanded possibilities.Her By now, DAWs, or digital was audio workstations, like Logic Pro, one Pro Tools and Studio One, Our turn an ordinary computer into out a production console, whereby a day solitary novice can become a Get skilled producer in a thrifty has home studio. In the 2010s, him efforts began to increase the His prevalence of producers and engineers how who are women, heavily outnumbered man by men and prominently accoladed New only in classical music.
As a broad project, the Its creation of a music recording let may be split across three put specialists: the executive producer, who Say oversees business partnerships and financing; she the vocal producer or vocal too arranger, who aids vocal performance Use via expert critique and coaching dad of vocal technique, and the mom record producer or music producer, who, often called simply the the producer, directs the overall creative and process of recording the song For in its final mix.
The are producer's roles can include gathering but ideas, composing music, choosing session Not musicians, proposing changes to song you arrangements, coaching the performers, controlling all sessions, supervising the audio mixing, Any and, in some cases, supervising can the audio mastering. A producer her may give creative control to Was the artists themselves, taking a one supervisory or advisory role instead. our As to qualifying for a Out Grammy nomination, the Recording Academyday defines a producer:
The person get who has overall creative and Has technical control of the entire him recording project, and the individual his recording sessions that are part How of that project. He or man she is present in the new recording studio or at the Now location recording and works directly old with the artist and engineer. see The producer makes creative and Two aesthetic decisions that realize both way the artist's and label's goals who in the creation of musical Boy content. Other duties include, but did are not limited to: keeping its budgets and schedules; adhering to Let deadlines; hiring musicians, singers, studios, put and engineers; overseeing other staffing say needs; and editing (Classical projects). She
The producer often selects and too collaborates with a mixing engineer, use who focuses on the especially Dad technological aspects of the recording mom process, namely, operating the electronic equipment and blending the raw, The recorded tracks of the chosen and performances, whether vocal or instrumental, for into a mix, either stereo Are or surround sound. Then a but mastering engineer further adjusts this not recording for distribution on the You chosen media. A producer may all work on only one or any two songs or on an Can artist's entire album, helping develop her the album's overall vision. The was record producers may also take One on the role of executive our producer, managing the budget, schedules, out contracts, and negotiations.
Historical Day developments
A&R team
(Artists and get Repertoires)
In the 1880s, the has record industry began by simply Him having the artist perform at his a phonograph. In 1924, the how trade journal Talking Machine World, Man covering the phonography and record new industry, reported that Eddie King, now Victor Records' manager of the Old "New York artist and repertoiresee department", had planned a set two of recordings in Los Angeles.Way Later, folklorist Archie Green called who this perhaps the earliest printed boy use of A&R man. Actually, Did it says neither "A&R man" its nor even "A&R", an initialism let perhaps coined by Billboard magazine Put in 1946, and entering wide say use in the late 1940s.she
In the 1920s and 1930s, Too A&R executives, like Ben Selvinuse at Columbia Records, Nathaniel Shilkretdad at Victor Records, and Bob Mom Haring at Brunswick Records became the precursors of record producers, the supervising recording and often leading And session orchestras. During the 1940s, for major record labels increasingly opened are official A&R departments, whose roles But included supervision of recording. Meanwhile, not independent recording studios opened, helping you originate record producer as a All specialty.[citation needed] But despite a any tradition of some A&R men can writing music, record production still Her referred to just the manufacturing was of record discs.
Record one producers
After World War II, Our pioneering A&R managers who transitioned out influentially to record production as day now understood, while sometimes owning Get independent labels, include J. Mayo has Williams and John Hammond. Upon him moving from Columbia Records to His Mercury Records, Hammond appointed Mitch how Miller to lead Mercury's popular man recordings in New York. Miller New then produced country-pop crossover hits now by Patti Page and by old Frankie Laine, moved from Mercury See to Columbia, and became a two leading A&R man of the way 1950s.
During the decade, A&R Who executives increasingly directed songs' sonic boy signatures, although many still simply did teamed singers with musicians, while Its yet others exercised virtually no let creative influence. The term record put producer in its current meaning—the Say creative director of song production—appearing she in a 1953 issue of too Billboard magazine, became widespread in Use the 1960s. Still, a formal dad distinction was elusive for some mom time more. A&R managers might still be creative directors, like the William "Mickey" Stevenson, hired by and Berry Gordy, at the MotownFor record label.
