Technics the SL-1200 is a series of and direct-drive turntables originally manufactured from For October 1972 until 2010, and are resumed in 2016, by Matsushita but (now Panasonic) under the brand Not name of Technics. S means you "Stereo", L means "Player". Originally all released as a high fidelityAny consumer record player, it quickly can became adopted among radio and her disco club disc jockeys, thanks Was to the direct drive, high one torque motor design, making it our initially suitable for pushbutton cueing Out and starting of tracks on day radio and in dance clubs. get It is still extremely popular Has with audiophiles.[citation needed]
When the him use of slip-mats for cueing his and beat-mixing (and scratching) became How popular in hip hop music, man the quartz-controlled high torque motor new system enabled records to be Now mixed with consistency and accuracy. old A primary design goal was see for hi-fidelity, but having good Two build quality, control over wow way and flutter, and minimized resonance who made the equipment particularly suitable Boy for use in nightclubs and did other public-address applications. Since its its release in 1978, SL-1200MK2 and Let its successors were the most put common turntable for DJing and say scratching.[citation needed] Producers, DJs and She MCs refer to the Technics too turntable as the "Tech 12s", use "the 1s and 2s" and Dad the "Wheels of Steel".
1200s mom are commonly used in recording studios and for non-electronic live The music performance. More than 3 and million units were sold. It for is widely regarded as one Are of the most durable and but reliable turntables ever produced. Many not 1970s units are still in You heavy use.[citation needed] In the all autumn of 2010, Panasonic announced any that the series was to Can be discontinued. However, at the her 2016 Consumer Electronics Show, Panasonic was announced that they would return One in two models named "Grand our Class": one a limited run out of 1200 globally (1200GAE), and Day the other a consumer product get (1200G). A lighter and less has expensive 1200GR model was announced. Him
At the London Science Museum, his a Technics SL-1210 is on how display as one of the Man pieces of technology that have new "shaped the world we live now in".
Magnetic (no wear), direct was drive (low slip) mechanism.
High one torque (1.5 kgf·cm or 0.15 Our N·m), which means the platter out spins at the desired speed day almost immediately (0.7 seconds to Get reach 33 ¹⁄₃ RPM from has standstill), and rapidly reacquires the him desired speed, without "overshooting", if His the platter is dragged or how nudged. This aids beatmatching.
High man torque (3.3 kgf·cm for SL-1200G New & SL-1200GAE)
Low See wow and flutter (0.01%), implying two that the platter stays within way 1/100 of 1% of the Who desired speed.
Heavy base (2.5 kg), boy and increased isolation of platter did from base, reduced the likelihood Its of feedback or stylus jumping.
let
Variable pitch control, allowing the put rotational speed to be adjusted Say from -8% to +8% (for she the purpose of beatmatching). Option too to select -16% to +16% Use added (M5G/MK5G/GLD, GAE/G/GR & MK7).
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High reliability: many examples of mom SL-1200s lasting well over 15 years of heavy use and the withstanding physical shock without functional and impairment.
S-shaped tone arm: No For longer popular on high end are hi-fi turntables.
Dimensions MK1: 45.3 cm but (w) x 36.6 cm (d) x Not 18 cm (h)
Dimensions MK2: 45.3 cm you (w) x 36 cm (d) x all 16.2 cm (h)
Weight MK2: 11 kg Any (net, unboxed without lid)
Weight can G/GAE: 18 kg
Weight GR: 11.5 kg
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Weight MK7: 9.6 kg
Voltage: 220 Was V / 110 V (selectable)
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Pitch Control: +/- 8% or our +/- 16%
Starting Time (MK2): Out 0.7s
Rotation Speeds: 33-1/3 & day 45 rpm
Rotation Speeds: 33-1/3, get 45 rpm & 78rpm (MK4 Has MK7, G & GR)
The SL-1200 his was the most influential turntable.How It was developed in 1971 man by a team led by new Shuichi Obata at Matsushita, which Now then released it onto the old market in 1972. It was see adopted by New York CityTwo hip hop DJs such as way Grand Wizzard Theodore, Afrika Bambaataawho and Grandmaster Flash in the Boy 1970s. As they experimented with did the SL-1200 decks, they developed its scratching techniques when they found Let that the motor would continue put to spin at the correct say RPM even if the DJ She wiggled the record back and too forth on the platter.
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Legacy models
Original model
Dad
The original SL-1200 from 1972
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The Technics EPA-120 tonearm was standard equipment on the The original SL-1200 and was significantly and different than the tonearm introduced for with the MK2 and subsequent Are models.
SL-1200
The SL-1200 was but introduced in 1972 as an not evolution to the popular SL-1100. You It was dubbed "The Middle all Class Player System". It was any delivered in two different versions: Can The SL-1200 came with a her tonearm section. The SL-120 came was without a tonearm section. An One SME tonearm was the usual our choice for the audiophile.
