Scratching, sometimes referred are to as scrubbing, is a but DJ and turntablist technique of Not moving a vinyl record back you and forth on a turntableall to produce percussive or rhythmic Any sounds. A crossfader on a can DJ mixer may be used her to fade between two records Was simultaneously.
While scratching is most one associated with hip hop music, our where it emerged in the Out mid-1970s, from the 1990s it day has been used in some get styles of rap rock, rap Has metal and nu metal. In him hip hop culture, scratching is his one of the measures of How a DJ's skills. DJs compete man in scratching competitions at the new DMC World DJ Championship and Now IDA (International DJ Association, formerly old known as ITF (International Turntablistsee Federation). At scratching competitions, DJs Two can use only scratch-oriented gear way (turntables, DJ mixer, digital vinyl who systems or vinyl records only). Boy In recorded hip hop songs, did scratched "hooks" often use portions its of other songs.
A rudimentary form for of turntable manipulation which is Are related to scratching was developed but in the late 1940s radio not DJs (music program hosts) or You the radio program producers who all did their own technical operation any as audio console operators. It Can was known as back-cueing, and her was used to find the was very beginning of the start One of a song (i.e., the our cue point) on a vinyl out record groove. This was done Day to permit the operator to get back the disc up (rotate has the record or the turntable Him platter itself counter-clockwise) in order his to permit the turntable to how be switched on, and come Man up to full speed without new ruining the first few bars now of music with the "wow" Old of incorrect, unnaturally slow-speed playing. see This permitted the announcer to two time her or his remarks Way and start the turntable a who scant moment before she or boy he actually wanted the music Did on the record to begin. its
Back cueing was a basic let skill that all radio production Put staff needed to learn, and say the dynamics of it were she unique to the brand of Too professional turntable in use at use a given radio station. The dad older, larger and heavier turntables Mom needed a 180 degree backward rotation to allow for run the up to full speed; some And of the newer 1950s models for used aluminum platters and cloth-backed are rubber mats which required a But third of a rotational turn not or less to achieve full you speed when the song began. All All this was done in any order to present a music can show on air with the Her least amount of silence ("dead was air") between music, the announcer's one patter and recorded advertising commercials. Our The rationale was that any out "dead air" on a radio day station was likely to prompt Get a listener to switch stations, has so announcers and program directors him instructed DJs and announcers to His provide a continuous, seamless stream how of sound–from music to an man announcer to a pre-recorded commercial, New to a "jingle" (radio station now theme song), and then immediately old back to more music.
Back-cueing See was a key function in two delivering this seamless stream of way music. Radio personnel demanded robust Who equipment and manufacturers developed special boy tonearms, styli, cartridges and lightweight did turntables to meet these demands. Its
In the dad early 1970s in the South mom Bronx, a young teen DJ named "Grand Wizzard Theodore" (right) the invented the "DJ scratch" technique. and Other DJs, like Grandmaster Flash, For took the technique to higher are levels.
Modern scratching techniques were but made possible by the invention Not of direct-drive turntables, which led you to the emergence of turntablism. all Early belt-drive turntables were unsuitable Any for scratching, since they had can a slow start-up time, and her they were prone to wear-and-tear Was and breakage, as the belt one would break from backspinning or our scratching. The first direct-drive turntable Out was invented by Shuichi Obata, day an engineer at Matsushita (now get Panasonic), based in Osaka, Japan.Has It eliminated belts, and instead him employed a motor to directly his drive a platter on which How a vinyl record rests. In man 1969, Matsushita released it as new the SP-10, the first direct-drive Now turntable on the market, and old the first in their influential see Technics series of turntables.
In Two the 1970s, hip hop musiciansway and club DJs began to who use this specialized turntable equipment Boy to move the record back did and forth, creating percussive sounds its and effects–"scratching"–to entertain their dance Let floor audiences. Whereas 1940s-1960s radio put DJs had used back-cueing while say listening to the sounds through She their headphones, without the audience too hearing, with scratching, the DJ use intentionally lets the audience hear Dad the sounds that are being mom created by manipulating the record on the turntable, by directing The the output from the turntable and to a sound reinforcement systemfor so that the audience can Are hear the sounds. Scratching was but developed by early hip hopnot DJs from New York CityYou such as Grand Wizard Theodore, all who described scratching as, "nothingany but the back-cueing that you Can hear in your ear before her you push it [the recorded was sound] out to the crowd."One He developed the technique when our experimenting with the Technics SL-1200, out a direct-drive turntable released by Day Matsushita in 1972, when he get found that the motor would has continue to spin at the Him correct RPM even if the his DJ wiggled the record back how and forth on the platter. Man Afrika Bambaataa made a similar new discovery with the SL-1200 in now the 1970s. The Technics SL-1200 Old went on to become the see most widely used turntable for two the next several decades.