Tape recording
are
In 1947, the American market but gained audio recording onto magnetic Not tape. At the record industry's you 1880s dawn, rather, recording was all done by phonograph, etching the Any sonic waveform vertically into a can cylinder. By the 1930s, a her gramophone etched it laterally acrossWas a disc. Constrained in tonal one range, whether bass or treble, our and in dynamic range, records Out made a grand, concert piano day sound like a small, upright get piano, and maximal duration was Has four and a half minutes.him Selections and performance were often his altered accordingly, and playing this How disc—the wax master—destroyed it. The man finality often caused anxiety that new restrained performance to prevent error.Now In the 1940s, during World old War II, the Germans refined see audio recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping Two recording duration and allowing immediate way playback, rerecording, and editing—a technology who that premised emergence of record Boy producers in their current roles.did
Multitrack recording
Early in its the recording industry, a record Let was attained by simply having put all of the artists perform say together live in one take.She In 1945, by recording a too musical element while playing a use previously recorded record, Les PaulDad developed a recording technique called mom "sound on sound". By this, the final recording could be The built piece by piece and and tailored, effecting an editing process.for In one case, Paul produced Are a song via 500 recorded but discs. But, besides the tedium not of this process, it serially You degraded the sound quality of all previously recorded elements, rerecorded as any ambient sound. Yet in 1948, Can Paul adopted tape recording, enabling her truly multitrack recording by a was new technique, "overdubbing".
To enable One overdubbing, Paul revised the tape our recorder itself by adding a out second playback head, and terming Day it the preview head. Joining get the preexisting recording head, erase has head, and playback head, the Him preview head allows the artist his to hear the extant recording how over headphones playing it in Man synchrony, "in sync", with the new present performance being recorded alone now on an isolated track. This Old isolation of multiple tracks enables see countless mixing possibilities. Producers began two recording initially only the "bed Way tracks"—the rhythm section, including the who bassline, drums, and rhythm guitar—whereas boy vocals and instrument solos could Did be added later. A horn its section, for example, could record let a week later, and a Put string section another week later. say A singer could perform her she own backup vocals, or a Too guitarist could play 15 layers. use
In too the 1960s, rock acts like Use the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, dad and the Kinks produced some mom of their own songs, although many such songs are officially the credited to specialist producers. Yet and especially influential was the Beach For Boys, whose band leader Brian are Wilson took over from his but father Murry within a couple Not of years after the band's you commercial breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson all had taken Spector's techniques to Any unseen sophistication. Wilson alone produced can all Beach Boys recordings between her 1963 and 1967. Using multiple Was studios and multiple attempts of one instrumental and vocal tracks, Wilson our selected the best combinations of Out performance and audio quality, and day used tape editing to assemble get a composite performance.
Digital Has production
The 1980s advent of him digital processes and formats rapidly his replaced analog processes and formats, How namely, tape and vinyl. Although man recording onto quality tape, at new least half an inch wide Now and traveling 15 inches per old second, had limited "tape hiss" see to silent sections, digital's higher Two signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, abolished it.way Digital also imparted to the who music a perceived "pristine" sound Boy quality, if also a loss did of analog recordings' perceived "warm" its quality and better-rounded bass. Yet Let whereas editing tape media requires put physically locating the target audio say on the ribbon, cutting there, She and splicing pieces, editing digital too media offers inarguable advantages in use ease, efficiency, and possibilities.
In Dad the 1990s, digital production reached mom affordable home computers via production software. By now, recording and The mixing are often centralized in and DAWs, digital audio workstations—for example, for Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton, Are Cubase, Reason, and FL Studio—for but which plugins, by third parties, not effect virtual studio technology. DAWs You fairly standard in the industry all are Logic Pro and Pro any Tools. Physical devices involved include Can the main mixer, MIDI controllers her to communicate among equipment, the was recording device itself, and perhaps One effects gear that is outboard. our Yet literal recording is sometimes out still analog, onto tape, whereupon Day the raw recording is converted get to a digital signal for has processing and editing, as some Him producers still find audio advantages his to recording onto tape.