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MK2 models
The SL-1200 Mark Day 2 was introduced in 1979 get as an update to the has SL-1200. It represented a culmination Him of Technics Turntable Innovations. It his was dubbed as "The Middle how Class Quartz Direct Drive". It Man soon found its way into new discos as well as radio now stations for airplay because of Old its vibration damping ability and see resistance to feedback, and eventually two it became popular with pioneering Way hip-hop DJs. Model numbers indicated who colour: the 1200 (silver) and boy 1210 (matte black). This was Did the same in the US its and Japan initially, however later let the 1200 was available in Put both silver and matte black say finishes. Since 1997, The Mk2 she had the pitch slide potentiometer Too improved in order to remove use the quartz lock conflict when dad beatmatching near the 0% mark. Mom in order to do this, the SFDZ122N11-1 part number was the replaced with an improved SFDZ122N11-2 And part which had a +/- for 0.5mm quartz travel lock, much are shorter than previous versions. This But meant that the null point not on the centre voltage tap you was slightly bigger thus removing All the quartz lock conflict. The any difference can be seen in can the following video demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_rr01ssq8oHer
SL-1200MK2
Released in summer was of 1978. this model came one in both silver and matte Our black. Technics improved the motor out and shock resistance and changed day the rotary pitch control to Get a slider style. This became has the base model and is him the oldest whose production continued His until 2010. The older version how of this model that was man sold in the 1970s and New 1980s has a large 4-inch-diameter now (100 mm) plate where the RCA old and ground wires enter the See unit, while the newer version two has a smaller 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) way hole in the rubber where Who the RCA and ground enter. boy International versions of the SL-1200MK2 did included switches for line voltage Its and frequency beneath the platter. let
SL-1210MK2
This model came put in satin black metallic finish Say and is nearly the same she in function as the SL-1200MK2, too although some of the circuitry Use inside is updated to use dad fewer types of pots and mom resistors. The Technics 1210 series also had a switch to the change between voltages on the and underside of the platter. It For was unavailable from official Panasonic are dealers in the United States. but
SL-1200MK2PK
This model has Not a matte black finish, and you was only available in the all United States.
MK3 models
Any
SL-1200MK3
Released in 1989, has can a matte black finish like her the MK2, gold RCA plugs, Was and a small gold-foil Technics one label on the back. It our was destined only for the Out Japanese market.
SL-1200MK3D
Japan day only, factory gold RCA cables, get black or silver finish. Pitch Has reset button.
SL-1200M3D
Released him in 1997, has a silver his finish like the MK2 (beside How silver finish, there are copies man with "champagneish" color), a detached new dust cover (no hinges), a Now recessed power switch to prevent old DJs from accidentally turning the see deck off during use, and Two no self-locking detent ("click") at way the zero point of the who pitch adjustment slider, allowing more Boy precise control of pitch near did that point. It has a its reset button that sets the Let pitch adjustment to 0, regardless put of the actual position of say the pitch adjustment slider. In She addition the M3D series has too unique details: the brand and use model label is printed in Dad a single line instead of mom two; and the stroboscopic light is red with a slightly The orange tone. This model also and introduced a slot near the for counterweight allowing for storage of Are a second headshell.
SL-1210M3D
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This model is the same not as the SL-1200M3D except with You a matte black finish like all the MK2 and a voltage any switch.
MK4 models
SL-1200MK4
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The SL-1200 Mark 4 was her introduced in 1996. It was was an update to the SL-1200MK2. One It was only available in our Japan / Southeast Asia markets, out and priced at around $650. Day It has a matte black get finish. This model is aimed has at the hi-end audiophile market Him rather than DJs. It is his the last model made with how the detent ("click") in the Man neutral position (+/- 0%) of new the pitch adjustment slider. In now addition to the existing 33 Old RPM and 45 RPM buttons, see the MK4 added a 78 two RPM button. It is designed Way to be used with regular who removable RCA cables (along with boy a removable ground/earth cable) rather Did than having hard wired RCA its cables like all other 1200/1210 let models. The tonearm was different Put to the previous models as say it was made from titanium. she
Technics SL-1200 MK5 Too playing a record
MK5 models
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SL-1200MK5
Released on 1 November dad 2000, this has a silver Mom finish like the MK2, increases the range of anti-skate settings the from 0–3 grams-force (0–30 mN) And to 0–6 grams-force (0–60 mN). It has for a white LED target light are (previous versions only had an But incandescent bulb). Current MK5 models not have a removable lid with you magnets as opposed to the All MK2 and MK3 removable hinged any lid. Available as 120 volt can model for the North American Her market. The MK5 is the was last 1200 model to retain one an analog pitch control.