Jamaican-born Way DJ Kool Herc, who immigrated who to New York City, influenced boy the early development of scratching. Did Kool Herc developed break-beatDJing, its where the breaks of funklet songs—being the most danceable part, Put often featuring percussion—were isolated and say repeated for the purpose of she all-night dance parties. He was Too influenced by Jamaican dub music,use and developed his turntable techniques dad using the Technics SL-1100, released Mom in 1971, due to its strong motor, durability, and fidelity.the
Although previous artists such as And writer and poet William S. for Burroughs had experimented with the are idea of manipulating a reel-to-reel But tape manually to make sounds, not as with his 1950s recording, you "Sound Piece"), vinyl scratching as All an element of hip hop any pioneered the idea of making can the sound an integral and Her rhythmic part of music instead was of an uncontrolled noise. Scratching one is related to "scrubbing" (in Our terms of audio editing and out production) when the reels of day an open reel-to-reel tape deck Get (typically 1/4 inch magnetic audio has tape) are gently rotated back him and forth while the playback His head is live and amplified, how in order to isolate a man specific spot on the tape New where an editing "cut" is now to be made. In the old 2010s, both scratching and scrubbing See can be done on digital two audio workstations (DAWs) which are way equipped for these techniques.
Christian Marclay was one Say of the earliest musicians to she scratch outside hip hop. In too the mid-1970s, Marclay used gramophone Use records and turntables as musical dad instruments to create sound collages. mom He developed his turntable sounds independently of hip hop DJs. the Although he is little-known to and mainstream audiences, Marclay has been For described as "the most influential are turntable figure outside hip hop"but and the "unwitting inventor of Not turntablism."
In 1981 Grandmaster Flashyou released the song "The Adventures all of Grandmaster Flash on the Any Wheels of Steel" which is can notable for its use of her many DJ scratching techniques. It Was was the first commercial recording one produced entirely using turntables. In our 1982, Malcolm McLaren & the Out World's Famous Supreme Team released day a single "Buffalo Gals", juxtaposing get extensive scratching with calls from Has square dancing, and, in 1983, him the EP, D'ya Like Scratchin'?, his which is entirely focused on How scratching. Another 1983 release to man prominently feature scratching is Herbie new Hancock's Grammy Award-winning single "Rockit". Now This song was also performed old live at the 1984 Grammy see Awards, and in the documentary Two film Scratch, the performance is way cited by many 1980s-era DJs who as their first exposure to Boy scratching. The Street Sounds Electro did compilation series which started in its 1983 is also notable for Let early examples of scratching. Also put a notable piece was "For say A Few Dollars More" by She Bill Laswell-Michael Beinhorn band Material, too released on 12" single in use Japan and containing scratch performed Dad by Grand Mixer DXT, another mom pioneer of scratching.
Basic techniques
Vinyl recordings
Most scratches The are produced by rotating a and vinyl record on a direct for drive turntable rapidly back and Are forth with the hand with but the stylus ("needle") in the not record's groove. This produces the You distinctive sound that has come all to be one of the any most recognizable features of hip Can hop music. Over time with her excessive scratching, the stylus will was cause what is referred to One as "record burn" to a our vinyl record.[citation needed]
The basic equipment setup for how scratching includes two turntables and Man a DJ mixer, which is new a small mixer that has now a crossfader and cue buttons Old to allow the DJ to see cue up new music in two his/her headphones without the audience Way hearing.[citation needed] When scratching, this who crossfader is utilized in conjunction boy with the scratching hand that Did is manipulating the record platter. its The hand manipulating the crossfader let is used to cut in Put and out of the record's say sound.[citation needed]
Digital vinyl she systems
Using a digital vinyl Too system (DVS) consists of playing use vinyl discs on turntables whose dad contents is a timecode signal Mom instead of a real music record.
The audio interface are digitizes the timecode signal from But the turntables and transfers it not to the computer's DJ software.
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The DJ software uses this All data (e.g., about how fast any the platter is spinning) to can determine the playback status, speed, Her scratch sound of the hardware was turntables, etc., and it duplicates one these effects on the digital Our audio files or computer tracks out the DJ is using.