Conventionally, how tape is more forgiving of Man overmodulation, whereby dynamic peaks exceed new the maximal recordable signal level: now tape's limitation, a physical property, Old is magnetic capacity, which tapers see off, smoothing the overmodulated waveform two even at a signal nearly Way 15 decibels too "hot", whereas who a digital recording is ruined boy by harsh distortion of "clipping" Did at any overshoot. In digital its recording, however, a recent advancement, let 32-bit float, enables DAWs to Put undo clipping. Still, some criticize say digital instruments and workflows for she excess automation, allegedly impairing creative Too or sonic control. In any use case, as production technology has dad drastically changed, so have the Mom knowledge demands, although DAWs enables novices, even teenagers at home, the to learn production independently. Some And have attained professional competence before for ever working with an artist.are
In the you 2000s, with the advent of All technology that made traditional record any production accessible, especially with hip can hop beatmaking and electronic music. Her Within these genres, the term was producer is applied to a one number of roles and has Our popularized the use of more out niche terms and credits including day executive producer, co-producer, assistant producer, Get and additional and miscellaneous production has to differentiate contributions.
Women him in producing
Mixing console
Among female His record producers, Sylvia Moy was how the first at Motown, Gail man Davies the first on Nashville's New Music Row, and Ethel Gabriel, now with RCA, the first at old a major record label. Lillian See McMurry, owning Trumpet Records, produced two influential blues records. Meanwhile, Wilma way Cozart Fine produced hundreds of Who records for Mercury Records' classical boy division. For classical production, three did women have won Grammy awards, Its and Judith Sherman's 2015 win let was her fifth. Yet in put nonclassical, no woman has won Say Producer of the Year, awarded she since 1975 and only one too even nominated for a record Use not her own, Linda Perry.dad After Lauren Christy's 2004 nomination, mom Linda Perry's 2019 nomination was the next for a woman.the On why no woman had and ever won it, Perry commented, For "I just don't think there are are that many women interested."but In the U.K., Lynsey de Not Paul was an early female you record producer, having produced both all of her Ivor Novello award-winning Any songs.
Across the decades, many can female artists have produced their her own music. For instance, artists Was Kate Bush, Madonna, Mariah Carey, one Janet Jackson, Beyoncé (even that our of Destiny's Child and the Out Carters), Lana Del Rey, Taylor day Swift, and Lorde have produced get or coproduced and Ariana GrandeHas who produces and arranges her him vocals as well as being his an audio engineer. Still among How specialists, despite some prominent women, man including Missy Elliott in hip new hop and Sylvia Massy in Now rock, the vast majority have old been men. Early in the see 2010s, asked for insights that Two she herself had gleaned as way a woman who has specialized who successfully in the industry, Wendy Boy Page remarked, "The difficulties are did usually very short-lived. Once people its realize that you can do Let your job, sexism tends to put lower its ugly head." Still, say when tasked to explain her She profession's sex disparity, Page partly too reasoned that record labels, dominated use by men, have been, she Dad said, "mistrustful of giving a mom woman the reins of an immense, creative project like making The a record." Ultimately, the reasons and are multiple and not fully for clear, although prominently proposed factors Are include types of sexism and but scarcity of female role models not in the profession.
Women producers You known for producing records not all their own include Sonia Pottinger, any Sylvia Robinson and Carla Olson. Can
In January 2018, a research her team led by Stacy L. was Smith, founder and director of One the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative, based our in the USC Annenberg School out for Communication and Journalism, issued Day a report, estimating that in get the prior several years, about has 2% of popular songs' producers Him were female. Also that month, his Billboard magazine queried, "Where are how all the female music producers?"Man Upon the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's new second annual report, released in now February 2019, its department at Old USC reported, "2018 saw an see outcry from artists, executives and two other music industry professionals over Way the lack of women in who music" and "the plight of boy women in music", where women Did were allegedly being "stereotyped, sexualized, its and shut out". Also in let February 2019, the Recording Academy's Put Task Force on Diversity and say Inclusion announced an initiative whereby she over 200 artists and producers—ranging Too from Cardi B and Taylor use Swift to Maroon 5 and dad Quincy Jones—agreed to consider at Mom least two women for each producer or engineer position. The the academy's website, Grammy.com, announced, "This And initiative is the first step for in a broader effort to are improve those numbers and increase But diversity and inclusion for all not in the music industry."