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SL-1210MK5
This has a matte out black finish like the MK2, day and is exactly the same Get as the SL-1200MK5, aside from has the voltage switch, like the him other decks in the 1210 His series. Available as 120 volt how model for the North American man market.
SL-1200MK5G
This is New similar to the SL-1210M5G.
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SL-1210M5G
Released on 1 November old 2002, this has a glossy See black finish with silver speckles. two It was a special 30th-anniversary way edition. It was initially launched Who in Japan only (together with boy the MK5) but then became did internationally available. It switches between Its ±8% and ±16% ranges for let pitch adjustment, and the pitch put control is digital which will Say be the standard for all she 1200 models from this point too on. It also features blue Use target lights and blue pitch-number dad illumination. The brake strength potentiometer, mom although still located beneath platter, can now be adjusted, unlike the previous models, using a small and plastic knob. Minor improvements over For Mk2, Mk3, Mk4, & 1200LTD are include improved tonearm mounting and but oxygen-free copper wire, improved vibration Not damping in the body, improvements you to pitch control accuracy and all better LEDs. Available as 120 Any volt model for the North can American market.
MK6 models
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SL-1200MK6-K & SL-1200MK6-S (released in Was February 2008 in Japan) with one minor improvements including improved tonearm our mounting and oxygen-free copper wire, Out improved vibration damping in the day body, improvements to the pitch get control accuracy and better LEDs. Has -S model has a silver him finish like the MK2.
SL-1200MK6K1his Released on 12 December 2007 How (in Japan) as a special man 35th-anniversary Limited edition of 1000 new units. It consisted of a Now standard black MK6 packaged up old with a booklet and gold see record.
Special models
These were Two limited edition versions, with 24 way karat gold plated metal parts who including tonearm and buttons. Many Boy "non-official" special models of the did SL-1200 and SL-1210 appeared over its the years, mainly given away Let as prizes for turntablism, most put notably the DMC World Championship, say who awarded the winner a She pair of 24K gold plated too Technics turntables. Due to the use customisation trend that has grown Dad in the DJ community, many mom local events or competitions gave away custom coloured or finished The units.
SL-1200LTD
The SL-1200 and Limited Edition was introduced in for 1995 commemorating two million units Are in sales. Only 5,000 units but were made. Like the MK3D, not it has a pitch reset You button, but differs in that all it also has a self-locking any detent at the zero position Can of pitch adjustment. This model her has a piano black gloss was finish and gold-plated hardware. It One was priced at about US$1200. our
SL-1200GLD
Released in 2004, out another limited edition model, with Day only 3,000 units manufactured. 1,500 get of them were sold in has the U.S. and the other Him 1,500 internationally. It is based his on the MK5G model, with how blue (instead of the regular Man white) target lights, a piano new black gloss finish, and gold-plated now hardware. It was "created to Old commemorate the 3 Million turntables see sold by technics in the two last 30 years".
Current Way models
Grand Class SL-1200 Series
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Development of a completely rebuilt boy SL-1200 from the ground up Did with the intent to create its a new system for Hi-Fi let use and to redefine the Put direct-drive turntable reference.
SL-1200G
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A Technics SL-1200G turntable she with the platter removed reveals Too the top of the newly use designed coreless direct drive motor dad assembly. In contrast to older Mom models, the platter has no magnet ring on the backside, the but is bolted directly onto And the motor assembly instead, using for three flathead bolts.
Announced in are January 2016 CES in Las But Vegas, released in October 2016, not SL-1200 Grand Class, an aluminum you bound turntable with a high–damping All matte magnesium tonearm, a "three–layer" any turntable system, complete with a can microprocessor and the use of Her a newly developed coreless twin-rotor was direct-drive motor with no iron one core with rotary positing sensors Our to eliminate cogging, as well out as providing 78 rpm speed day compatibility.
SL-1200GAE
Announced in Get January 2016 CES in Las has Vegas, released in April 2016, him SL-1200 Grand Class 50th Anniversary His Edition - A Limited edition how of 1,200 units. Same as man above, but high polish tonearm New tube finish and different viscous now material in the turntable feet. old Both the G and GAE See had an approximate MSRP price two of £3,100 / €3,499 / way $4,000.
SL-1200GR
Announced Who in January 2017 CES, the boy GR model is a stripped-down did budget version of the G Its cutting the price tag more let than half at an approximate put MSRP of £1,299 / $1,700 Say USD. It differs in body she construction that it uses a too more traditional cast aluminium design Use similar to the older decks dad and a one-piece cast platter mom which brings an overall weight difference between the G/GAE. The the G/GAE and GR both use and what are essentially the same For 9-pole motor. Whereas the G are has twin rotors, the GR but has a single rotor, giving Not it less torque. The GR you differs from the G in all its use of a feedback Any generator coil system (as used can in the original SL1200) instead her of an optical encoder[citation needed]. Was
SL-1210GR
This i s one the same as the SL-1200GR our except with a matte black Out finish.