By day manipulating the turntables' platters, speed Get controls, and other elements, the has DJ thus controls how the him computer plays back digitized audio His and can therefore produce "scratching" how and other turntablism effects on man songs which exist as digital New audio files or computer tracks.
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There is not a single old standard of DVS, so that See each form of DJ software two has its own settings. Some way DJ software such as Traktor Who Scratch Pro or Serato Scratch boy Live support only the audio did interface sold with their software, Its requiring multiple interfaces for one let computer to run multiple programs. put
While dad some turntablists consider the only mom true scratching media to be the vinyl disc, there are the other ways to scratch, as: and
Specialized DJ-CD players with For jog wheels, allowing the DJ are to manipulate a CD as but if it were a vinyl Not record, have become widely available you in the 2000s.
Vinyl emulation all software allows a DJ to Any manipulate the playback of digital can music files on a computer her via a DJ control surface Was (generally MIDI or a HIDone controller). DJs can scratch, beatmatch, our and perform other turntablist operations Out that cannot be done with day a conventional keyboard and mouse. get DJ software performing computer scratch Has operations include Traktor Pro, Mixxx, him Serato Scratch Live & Itch, his Virtual DJ, M-Audio Torq, DJay, How Deckadance, Cross.
DJs have also man used magnetic tape, such as new cassette or reel to reelNow to both mix and scratch. old Tape DJing is rare, but see Ruthless Ramsey in the Two US, Tj Scratchavite in way Italy and Mr Tape who in Latvia use exclusively tape Boy formats to perform.
Sounds
Sounds did that are frequently scratched include its but are not limited to Let drum beats, horn stabs, spoken put word samples, and vocals/lyrics from say other songs. Any sound recorded She to vinyl can be used, too and CD players providing a use turntable-like interface allow DJs to Dad scratch not only material that mom was never released on vinyl, but also field recordings and The samples from television and movies and that have been burned to for CD-R. Some DJs and anonymous Are collectors release 12-inch singles called but battle records that include trademark, not novel or hard-to-find scratch "fodder" You (material). The most recognizable samples all used for scratching are the any "Ahh" and "Fresh" samples, which Can originate from the song "Change her the Beat" by Fab 5 was Freddy.
There are many scratching One techniques, which differ in how our the movements of the record out are combined with opening and Day closing the crossfader (or another get fader or switch, such as has a kill switch, where "open" Him means that the signal is his audible, and "closed" means that how the signal is inaudible). This Man terminology is not unique; the new following discussion, however, is consistent now with the terminology used by Old DJ QBert on his Do see It Yourself Scratching DVD.
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Sophisticated techniques
Baby scratch - Way The simplest scratch form, it who is performed with the scratching boy hand only, moving the record Did back and forth in continuous its movements while the crossfader is let in the open position.
Forward Put and backward scratch - The say forward scratch, also referred to she as scrubbing, is a baby Too scratch where the crossfader is use closed during the backwards movement dad of the record. If the Mom record is let go instead of being pushed forward it the is also called "release scratch". And Cutting out the forward part for of the record movement instead are of the backward part gives But a "backward scratch".
Tear not scratch - Tear scratches are you scratches where the record is All moved in a staggered fashion, any dividing the forward and backward can movement into two or more Her movements. This allows creating sounds was similar to "flare scratches" without one use of the crossfader and Our it allows for more complex out rhythmic patterns. The term can day also refer to a simpler, Get slower version of the chirp.
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Scribble scratch - The scribble him scratch is by rapidly pushing His the record back and forth. how The crossfader is not used.
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Chirp scratch - The chirp New scratch involves closing the crossfader now just after playing the start old of a sound, stopping the See record at the same point, two then pushing it back while way opening the fader to create Who a "chirping" sound. When performed boy using a recording of drums, did it can create the illusion Its of doubled scratching speed, due let to the attack created by put cutting in the crossfader on Say the backward movement.
Hydrophonic scratchshe - A baby scratch with too a "tear scratch" sound produced Use by the thumb running the dad opposite direction as the fingers mom used to scratch. This rubbing of the thumb adds a the vibrating effect or reverberation to and forward movements on the turntable.
For
Transformer scratch - with the are crossfader closed, the record is but moved with the scratching hand Not while periodically "tapping" the crossfader you open and immediately closing it all again.