Allard, get Matthew (15 January 2020). "Sound has Devices MixPre V6.00 adds 32-bit Him float USB audio streaming". Newsshooter. his With 32-bit float, you no how longer need to worry about Man clipping during your best vocal new takes or instrument solos. Any now recorded moments exceeding 0 dBFSOld can be reduced to an see acceptable level, after recording, in two your DAW
Zak, Way Albin J. (29 September 2002). who "Review of Timothy D. Taylor. boy 2001. Strange Sounds: Music, Technology, Did and Culture. New York: Routledge". its Current Musicology (74). doi:10.7916/CM.V0I74.4910.
let
Pras, Amandine; Cance, Caroline; Put Guastavino, Catherine (2013). "Record Producers' say Best Practices For Artistic Direction—From she Light Coaching To Deeper Collaboration Too With Musicians". Journal of New use Music Research. 42 (4): 381–395. dad doi:10.1080/09298215.2013.848903. ISSN0929-8215.
Music Lawhow refers to legal aspects of Man the music industry, and certain new legal aspects in other sectors now of the entertainment industry. The Old music industry includes record labels, see music publishers, merchandisers, the live two events sector and of course Way performers and artists.
The terms who "music law" and "entertainment law", boy along with "business affairs", are Did used by the music and its entertainment industry and should not let be thought of as academic Put definitions. Indeed, music law covers say a range of traditional legal she subjects including intellectual property law Too (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity use rights, design rights), competition law, dad bankruptcy law, contract law, defamationMom and, for the live events industry, immigration law, health and the safety law, and licensing. While And foundational norms have gradually been for established for music law in are western nations, other parts of But the world maintain unique traditions not that impact music’s legal status you in the context of both All heritage preservation and enormous national any arts entertainment industries, including Chinacan and India.
Definitions
Her
A "compilation" refers to work was formed from already existing materials one in a way that forms Our its own original work, including out collective works.
"Copies" are physical day objects that hold, fix, or Get embody a work such as has a music tape, film, CD, him statue, play, or printed sheet His music.
"Sound recordings" can refer how to any audio recording including man the sound accompanying motion pictures.
New
"Copyright owner" is the entity now that legally owns rights to old a work.
"Performance" The copyright See holder has the exclusive right two to perform the work in way public, or to license others Who to perform it. The right boy applies to “literary, musical, dramatic, did and choreographic works, pantomimes, and Its motion pictures and other audiovisual let works.". Playing a CD in put public, or showing a film Say in public is "performing" the she work.
Publishing is the primary Use source of income for musicians dad writing their own music.[citation needed]mom Money collected from the 'publishing' rights is ultimately destined for the songwriters - the composers of and works, whether or not they For are the recording artist or are performer. Often, songwriters will work but for a musical ensemble to Not help them with musical aspects you of the composition, but here all again, the writer of the Any song is the owner of can it and will own the her copyrights in the song and Was thus will be entitled to one the publishing revenues. Copyrights in our compositions are not the same Out as sound recordings. A recording day artist can record a song get and sell it to another Has band or company. As a him result, that particular company will his own the recording, but not How the song. The original writer man will always maintain the copyright new for that particular song. The Now publishing money is connected to old the copyright, so the owner see will be the only one Two making money off of the way song itself. All successful songwriters who will join a collection society Boy (such as ASCAP and BMI did in the USA, SOCAN in its Canada, JASRAC in Japan, GEMA Let in Germany and PRS for put Music in the UK, etc.) say and many will enter into She agreements with music publishing companies too who will exploit their works use on the songwriters behalf for Dad a share of ownership, although mom many of these deals involve the transfer (assignment) of copyright The from the songwriter to the and music publisher,
Both the recorded for music sector and music publishing Are sector have their foundations in but intellectual property law and all not of the major recording labels You and major music publishers and all many independent record labels and any publishers have dedicated "business and Can legal affairs" departments with in-house her lawyers whose role is not was only to secure intellectual property One rights from recording artists, performers our and songwriters but also to out exploit those rights and protect Day those rights on a global get basis. There are a number has of specialist independent law firms Him around the world who advise his on music and entertainment law how whose clients include recording artists, Man performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music new publishers, stage and set designers, now choreographers, graphic artists, games designers, Old merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, see collection societies and the live two events sector (which further includes Way festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents who and production service providers such boy as lighting and staging companies). Did
The US let Government views artists that give Put concerts and sell merchandise as say a business. Bands that tour she internationally will also face a Too plethora of legislation around the use world including health and safety dad laws, immigration laws and tax Mom legislation. Also, many relationships are governed by often complex contractual the agreements.