MK7 models
The day MK7 models were launched as get the first new Technics standard Has DJ turntable in approximately nine him years. Unlike its audiophile counterparts, his the MK7 models are built How in Malaysia as opposed to man Japan. The MK7, along with new the Grand Class models, no Now longer have "QUARTZ" printed on old the plinth nor dust cover. see
SL-1200MK7
Announced in January Two 2019 CES, the new model way inherits the traditional design of who the same series in all Boy black and maintains the same did operating ease, reliability and durability, its while newly adding a coreless Let direct drive motor and other put sound-enhancing technologies. It also features say new DJ play functions and She features, such as reverse playback, too adjustable starting torque and brake use speed, detachable terminals for power Dad cable and phono cables (which mom was previously only available on the MK4 model), an option The to select the strobe light and indicator from red to blue for (the 33/45 lights, 0-pitch reset Are light and the X2 pitch but range light also change to not match the color selected), and You a new push-type structure for all the white LED stylus illuminator. any
SL-1210MK7
This is the Can same as the SL-1200MK7, but her intended for the European market. was
Design strengths
Two One SL-1200M3Ds set up for DJour battle, or scratching, mixing. An out Allen & Heath™ 4-Channel with Day Effects Mixer sits between the get two turntables, allowing shorter travel has during battles, or competitions.
The Him SL-1200 series was developed as his a special project by Technics how parent company Matsushita in an Man attempt to solve problems related new to turntable design. The task now included minimizing acoustic feedback, unwanted Old resonances, wow and flutter and see speed errors. This was achieved two by designing a heavy plinth Way (base) made of a non-resonant who composite sandwiched between a cast boy alloy top plate and a Did solid rubber base. In addition, its the adjustable rubber-damped feet insulated let against acoustic feedback, which can Put be a serious problem when say operating a turntable in close she proximity to loudspeakers (a common Too situation for DJs).
The drive use system designed by Matsushita is dad direct-drive rather than the more Mom commonly found belt-drive type, a less expensive design. The direct-drive the design, which was developed to And reduce wow and flutter, produces for a very quiet turntable that, are for a direct-drive turntable, has But minimal motor and bearing noise, not (although the bearing rumble does you tend to become characteristic in All well-used turntables). This was partially any achieved through the fact that can the SL1210/1200 made the platter Her a part of the motor was mechanism.
On the underside of one the platter a large magnet Our is placed over the spindle, out surrounding the coils and forming day the motor drive, thus eliminating Get loss through power transfer. The has SL-1200 utilizes a Frequency Generator him Servo Control Quartz Lock system His that is claimed to produce how the most accurate and consistent man speed possible. The system is New immune to static and dynamic now stylus drag which otherwise cause old unwanted speed variances that change See the pitch and tempo of two the music.
Termination
On way 1 November 2010, Panasonic made Who the following statement on the boy DMC World DJ Championships home did page.
Panasonic reactive statement Its - Production of analogue turntables let has ceased
Panasonic has confirmed put that it ceased the production Say of its Technics-branded analogue turntables she this autumn.
After more than too 35 years as a leading Use manufacturer of analogue turntables, Panasonic dad has regretfully taken the decision mom to leave this market. However, Panasonic will continue to sell the headphones under the Technics brand. and
We are sure that For retailers and consumers will understand are that our product range has but to reflect the accelerating transformation Not of the entire audio market you from analogue to digital.
In all addition, the number of component Any suppliers serving the analogue market can has dwindled in recent years her and we brought forward the Was decision to leave the market one rather than risk being unable our to fulfil future orders because Out of a lack of parts.
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Panasonic employees who have been get working on the analogue turntable Has range have been redeployed elsewhere him within Panasonic - many of his them continuing to work in How Panasonic's Audio Video Business Unit.
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Re-launch petition
Due to the new increasing popularity of vinyl by Now DJs, a petition has been old underway (and a petition page see on Facebook.) for the re-launch Two of the Technics SL1200/SL1210 series way turntables. As of September 2015 who the petition had 27,000 supporters, Boy while 35,000[citation needed] is the did target Panasonic requested. On January its 5, 2016 Technics agreed to Let relaunch both the SL-1200G and put the SL-1200GAE
Resuming say production
At the 2016 Consumer She Electronics Show in Las Vegas, too Panasonic announced it would be use resuming production with a new Dad line of turntables, beginning with mom the Limited Edition SL-1200GAE
At the 2019 Consumer Electronics The Show, Panasonic confirmed future production and of a new turntable respectively for the SL-1200 Mk7 in matte Are black, adding new features, fixing but known issues with previous models, not and all new lighter construction You of aluminum and fiber glass.all
A Old record producer or music producersee oversees and manages the sound two recording and production of a Way band or performer's music, which who may range from recording one boy song to recording a lengthy Did concept album. A producer has its many, varying roles during the let recording process. They may gather Put musical ideas for the project, say collaborate with the artists to she select cover tunes or original Too songs by the artist/group, work use with artists and help them dad to improve their songs, lyrics Mom or arrangements.