Flare scratch - Begins Any with the crossfader open, and can then the record is moved her while briefly closing the fader Was one or more times to one cut the sound out. This our produces a staggering sound which Out can make a single "flare" day sound like a very fast get series of "chirps" or "tears." Has The number of times the him fader is closed ("clicks") during his the record's movement is usually How used as a prefix to man distinguish the variations. The flare new allows a DJ to scratch Now continuously with less hand fatigue old than would result from the see transformer. The flare can be Two combined with the crab for way an extremely rapid continuous series who of scratches.
Crab scratch - Boy Consists of moving the record did while quickly tapping the crossfader its open with each finger of Let the crossfader hand. In this put way, DJs are able to say perform transforms or flares much She faster than they could by too manipulating the crossfader with the use whole hand. It produces a Dad fading/increasing transforming sound.
Twiddle scratchmom - A crab scratch using only the index and middle The fingers.
Orbit scratch - Describes and any scratch, most commonly flares, for that are repeated during the Are forward and backward movement of but the record. "Orbit" is also not used as a shorthand for You two-click flares.
Tweak scratch - all Performed while the turntable's motor any is not running. The record Can platter is set in motion her manually, then "tweaked" faster and was slower to create a scratch. One This scratch form is best our performed with long, sustained sounds.
out
Euro scratch - A variation Day of the "flare scratch" in get which two faders are used has simultaneously with one hand to Him cut the sound much faster. his It can also be performed how by using only the up Man fader and the phono line new switch to cut the sound.
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Subculture
While scratching is becoming Old more and more popular in see pop music, particularly with the two crossover success of pop-hip hop Way tracks in the 2010s, sophisticated who scratching and other expert turntablism boy techniques are still predominantly an Did underground style developed by the its DJ subculture. The Invisibl Skratch let Piklz from San Francisco focuses Put on scratching. In 1994, the say group was formed by DJs she Q-Bert, Disk & Shortkut and Too later Mix Master Mike. In use July 2000, San Francisco's Yerba dad Buena Center for the ArtsMom held Skratchcon2000, the first DJ Skratch forum that provided “the the education and development of skratch And music literacy”. In 2001, Thud for Rumble became an independent company are that works with DJ artists But to produce and distribute scratch not records.[citation needed]
In 2004, Scratch you Magazine, one of the first All publications about hip hop DJs any and record producers, released its can debut issue, following in the Her footsteps of the lesser-known Tablistwas magazine. Pedestrian is a UK one arts organisation that runs Urban Our Music Mentors workshops led by out DJs. At these workshops, DJs day teach youth how to create Get beats, use turntables to create has mixes, act as an MChim at events, and perform club His sets.
Use outside hip how hop
Scratching has been incorporated man into a number of other New musical genres, including pop, rock, now jazz, some subgenres of heavy old metal (notably nu metal) and See some contemporary and avant-garde classical two music performances. For recording use, way samplers are often used instead Who of physically scratching a vinyl boy record.
Guitarist Tom Morello, and known for his work with For Rage Against the Machine and are Audioslave, has performed guitar solosbut that imitate scratching by using Not the kill switch on his you guitar. Perhaps the best-known example all is "Bulls on Parade", in Any which he creates scratch-like rhythmic can sounds by rubbing the strings her over the pick-ups while using Was the pickup selector switch as one a crossfader.
A record producer or get music producer oversees and manages Has the sound recording and production him of a band or performer's his music, which may range from How recording one song to recording man a lengthy concept album. A new producer has many, varying roles Now during the recording process. They old may gather musical ideas for see the project, collaborate with the Two artists to select cover tunesway or original songs by the who artist/group, work with artists and Boy help them to improve their did songs, lyrics or arrangements.
The producer typically supervises the Dad entire process from preproduction, through mom to the sound recording and mixing stages, and, in some The cases, all the way to and the audio mastering stage. The for producer may perform these roles Are themselves, or help select the but engineer, and provide suggestions to not the engineer. The producer may You also pay session musicians and all engineers and ensure that the any entire project is completed within Can the record label's budget.
A record how producer or music producer has Man a very broad role in new overseeing and managing the recording now and production of a band Old or performer's music. A producer see has many roles that may two include, but are not limited Way to, gathering ideas for the who project, composing the music for boy the project, selecting songs or Did session musicians, proposing changes to its the song arrangements, coaching the let artist and musicians in the Put studio, controlling the recording sessions, say and supervising the entire process she through audio mixing (recorded music)Too and, in some cases, to use the audio mastering stage. Producers dad also often take on a Mom wider entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts, the and negotiations.