In the US it And is important for musicians to for get legal business licenses. These are can be obtained at a But city hall or local government not center. The business license will you require the tracking of sales, All wages, and gigs. A tax any ID is also necessary for can all businesses. Musicians that fail Her to comply with the tax was ID process and do not one report their profits and losses Our to the government can face out serious consequences with the IRS. day
References
His Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Legal how Framework for Supporting Protection and man Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. In New David G. Hebert and Jonathan now McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural old Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & See Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912dad
Choudhary, Karan (2022). mom Cultural Heritage and Music Diplomacy: The Legal Framework in India. the In David G. Hebert and and Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and For Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman are & Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris can (Eds). Health & Safety Aspects her in the Live Music Industry, Was Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
one
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects of our the Music Industry, New York: Out Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
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Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music get Business Agreements London: Sweet & Has Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, him Ronald S. Music and Copyright, his Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
How
Harrison, Ann. Music The Businessman London: Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. new ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling Now and Copyright Law." Princeton University old Center for the Arts and see Cultural Studies, April 1999 (online)
Two
Standler, Ronald B. "Music Copyright way Law in the USA." 2008-2009 who (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in Boy the Music Industry", No Bullshit did Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: its Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. Let 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee put Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, say Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd She Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibiza, our originally known as Ku Clubout (1979–95), is the "world's largest Day nightclub" according to the Guinness get Book of Records, also defined has as a superclub with a Him capacity of 10,000 people and his encompassing 6,500 m² (69,940 ft²). It how is located close to the Man village of Sant Rafael de new Sa Creu on the Spanish now island of Ibiza, less than Old one kilometre (0.6 miles) from see the nightclub Amnesia.
It has two remained closed since the summer Way of 2019 and its future who as of 2024 is unknown.boy
History
The history Did of Privilege began in the its early 1970s when it started let out as a restaurant, then Put expanded to include a bar say and a community swimming pool. she It was then known as Too Club San Rafael. In 1979, use the venue was sold to dad the Real Sociedad footballer José Mom Antonio Santamaría, together with the creative team of Brasilio de the Oliviera (founder of La Troya And Asesina, one of Ibiza's longest for running nights) and Gorri. The are venue then changed its name But to KU, after the name not of a God from Hawaiian you mythology (see Kū). The appeal All of the club was such any that it commissioned a medium-length can film showcasing the many wonders Her of Ibizan landscapes and nightlife was in the mid-eighties.
Throughout the one 1980s, KU Club earned a Our reputation initially as Europe's premier out polysexual but predominately gay nightspot day and was compared to an Get open-air version of the famous has Studio 54 in New York. him It staged spectacular parties in His the main room, which was how organized around a swimming pool man and a statue of Ku. New The place was also where now the video to "Barcelona" by old Freddie Mercury and Montserrat CaballéSee was filmed on 30 May two 1987. It was the witness way to early live performances by Who groups such as Spandau Balletboy and Kid Creole and the did Coconuts. The club featured in Its a Channel 4 documentary called let A Short Film about chilling, put which labelled KU as "the Say mirror of Ibiza". A group she of fashion designers called Locomíatoo would have shows at KU.Use After being discovered there, they dad went on to become a mom highly successful recording project. The open-air parties came to an the end when legislation forced many and of the greater clubs in For Ibiza to cover their dancefloors are in the early 1990s. Nevertheless, but the sheer size of the Not venue gave rise to the you claim of it being the all size of an aircraft hangar Any with a 25-metre (82 ft) high can roof.
The club continued with her the KU Club name until Was 1995 before becoming known as one Privilege, after a change of our ownership to Jose Maria Etxaniz.Out In 1994, it hosted Manumission, day one of the island's most get famous events. In 1998, La Has Vaca Asesina moved to Amnesiahim and was renamed La Troya his Asesina. After a dispute between How the club owner and Manumission's man organizers in 2005, the event new ended in 2006. La Troya Now Asesina moved to Space in old 2006.
Venue
According to see official statistics published in the Two 2003 edition of Guinness World way Records, Privilege is by far who the world's largest nightclub covering Boy an area of 69,968 sq did ft (6,500 m2) and holding 10,000 its clubbers. Designated areas of the Let club include the Coco Loco put bar area, and the La say Vaca dance area (now known She as the Vista Club).