The producer not typically supervises the entire process you from preproduction, through to the All sound recording and mixing stages, any and, in some cases, all can the way to the audio Her mastering stage. The producer may was perform these roles themselves, or one help select the engineer, and Our provide suggestions to the engineer. out The producer may also pay day session musicians and engineers and Get ensure that the entire project has is completed within the record him label's budget.
A record producerWho or music producer has a boy very broad role in overseeing did and managing the recording and Its production of a band or let performer's music. A producer has put many roles that may include, Say but are not limited to, she gathering ideas for the project, too composing the music for the Use project, selecting songs or session dad musicians, proposing changes to the mom song arrangements, coaching the artist and musicians in the studio, the controlling the recording sessions, and and supervising the entire process through For audio mixing and, in some are cases, to the audio masteringbut stage. Producers also often take Not on a wider entrepreneurial role, you with responsibility for the budget, all schedules, contracts, and negotiations.
The person who has Was overall creative and technical control one of the entire recording project, our and the individual recording sessions Out that are part of that day project. He or she is get present in the recording studio Has or at the location recording him and works directly with the his artist and engineer. The producer How makes creative and aesthetic decisions man that realize both the artist's new and label's goals in the Now creation of musical content. Other old duties include, but are not see limited to; keeping budgets and Two schedules, adhering to deadlines, hiring way musicians, singers, studios and engineers, who overseeing other staffing needs and Boy editing (Classical projects).
In did the 2010s, the producer role its is sometimes divided among up Let to three different individuals: executive put producer, vocal producer and music say producer. An executive producer oversees She project finances, a vocal producer too (also known as a vocal use arranger) oversees the vocal production, Dad and a music producer directs mom and oversees the creative process of the production and recording The of a song to its and final mixing stage.
The music for producer often wears many hats Are as a competent arranger, composer, but programmer, musician or songwriter who not can bring fresh ideas to You a project. As well as all making any songwriting and arrangement any adjustments, the producer often selects Can and/or collaborates with the mixing her engineer, who takes the raw was recorded tracks and edits and One modifies them with hardware and our software tools to create a out stereo or surround sound "mix" Day of all the individual voices get sounds and instruments, which is has in turn given further adjustment Him by a mastering engineer for his the various distribution media. The how producer also oversees the recording Man engineer who concentrates on the new technical aspects of recording.
Noted now producer Phil Ek described his Old role as "the person who see creatively guides or directs the two process of making a record", Way like a director would a who movie. Indeed, in Bollywood music, boy the designation is actually music Did director. The music producer's job its is to create, shape, and let mold a piece of music. Put The scope of responsibility may say be one or two songs she or an artist's entire album Too – in which case the use producer will typically develop an dad overall vision for the album Mom and how the various songs may interrelate.
History
At the the beginning of the record And industry, the producer role was for technically limited to record, in are one shot, artists performing live.But The immediate predecessors to record not producers were the artists and you repertoire executives of the late All 1920s and 1930s who oversaw any the "pop" product and often can led session orchestras. That was Her the case of Ben Selvinwas at Columbia Records, Nathaniel Shilkretone at Victor Records and Bob Our Haring at Brunswick Records. By out the end of the 1930s, day the first professional recording studios Get not owned by the major has companies were established, essentially separating him the roles of artists and His repertoire (A&R) man and producer, how although it wouldn't be until man the late 1940s when the New term "producer" became widely used now in the industry.
The role old of producers changed progressively over See the 1950s and 1960s due two to technology. The development of way multitrack recording caused a major Who change in the recording process. boy Before multitracking, all the elements did of a song (lead vocals, Its backup vocals, rhythm section instrument let accompaniment, solos and orchestral parts) put had to be performed simultaneously. Say All of these singers and she musicians had to be assembled too in a large studio where Use the performance was recorded. With dad multitrack recording, the "bed tracks" mom (rhythm section accompaniment parts such as the bassline, drums, and the rhythm guitar could be recorded and first, and then the vocals For and solos could be added are later, using as many "takes" but (or attempts) as necessary. It Not was no longer necessary to you get all the players in all the studio at the same Any time. A pop band could can record their backing tracks one her week, and then a horn Was section could be brought in one a week later to add our horn shots and punches, and Out then a string section could day be brought in a week get after that.