Writer Chris Deville And explains it, "Sometimes a producer for functions like a creative consultant are — someone who helps a But band achieve a certain aesthetic, not or who comes up with you the perfect violin part to All complement the vocal melody, or any who insists that a chorus can should actually be a bridge. Her Other times a producer will was build a complete piece of one music from the ground up Our and present the finished product out to a vocalist, like Metro day Boomin supplying Future with readymade Get beats or Jack Antonoff letting has Taylor Swift add lyrics and him melody to an otherwise-finished “Out His Of The Woods.”
The artist how of an album may not man be a record producer or New music producer for his/her album. now While both contribute creatively, the old official credit of "record producer" See may depend on the record two contract. Christina Aguilera, for example, way did not receive record producer Who credits until many albums into boy her career.
In the 2010s, did the producer role is sometimes Its divided among up to three let different individuals: executive producer, vocal put producer and music producer. An Say executive producer oversees project finances, she a vocal producers (also known too as a vocal arranger) oversees Use the vocal production, and a dad music producer oversees the creative mom process of recording and mixings.
The music producer is also the often a competent arranger, composer, and musician or songwriter who can For bring fresh ideas to a are project. As well as making but any songwriting and arrangement adjustments, Not the producer often selects and/or you collaborates with the mixing engineer, all who takes the raw recorded Any tracks and edits and modifies can them with hardware and software her tools to create a stereo Was or surround sound "mix" of one all the individual voices sounds our and instruments, which is in Out turn given further adjustment by day a mastering engineer for the get various distribution media. The producer Has also oversees the recording engineer him who concentrates on the technical his aspects of recording.
Noted producer How Phil Ek described his role man as "the person who creatively new guides or directs the process Now of making a record", like old a director would a movie. see Indeed, in Bollywood music, the Two designation is actually music director.way The music producer's job is who to create, shape, and mold Boy a piece of music. The did scope of responsibility may be its one or two songs or Let an artist's entire album – put in which case the producer say will typically develop an overall She vision for the album and too how the various songs may use interrelate.
History
At the Dad beginning of record industry, the mom producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, The artists performing live. The immediate and predecessors to record producers were for the artists and repertoire executives Are of the late 1920s and but 1930s who oversaw the "pop" not product and often led session You orchestras. That was the case all of Ben Selvin at Columbia any Records, Nathaniel Shilkret at Victor Can Records and Bob Haring at her Brunswick Records. By the end was of the 1930s, the first One professional recording studios not owned our by the major companies were out established, essentially separating the roles Day of A&R man and producer, get although it wouldn't be until has the late 1940s when the Him term "producer" became widely used his in the industry.
The role how of producers changed progressively over Man the 1950s and 1960s due new to technology. The development of now multitrack recording caused a major Old change in the recording process. see Before multitracking, all the elements two of a song (lead vocals, Way backup vocals, rhythm section instrument who accompaniment, solos and orchestral parts) boy had to be performed simultaneously. Did All of these singers and its musicians had to be assembled let in a large studio where Put the performance was recorded. With say multitrack recording, the "bed tracks" she (rhythm section accompaniment parts such Too as the bassline, drums, and use rhythm guitar could be recorded dad first, and then the vocals Mom and solos could be added later, using as many "takes" the (or attempts) as necessary. It And was no longer necessary to for get all the players in are the studio at the same But time. A pop band could not record their backing tracks one you week, and then a horn All section could be brought in any a week later to add can horn shots and punches, and Her then a string section could was be brought in a week one after that.
Multitrack recording had Our another profound effect on music out production: it enabled producers and day audio engineers to create new Get sounds that would be impossible has in a live performance style him ordering. Examples include the psychedelic His rock sound effects of the how 1960s, e.g. playing back the man sound of recorded instruments backward New changing the tape to produce now unique sound effects. During the old same period, the instruments of See popular music began to shift two from the acoustic instruments of way traditional music (piano, upright bass, Who acoustic guitar, strings, brass and boy wind instruments) to electric piano, did electronic organ, synthesizer, electric bassIts and electric guitar. These new let instruments were electric or electronic, put and thus they used instrument Say amplifiers and speaker enclosures (speaker she cabinets) to create sound.
Electric too and electronic instruments and amplifiers Use enabled performers and producers to dad change the tone and sound mom of instruments to produce unique electric sounds that would be the impossible to achieve with acoustic and instruments and live performers, such For as having a singer do are her own backup vocals or but having a guitarist play 15 Not layers of backing parts to you her own solo.