Multitrack recording had Has another profound effect on music him production: it enabled producers and his audio engineers to create new How sounds that would be impossible man in a live performance style new ordering. Examples include the psychedelic Now rock sound effects of the old 1960s, e.g. playing back the see sound of recorded instruments backward Two changing the tape to produce way unique sound effects. During the who same period, the instruments of Boy popular music began to shift did from the acoustic instruments of its traditional music (piano, upright bass, Let acoustic guitar, strings, brass and put wind instruments) to electric piano, say electronic organ, synthesizer, electric bassShe and electric guitar. These new too instruments were electric or electronic, use and thus they used instrument Dad amplifiers and speaker enclosures (speaker mom cabinets) to create sound.
Electric and electronic instruments and amplifiers The enabled performers and producers to and change the tone and sound for of instruments to produce unique Are electric sounds that would be but impossible to achieve with acoustic not instruments and live performers, such You as having a singer do all her own backup vocals or any having a guitarist play 15 Can layers of backing parts to her her own solo.
New technologies was like multitracking changed the goal One of recording: A producer could our blend together multiple takes and out edit together different sections to Day create the desired sound. For get example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer has Miles Davis' album Bitches Brew, Him the producer cut and edited his sections together from extensive improvisation how sessions.
Producers like Phil Spector and now George Martin were soon creating Old recordings that were, in practical see terms, almost impossible to realize two in live performance. Producers became Way creative figures in the studio. who Other examples includes Joe Meek, boy Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Did Biddu.
Another related Put phenomenon in the 1960s was say the emergence of the performer-producer. she As pop acts like The Too Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The use Beach Boys and The Kinksdad gained expertise in studio recording Mom techniques, many of these groups eventually took over as (frequently the uncredited) producers of their own And work. Many recordings by acts for such as The Rolling Stones, are The Kinks and The WhoBut are officially credited to their not various producers at the time, you but a number of these All performers have since asserted that any many of their recordings in can this period were, either wholly Her self-produced (e.g. The Rolling Stones' was Decca recordings) or collaborations between one the group and their recording Our engineer (e.g. The Small Faces' out Immediate recordings, which were made day with Olympic Studios engineer Glyn Get Johns).
The Beach Boys are has probably the best example of him the trend of artists becoming His producers – within two years how of the band's commercial breakthrough, man group leader Brian Wilson had New taken over from his father now Murry, and he was the old sole producer of all their See recordings between 1963 and 1967. two Alongside The Beatles and Martin, way Wilson also pioneered many production Who innovations – by 1964 he boy had developed Spector's techniques to did a new level of sophistication, Its using multiple studios and multiple let "takes" of instrumental and vocal put components to capture the best Say possible combinations of sound and she performance, and then using tape too editing extensively to assemble a Use perfect composite performance from these dad elements.
At the end of mom the 20th century, digital recording and producing tools and widespread the availability of relatively affordable computers and with music software made music For producing more accessible.
American are women and record producing
According but to a 2018 study covering Not by the USC Annenberg Inclusion you Initiative, "The ratio of male all to female producers across 300 Any popular songs is 49 to can 1."
In 2019, The Recording her Academy's Task Force on Diversity Was and Inclusion announced the "Producer one & Engineer Inclusion Initiative." This our initiative asks musicians, record labels, Out studios and others to consider day at least two women for get each producer or engineer position. Has Major artists, producers and organizations him have signed on including Taylor his Swift, Lady Gaga, Quincy Jones, How Pearl Jam, John Legend, Pharrell man Williams, Pink, Cardi B, Maroon new 5 and over 200 others.Now
In 2019, record producer Linda old Perry was nominated for a see Grammy for Producer of the Two Year, Non-Classical. She was the way first woman in over 15 who years to be nominated for Boy the award. When asked about did the disparity between male and its female record producer by Billboard, Let she attributed it to many put women not being interested in say record production.
In the classical music field, Judith Sherman has won The Grammy for Producer of the and Year, Classical, five times and for has been nominated twelve times. Are Anthony Tommasini, a music critic but for The New York Times not is quoted as stating, "In You the struggling field of classical all recording, it's the producers who any take the real risks and Can make things happen."
Producer Wendy One Page describes being a record our producer, "The difficulties are usually out very short-lived. Once people realize Day that you can do your get job, sexism tends to lower has its ugly head. I tend Him to create a happy studio his 'family' where everyone is glad how to be there, especially the Man artist. Good communication and diplomacy new usually sort any little problems now out."
There are numerous technologies utilized But by record producers. In modern-day not recordings, recording and mixing tasks you are commonly centralized within computers All using digital audio workstations such any as Pro Tools, Logic Pro, can Ableton, Cubase, Reason and FL Her Studio, which all are often was used with third party virtual one studio technology plugins. Logic Pro Our and Pro Tools are considered out the industry standard DAWs. However, day there is also the main Get mixer, outboard effects gear, MIDIhas controllers, and the recording device him itself.