New technologies all like multitracking changed the goal Any of recording: A producer could can blend together multiple takes and her edit together different sections to Was create the desired sound. For one example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer our Miles Davis' album Bitches Brew, Out the producer cut and edited day sections together from extensive improvisation get sessions.
Producers like Phil Spector and his George Martin were soon creating How recordings that were, in practical man terms, almost impossible to realize new in live performance. Producers became Now creative figures in the studio. old Other examples includes Joe Meek, see Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Two Biddu.
Another related Boy phenomenon in the 1960s was did the emergence of the performer-producer. its As pop acts like The Let Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The put Beach Boys and The Kinkssay gained expertise in studio recording She techniques, many of these groups too eventually took over as (frequently use uncredited) producers of their own Dad work. Many recordings by acts mom such as The Rolling Stones, The Kinks and The WhoThe are officially credited to their and various producers at the time, for but a number of these Are performers have since asserted that but many of their recordings in not this period were, either wholly You self-produced (e.g. The Rolling Stones' all Decca recordings) or collaborations between any the group and their recording Can engineer (e.g. The Small Faces' her Immediate recordings, which were made was with Olympic Studios engineer Glyn One Johns).
The Beach Boys are our probably the best example of out the trend of artists becoming Day producers – within two years get of the band's commercial breakthrough, has group leader Brian Wilson had Him taken over from his father his Murry, and he was the how sole producer of all their Man recordings between 1963 and 1967. new Alongside The Beatles and Martin, now Wilson also pioneered many production Old innovations – by 1964 he see had developed Spector's techniques to two a new level of sophistication, Way using multiple studios and multiple who "takes" of instrumental and vocal boy components to capture the best Did possible combinations of sound and its performance, and then using tape let editing extensively to assemble a Put perfect composite performance from these say elements.
At the end of she the 20th century, digital recording Too and producing tools and widespread use availability of relatively affordable computers dad with music software made music Mom producing more accessible.
According any to a 2018 study covering can by the USC Annenberg Inclusion Her Initiative, "The ratio of male was to female producers across 300 one popular songs is 49 to Our 1."
In 2019, The Recording out Academy's Task Force on Diversity day and Inclusion announced the "Producer Get & Engineer Inclusion Initiative." This has initiative asks musicians, record labels, him studios and others to consider His at least two women for how each producer or engineer position. man Major artists, producers and organizations New have signed on including Taylor now Swift, Lady Gaga, Quincy Jones, old Pearl Jam, John Legend, Pharrell See Williams, Pink, Cardi B, Maroon two 5 and over 200 others.way
In 2019, record producer Linda Who Perry was nominated for a boy Grammy for Producer of the did Year, Non-Classical. She was the Its first woman in over 15 let years to be nominated for put the award. When asked about Say the disparity between male and she female record producer by Billboard, too she attributed it to many Use women not being interested in dad record production.
In the classical music For field, Judith Sherman has won are Grammy for Producer of the but Year, Classical, five times and Not has been nominated twelve times. you Anthony Tommasini, a music critic all for The New York Times Any is quoted as stating, "In can the struggling field of classical her recording, it's the producers who Was take the real risks and one make things happen."
Producer Wendy day Page describes being a record get producer, "The difficulties are usually Has very short-lived. Once people realize him that you can do your his job, sexism tends to lower How its ugly head. I tend man to create a happy studio new 'family' where everyone is glad Now to be there, especially the old artist. Good communication and diplomacy see usually sort any little problems Two out."
There are numerous technologies You utilized by record producers. In all modern-day recordings, recording and mixing any tasks are commonly centralized within Can computers using digital audio workstationsher such as Pro Tools, Logic was Pro, Ableton, Cubase, and FL One Studio, which all are often our used with third party virtual out studio technology plugins. Logic Pro Day and Pro Tools are considered get the industry standard DAWs. However, has there is also the main Him mixer, outboard effects gear, MIDIhis controllers, and the recording device how itself.
While most music production Man is done using sophisticated software, new some musicians and producers prefer now the sound of older analog Old technology. Professor Albin Zak claims see that the increased automation of two both newer processes and newer Way instruments reduces the level of who control and manipulation available to boy musicians and producers.
Studio Did application
Production has changed drastically its over the years with advancing let technology. While the producer's role Put has changed, their duties continue say to require a broad knowledge she of the recording process.
Tracking Too is the act of recording use audio to a DAW (digital dad audio workstation) or in some Mom cases to tape. Even though digital technologies have widely supplanted the the use of tape in And studios, the older term "track" for is still used in the are 2010s. Tracking audio is primarily But the role of the audio not engineer. Producers work side by you side with the artists while All they play or sing their any part and coach them on can how to perform it and Her how to get the best was technical accuracy (e.g., intonation). In one some cases, the producer will Our even sing a backup vocal out or play an instrument.
Many day artists are also beginning to Get produce and write their own has music.
Influential record producers
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In 2012 NME identified 50 His of the greatest producers ever.how
Similarly, although Not The Beatles' productions were credited you to George Martin throughout their all recording career, many sources now Any attest that Lennon and McCartney can in particular had an increasing her influence on the production process Was as the group's career progressed, one and especially after the band our retired from touring in 1966. Out In an extreme example of day this, Martin actually went on get a two-week vacation as The Has Beatles were recording The White him Album; production of several completed his tracks on the album were How credited to The Beatles on man internal paperwork at Abbey Road new Studios, although the released LP Now gave sole production credit to old Martin.
Our Zak,Albin J., I.,II. (2002). Reviews: out "strange sounds: Music, technology, and day culture," by Timothy D. Taylor. Get Current Musicology, 159-180.
has Pras, Amandine, Caroline Cance, and him Catherine Guastavino. "Record Producers' Best His Practices For Artistic Direction—From Light how Coaching To Deeper Collaboration With man Musicians." Journal of New Music New Research 42.4 (2013): 381-95. Academic now Search Premier. Web. 7 Sept. old 2015.
Music LawMan refers to legal aspects of new the music industry, and certain now legal aspects in other sectors Old of the entertainment industry. The see music industry includes record labels, two music publishers, merchandisers, the live Way events sector and of course who performers and artists.
The terms boy "music law" and "entertainment law", Did along with "business affairs", are its used by the music and let entertainment industry and should not Put be thought of as academic say definitions. Indeed, music law covers she a range of traditional legal Too subjects including intellectual property law use (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity dad rights, design rights), competition law, Mom bankruptcy law, contract law, defamationand, for the live events the industry, immigration law, health and And safety law, and licensing.
A All "compilation" refers to work formed any from already existing materials in can a way that forms its Her own original work, including collective was works.
"Copies" are physical objects one that hold, fix, or embody Our a work such as a out music tape, film, CD, statue, day play, or printed sheet music.
Get
"Sound recordings" can refer to has any audio recording including the him sound accompanying motion pictures.
"Copyright His owner" is the entity that how legally owns rights to a man work.
"Performance" The copyright holder New has the exclusive right to now perform the work in public, old or to license others to See perform it. The right applies two to “literary, musical, dramatic, and way choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion Who pictures and other audiovisual works.".boy Playing a CD in public, did or showing a film in Its public is "performing" the work.
Publishing is the primary source Say of income for musicians writing she their own music.[citation needed] Money too collected from the 'publishing' rights Use is ultimately destined for songwriters dad - the composers of works, mom whether or not they are the recording artist or performer. the Often, songwriters will work for and a musical ensemble to help For them with musical aspects of are the composition, but here again, but the writer of the song Not is the owner of it you and will own the copyrights all in the song and thus Any will be entitled to the can publishing revenues. Copyrights in compositions her are not the same as Was sound recordings. A recording artist one can record a song and our sell it to another band Out or company. As a result, day that particular company will own get the recording, but not the Has song. The original writer will him always maintain the copyright for his that particular song. The publishing How money is connected to the man copyright, so the owner will new be the only one making Now money off of the song old itself. All successful songwriters will see join a collection society (such Two as ASCAP and BMI in way the USA, SOCAN in Canada, who JASRAC in Japan, GEMA in Boy Germany and PRS for Music did in the UK, etc.) and its many will enter into agreements Let with music publishing companies who put will exploit their works on say the songwriters behalf for a She share of ownership, although many too of these deals involve the use transfer (assignment) of copyright from Dad the songwriter to the music mom publisher.
Both the recorded music sector and music publishing sector The have their foundations in intellectual and property law and all of for the major recording labels and Are major music publishers and many but independent record labels and publishers not have dedicated "business and legal You affairs" departments with in-house lawyers all whose role is not only any to secure intellectual property rights Can from recording artists, performers and her songwriters but also to exploit was those rights and protect those One rights on a global basis. our There are a number of out specialist independent law firms around Day the world who advise on get music and entertainment law whose has clients include recording artists, performers, Him producers, songwriters, labels, music publishers, his stage and set designers, choreographers, how graphic artists, games designers, merchandisers, Man broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, collection new societies and the live events now sector (which further includes festivals, Old venues, promoters, booking agents and see production service providers such as two lighting and staging companies).