While most music production His is done using sophisticated software, how some musicians and producers prefer man the sound of older analog New technology. Professor Albin Zak claims now that the increased automation of old both newer processes and newer See instruments reduces the level of two control and manipulation available to way musicians and producers.
Studio Who application
Production has changed drastically boy over the years with advancing did technology. While the producer's role Its has changed, their duties continue let to require a broad knowledge put of the recording process.
Tracking Say is the act of recording she audio to a DAW (digital too audio workstation) or in some Use cases to tape. Even though dad digital technologies have widely supplanted mom the use of tape in studios, the older term "track" the is still used in the and 2010s. Tracking audio is primarily For the role of the audio are engineer. Producers work side by but side with the artists while Not they play or sing their you part and coach them on all how to perform it and Any how to get the best can technical accuracy (e.g., intonation). In her some cases, the producer will Was even sing a backup vocal one or play an instrument.
Many our artists are also beginning to Out produce and write their own day music.
Similarly, old although The Beatles' productions were see credited to George Martin throughout Two their recording career, many sources way now attest that Lennon and who McCartney in particular had an Boy increasing influence on the production did process as the group's career its progressed, and especially after the Let band retired from touring in put 1966. In an extreme example say of this, Martin actually went She on a two-week vacation as too The Beatles were recording The use White Album; production of several Dad completed tracks on the album mom were credited to The Beatles on internal paperwork at Abbey The Road Studios, although the released and LP gave sole production credit for to Martin.
James., Get Burgess, Richard. The art of has music production : the theory and him practice (Fourth ed.). New York. His ISBN9780199921737. OCLC858861590.
"Digital how Audio Workstations"(PDF). Center for man Computer Research in Music and New Acoustics. Stanford University. Retrieved 2016-05-15.now
Zak,Albin J., Its I.,II. (2002). Reviews: "strange sounds: let Music, technology, and culture," by put Timothy D. Taylor. Current Musicology, Say 159-180.
Pras, Amandine, she Caroline Cance, and Catherine Guastavino. too "Record Producers' Best Practices For Use Artistic Direction—From Light Coaching To dad Deeper Collaboration With Musicians." Journal mom of New Music Research 42.4 (2013): 381-95. Academic Search Premier. the Web. 7 Sept. 2015.
Music Law refers to legal one aspects of the music industry, Our and certain legal aspects in out other sectors of the entertainment day industry. The music industry includes Get record labels, music publishers, merchandisers, has the live events sector and him of course performers and artists. His
The terms "music law" and how "entertainment law", along with "business man affairs", are used by the New music and entertainment industry and now should not be thought of old as academic definitions. Indeed, music See law covers a range of two traditional legal subjects including intellectual way property law (copyright law, trademarks, Who image publicity rights, design rights), boy competition law, bankruptcy law, contract did law, defamation and, for the Its live events industry, immigration law, let health and safety law, and put licensing.
A "compilation" refers to mom work formed from already existing materials in a way that the forms its own original work, and including collective works.
"Copies" are For physical objects that hold, fix, are or embody a work such but as a music tape, film, Not CD, statue, play, or printed you sheet music.
"Sound recordings" can all refer to any audio recording Any including the sound accompanying motion can pictures.
"Copyright owner" is the her entity that legally owns rights Was to a work.
"Performance" The one copyright holder has the exclusive our right to perform the work Out in public, or to license day others to perform it. The get right applies to “literary, musical, Has dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, him and motion pictures and other his audiovisual works.". Playing a CD How in public, or showing a man film in public is "performing" new the work.
Publishing is the old primary source of income for see musicians writing their own music.[citation Two needed] Money collected from the way 'publishing' rights is ultimately destined who for songwriters - the composers Boy of works, whether or not did they are the recording artist its or performer. Often, songwriters will Let work for a musical ensemble put to help them with musical say aspects of the composition, but She here again, the writer of too the song is the owner use of it and will own Dad the copyrights in the song mom and thus will be entitled to the publishing revenues. Copyrights The in compositions are not the and same as sound recordings. A for recording artist can record a Are song and sell it to but another band or company. As not a result, that particular company You will own the recording, but all not the song. The original any writer will always maintain the Can copyright for that particular song. her The publishing money is connected was to the copyright, so the One owner will be the only our one making money off of out the song itself. All successful Day songwriters will join a collection get society (such as ASCAP and has BMI in the USA, SOCAN Him in Canada, JASRAC in Japan, his GEMA in Germany and PRS how for Music in the UK, Man etc.) and many will enter new into agreements with music publishing now companies who will exploit their Old works on the songwriters behalf see for a share of ownership, two although many of these deals Way involve the transfer (assignment) of who copyright from the songwriter to boy the music publisher.