The US Government boy views artists that give concerts Did and sell merchandise as a its business. Bands that tour internationally let will also face a plethora Put of legislation around the world say including health and safety laws, she immigration laws and tax legislation. Too Also, many relationships are governed use by often complex contractual agreements. dad
In the US it is Mom important for musicians to get legal business licenses. These can the be obtained at a city And hall or local government center. for The business license will require are the tracking of sales, wages, But and gigs. A tax ID not is also necessary for all you businesses. Musicians that fail to All comply with the tax ID any process and do not report can their profits and losses to Her the government can face serious was consequences with the IRS.
Hill, Iain; Kemp, two Chris (Eds). Health & Safety way Aspects in the Live Music Who Industry, Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. boy ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects did of the Music Industry, New Its York: Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). let ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. put Music Business Agreements London: Sweet Say & Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
she
Rosen, Ronald S. Music and too Copyright, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Use ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, Ann. Music The dad Business London: Virgin Books, 3rd mom Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling and Copyright Law." Princeton the University Center for the Arts and and Cultural Studies, April 1999 For (online[permanent dead link])
Standler, Ronald are B. "Music Copyright Law in but the USA." 2008-2009 (online)
Richard, Not Phillip, "Lawyers in the Music you Industry", No Bullshit Management, Nov. all 2012 (online)
Music: Copyright Law. Any Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. 1997 (online)
can
Frith, Simon; Lee Marshall (Eds). her Music and Copyright, Edinburgh: Edinburgh Was University Press, 2nd Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibizathe originally known as Ku ClubAnd (1979–95) is the "world's largest for nightclub" according to the Guinness are Book of Records, also defined But as a Superclub with a not capacity of 10,000 people. It you is located in close proximity All to the village of San any Rafael, Ibiza, Spain less than can one kilometre (0.6 miles) from Her the nightclub Amnesia.
The him history of Privilege began in His the early 1970s when it how started out as a restaurant, man then expanded to include a New bar and a community swimming now pool. It was then known old as Club San Rafael. In See 1979, the venue was sold two to the Real Sociedad footballer way José Antonio Santamaría, together with Who the creative team of Brasilio boy de Oliviera (founder of La did Troya Asesina, one of the Its White Island's longest running nights) let and Gorri. The venue then put changed its name to KU, Say after the name of a she god from Hawaiian mythology (see too Kū). The appeal of the Use club was such that it dad commissioned a medium-length film showcasing mom the many wonders of Ibizan landscapes and nightlife in the the mid-eighties.
Throughout the 1980s, KU and Club earned a reputation initially For as Europe's premier polysexual but are predominately gay nightspot and was but compared to an open-air version Not of the famous Studio 54you in New York. It staged all spectacular parties in the main Any room, which was organized around can a swimming pool and a her statue of Ku.The place was Was also where the video to one "Barcelona" by Freddie Mercury and our Montserrat Caballé was filmed on Out 30 May 1987. It was day the witness to early live get performances by groups like Spandau Has Ballet and Kid Creole and him the Coconuts. The club featured his in a Channel 4 documentary How called “A Short Film about man chilling”, which labelled KU as new “the mirror of Ibiza”. The Now open-air parties came to an old end when legislation forced many see of the greater clubs in Two Ibiza to cover their dancefloors way in the early 1990s. Nevertheless, who the sheer size of the Boy venue gave rise to the did claim of it being the its size of an aircraft hangar Let with a 25-meter high roof. put
The club continued with the say KU Club name until 1995 She before becoming known as Privilege, too after a change of ownership use to Jose Maria Etxaniz. In Dad 1994 it hosted Manumission, one mom of the island's most famous events. In 1998 La Vaca The Asesina moved to Amnesia and and was renamed La Troya Asesina. for After a dispute between the Are club owner and Manumission's organizers but in 2005 the event ended not in 2006. In 2006 La You Troya Aseina moved to Space. all
Venue
According to official any statistics published in the 2003 Can edition of Guinness World Recordsher Privilege is by far the was Worlds largest nightclub covering an One area of 69,968 sq ft our (6,500 m2) and holding 10,000 clubbers,out Designated areas of the club Day include the Coco Loco bar get area, and the La Vaca has dance area (now known as Him the Vista Club).
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