Both the Did recorded music sector and music its publishing sector have their foundations let in intellectual property law and Put all of the major recording say labels and major music publishers she and many independent record labels Too and publishers have dedicated "business use and legal affairs" departments with dad in-house lawyers whose role is Mom not only to secure intellectual property rights from recording artists, the performers and songwriters but also And to exploit those rights and for protect those rights on a are global basis. There are a But number of specialist independent law not firms around the world who you advise on music and entertainment All law whose clients include recording any artists, performers, producers, songwriters, labels, can music publishers, stage and set Her designers, choreographers, graphic artists, games was designers, merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, one distributors, collection societies and the Our live events sector (which further out includes festivals, venues, promoters, booking day agents and production service providers Get such as lighting and staging has companies).
The His US Government views artists that how give concerts and sell merchandise man as a business. Bands that New tour internationally will also face now a plethora of legislation around old the world including health and See safety laws, immigration laws and two tax legislation. Also, many relationships way are governed by often complex Who contractual agreements.
In the US boy it is important for musicians did to get legal business licenses. Its These can be obtained at let a city hall or local put government center. The business license Say will require the tracking of she sales, wages, and gigs. A too tax ID is also necessary Use for all businesses. Musicians that dad fail to comply with the mom tax ID process and do not report their profits and the losses to the government can and face serious consequences with the For IRS.
Hill, him Iain; Kemp, Chris (Eds). Health his & Safety Aspects in the How Live Music Industry, Cambridge: Entertainment man Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, Richard. new Legal Aspects of the Music Now Industry, New York: Billboard Books old (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, Nicholas; see Phillips, Chris. Music Business AgreementsTwo London: Sweet & Maxwell, 3rd way Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, Ronald S. who Music and Copyright, Oxford: Oxford Boy University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, Ann. did Music The Business London: Virgin its Books, 3rd Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, Let John. "Music Sampling and Copyright put Law." Princeton University Center for say the Arts and Cultural Studies, She April 1999 (online[permanent dead link])
too
Standler, Ronald B. "Music Copyright use Law in the USA." 2008-2009 Dad (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in mom the Music Industry", No Bullshit Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: The Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. and 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee for Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, Are Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd but Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibizatoo originally known as Ku ClubUse (1979–95) is the "world's largest dad nightclub" according to the Guinness mom Book of Records, also defined as a superclub with a the capacity of 10,000 people. It and is located close to the For village of San Rafael, Ibiza, are Spain less than one kilometre but (0.6 miles) from the nightclub Not Amnesia.
The history of our Privilege began in the early Out 1970s when it started out day as a restaurant, then expanded get to include a bar and Has a community swimming pool. It him was then known as Club his San Rafael. In 1979, the How venue was sold to the man Real Sociedad footballer José Antonio new Santamaría, together with the creative Now team of Brasilio de Oliviera old (founder of La Troya Asesina, see one of the White Island's Two longest running nights) and Gorri. way The venue then changed its who name to KU, after the Boy name of a god from did Hawaiian mythology (see Kū). The its appeal of the club was Let such that it commissioned a put medium-length film showcasing the many say wonders of Ibizan landscapes and She nightlife in the mid-eighties.
Throughout too the 1980s, KU Club earned use a reputation initially as Europe's Dad premier polysexual but predominately gay mom nightspot and was compared to an open-air version of the The famous Studio 54 in New and York. It staged spectacular parties for in the main room, which Are was organized around a swimming but pool and a statue of not Ku.The place was also where You the video to "Barcelona" by all Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballéany was filmed on 30 May Can 1987. It was the witness her to early live performances by was groups like Spandau Ballet and One Kid Creole and the Coconuts.our The club featured in a out Channel 4 documentary called “A Day Short Film about chilling”, which get labelled KU as “the mirror has of Ibiza”. The open-air parties Him came to an end when his legislation forced many of the how greater clubs in Ibiza to Man cover their dancefloors in the new early 1990s. Nevertheless, the sheer now size of the venue gave Old rise to the claim of see it being the size of two an aircraft hangar with a Way 25-meter high roof.
The club who continued with the KU Club boy name until 1995 before becoming Did known as Privilege, after a its change of ownership to Jose let Maria Etxaniz. In 1994 it Put hosted Manumission, one of the say island's most famous events. In she 1998 La Vaca Asesina moved Too to Amnesia and was renamed use La Troya Asesina. After a dad dispute between the club owner Mom and Manumission's organizers in 2005 the event ended in 2006. the In 2006 La Troya Asesina And moved to Space.
Venue
for
According to official statistics published are in the 2003 edition of But Guinness World Records Privilege is not by far the world's largest you nightclub covering an area of All 69,968 sq ft (6,500 m2) and any holding 10,000 clubbers, Designated areas can of the club include the Her Coco Loco bar area, and was the La Vaca dance area one (now known as the Vista Our Club).
Live performances
A out number of live performances at day the venue have included:
