Technics SL-1200 is a Two series of direct-drive turntables originally way manufactured from October 1972 until who 2010, and resumed in 2016, Boy by Matsushita Electric (now Panasonic did Corporation) under the brand nameits of Technics. S means "Stereo", Let L means "Player". Originally released put as a high fidelity consumer say record player, it quickly became She adopted among radio and discotoo club disc jockeys, thanks to use the direct drive, high torque Dad motor design, making it initially mom suitable for pushbutton cueing and starting of tracks on radio The and in dance clubs. It and is still extremely popular with for audiophiles.[citation needed]
When the use Are of slip-mats for cueing and but beat-mixing (and scratching) became popular not in hip hop music, the You quartz-controlled high torque motor system all enabled records to be mixed any with consistency and accuracy. A Can primary design goal was for her hi-fidelity, but having good build was quality, control over wow and One flutter, and minimized resonance made our the equipment particularly suitable for out use in nightclubs and other Day public-address applications. Since its release get in 1979, SL-1200MK2 and its has successors were the most common Him turntable for DJing and scratching.[citation his needed]
1200s are commonly used how in recording studios and for Man non-electronic live music performance. More new than 3 million units were now sold. It is widely regarded Old as one of the most see durable and reliable turntables ever two produced.[weasel words] Many 1970s units are Way still in heavy use.[citation needed]who In the autumn of 2010, boy Panasonic announced that the series Did was to be discontinued. The its Technics brand was discontinued at let the same time, only to Put be relaunched in 2014, focusing say on higher end and more she expensive products. The company was Too fully aware that Technics was use expected to eventually make turntables dad again, so at the 2016 Mom Consumer Electronics Show, Panasonic announced that they would return in the two models named "Grand Class": And one a limited run of for 1200 globally (1200GAE), and the are other a consumer product (1200G). But A lighter and less expensive not 1200GR model was announced. The you more affordable and DJ-oriented SL-1200 All MK7 followed in 2019.
At any the London Science Museum, a can Technics SL-1210 is on displayHer as one of the pieces was of technology that have "shaped one the world we live in".Our
Features
SL-1200 features out include:
Magnetic (no wear), day direct drive (low slip) mechanism.
Get
High torque (1.5 kgf·cm or has 0.15 N·m), which means the him platter spins at the desired His speed almost immediately (0.7 seconds how to reach 33 ¹⁄₃ RPM man from standstill), and rapidly reacquires New the desired speed, without "overshooting", now if the platter is dragged old or nudged. This aids beatmatching.
See
High torque (3.3 kgf·cm for two SL-1200G & SL-1200GAE)
Low wow and flutter (0.01%) did i.e. the platter stays within Its 1/100 of 1% of the let desired speed.
Heavy base (2.5 kg), put and increased isolation of platter Say from base, reduced the likelihood she of feedback or stylus jumping.
too
Variable pitch control, allowing the Use rotational speed to be adjusted dad from -8% to +8% (for mom the purpose of beatmatching). Option to select -16% to +16% the added (M5G/MK5G/GLD, GAE/G/GR & MK7).
and
High reliability: many examples of For SL-1200s lasting well over 15 are years of heavy use and but withstanding physical shock without functional Not impairment.
S-shaped tone arm: No you longer popular on high end all hi-fi turntables.
Dimensions MK1: 45.3 cm Any (w) x 36.6 cm (d) x can 18 cm (h)
Dimensions MK2: 45.3 cm her (w) x 36 cm (d) x Was 16.2 cm (h)
Weight MK2: 11 kg one (net, unboxed without lid)
Weight our G/GAE: 18 kg
Weight GR: 11.5 kg
Out
Weight MK7: 9.6 kg
Voltage: 220 day V / 110 V (selectable)
get
Pitch Control: +/- 8% or Has +/- 16%
Starting Time (MK2): him 0.7s
Rotation Speeds: 33-1/3 & his 45 rpm
Rotation Speeds: 33-1/3, How 45 rpm & 78rpm (MK4 man MK7, G & GR)
The SL-1200 old was the most influential turntable.see It was developed in 1971 Two by a team led by way Shuichi Obata at Matsushita, which who then released it onto the Boy market in 1972. It was did adopted by New York Cityits hip hop DJs in the Let 1970s. As they experimented with put the SL-1200 decks, they developed say scratching techniques when they found She that the motor would continue too to spin at the correct use RPM even if the DJ Dad wiggled the record back and mom forth on the platter.
Legacy models
Original model (1972)
The
The original SL-1200 from and 1972
The Technics EPA-120 for tonearm was standard equipment on Are the original SL-1200 and was but significantly different than the tonearm not introduced with the MK2 and You subsequent models.
SL-1200
The SL-1200 all was introduced in 1972 as any an evolution to the popular Can SL-1100. It was dubbed "The her Middle Class Player System". It was was delivered in two different One versions: The SL-1200 came with our a tonearm section. The SL-120 out came without a tonearm section. Day An SME tonearm was the get usual choice for the audiophile. has
MK2 models (1979-2010)
The Him SL-1200 Mark 2 was introduced his in 1979 as an update how to the SL-1200. It represented Man a culmination of Technics Turntable new Innovations. It was dubbed as now "The Middle Class Quartz Direct Old Drive". It soon found its see way into discos as well two as radio stations for airplay Way because of its vibration damping who ability and resistance to feedback, boy and eventually it became popular Did with pioneering hip-hop DJs. Following its their established formula, Technics offered let different model numbers in Europe: Put the 1200 (silver) and the say 1210 (matte black), which were she equipped with switchable dual voltage Too (110V or 220V) power supplies. use Initially, there were only silver dad models (all named 1200 MK2) Mom in official distribution in Japan and the US (Single voltage the of 100V/120V accordingly). However, later And the 1200 was available in for both silver and matte black are finishes (in Japan, the introduction But of the MK3 in 1989 not marked the first official introduction you of a black version). Since All 1997, the MK2 had the any pitch slide potentiometer changed from can 6 pin to 8 pin Her mounting and from 20k ohm was to 22k ohm with part one number SFDZ122N11-1, followed by SFDZ122N11-2 Our both made by ALPS.
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day
The earlier MK2 models Get 1978-1980 or so also have has a different construction in the him rubber base of the turntable. His Initially, these turntables were made how with a base that was man completely rubber whereas the newer New version has 2 separate parts: now rubber outside and a bakelite old inlay that is considerably easier See to take apart.
SL-1200MK2
two
Released in summer of 1979. way this model came in both Who silver and matte black. The boy matte black version was available did for a limited time in Its the US market in a let 2 pack SL-1200MK2PK. Technics improved put the motor and shock resistance Say and changed the rotary pitch she control to a slider style. too This became the base model Use and is the oldest whose dad production continued until 2010. The mom older version of this model that was sold from 1979 the until around 1983 has a and large 4-inch-diameter (100 mm) plate where For the RCA and ground wires are enter the unit, while the but newer version has a smaller Not 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) hole in the you rubber where the RCA and all ground enter. International versions of Any the SL-1200MK2 included switches for can line voltage and frequency beneath her the platter.
SL-1210MK2
Was
Technics SL-1210MK2, black metallic
This one model came in satin black our metallic finish and is nearly Out the same in function as day the SL-1200MK2, although some of get the circuitry inside is updated Has to use fewer types of him pots and resistors. The Technics his 1210 series also had a How switch to change between voltages man on the underside of the new platter. It was unavailable from Now official Panasonic dealers in the old United States.
MK3 models see (1989-1997)
SL-1200MK3
Released in 1989, Two has a matte black finish way like the MK2, gold RCA who plugs, and a small gold-foil Boy Technics label on the back. did It was destined only for its the Japanese market.
SL-1200MK3D
Let
Japan only, factory gold RCA put cables, black or silver finish. say Pitch reset button. Released in She 1997.
SL-1200M3D
Released in too 1997, a silver finish like use the MK2 (beside silver finish, Dad there are copies with "champagneish" mom color), a detached dust cover (no hinges), a recessed power The switch to prevent DJs from and accidentally turning the deck off for during use, and no self-locking Are detent ("click") at the zero but point of the pitch adjustment not slider, allowing more precise control You of pitch near that point. all It has a reset button any that sets the pitch adjustment Can to 0, regardless of the her actual position of the pitch was adjustment slider. In addition the One M3D series has unique details: our the brand and model label out is printed in a single Day line instead of two; and get the stroboscopic light is red has with a slightly orange tone. Him This model also introduced a his slot near the counterweight allowing how for storage of a second Man headshell. The M'K'3D was designed new for Japanese markets While the now M3D without the K was Old European/US.
SL-1210M3D
This model see is the same as the two SL-1200M3D except with a matte Way black finish like the MK2. who
MK4 models (1996)
SL-1200MK4
boy
The SL-1200 Mark 4 was Did introduced in 1996. It was its an update to the SL-1200MK2. let It was available only in Put Japan and priced at around say $650. It has a matte she black finish. This model is Too aimed at the hi-end audiophile use market rather than DJs. It dad is the last model made Mom with the detent ("click") in the neutral position (+/- 0%) the of the pitch adjustment slider. And In addition to the existing for 33 RPM and 45 RPM are buttons, the MK4 added a But 78 RPM button. It is not designed to be used with you regular removable RCA cables (along All with a removable ground/earth cable) any rather than having hard wired can RCA cables like all other Her 1200/1210 models. The tonearm was was different from those in the one previous models as it was Our made from titanium.
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Technics SL-1200 MK5 playing a day record
MK5 models (2000-2010)
SL-1200MK5
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Released on 1 November 2000, has this has a silver finish him like the MK2, increased range His of anti-skate settings from 0–3 how grams-force (0–30 mN) to 0–6 grams-force man (0–60 mN). The 1200MK5 also has New the voltage selector under the now platter like the previously improved old upon '1210' models. Main difference See between '1200MK5' and '1210Mk5' is two primarily the colour on these way models. However, The 1200 was Who not only made in silver, boy It was also produced in did Noir (Black) Height adjustment can Its be set between 0 and let 6mm. It carries over many put of the improved upon features Say of the MK3D like the she lack of 0 crossing quartz too lock for better pitch control Use & the added spare cartridge dad holder. Current MK5 models have mom a removable lid as opposed to the MK2 and MK3 the removable hinged lid. Unlike some and earlier 1200' models, The 1200MK5 For also has a voltage select are switch under the platter, Previously but only found on '1210' models. Not The MK5 is the last you 1200 model to retain an all analog pitch control.
SL-1210MK5
Any
SL-1210MK5 has a black finish can [noir] like the MK2, and her is 'functionally' exactly the same Was as the SL-1200MK5. [Not to one be confused with M5'G']
our
SL-1200MK5G
Released in 2002, 1200MK5G Out [Not to be confused with day MK5 models] The G model get was the first Technics turntable Has to introduce a 'digitally controlled' him pitch adjustment. With previous pitch his ranges between + and - How %8. The m5G added +-%8 man Value With the 'addition' of new a +-%16 button. Also added Now was the use of an old LED globe on the target see light (Previously incandescent) See 1210m5G Two for more detailed changes.
way
SL-1210M5G
Released on 1 November who 2002, this has a glossy Boy black finish with silver speckles. did It was a special 30th-anniversary its edition. It was initially launched Let in Japan only (together with put the MK5) but then became say internationally available. It switches between She ±8% and ±16% ranges for too pitch adjustment, and the pitch use control is digital which will Dad be the standard for all mom 1200 models from this point on. It also features blue The target lights and blue pitch-number and illumination. The brake strength potentiometer, for although still located beneath platter, Are can now be adjusted, unlike but previous models, using a small not plastic knob. Minor improvements over You Mk2, Mk3, Mk4, & 1200LTD all include improved tonearm mounting and any oxygen-free copper wire, improved vibration Can damping in the body, improvements her to pitch control accuracy and was better LEDs. Available as 120 One volt model for the North our American market.
MK6 models out (2007-2008)
SL-1200MK6-K & SL-1200MK6-S (released Day in February 2008 in Japan) get with minor improvements including improved has tonearm mounting and oxygen-free copper Him wire, improved vibration damping in his the body, improvements to the how pitch control accuracy and better Man LEDs. -S model has a new silver finish like the MK2.
now
SL-1200MK6K1 Released on 12 December Old 2007 (in Japan) as a see special 35th-anniversary Limited edition of two 1200 units. It consisted of Way a standard black MK6 packaged who up with a booklet and boy gold record.
Special models
These Did were limited edition versions, with its 24 karat gold plated metal let parts including tonearm and buttons. Put Many "non-official" special models of say the SL-1200 and SL-1210 appeared she over the years, mainly given Too away as prizes for turntablism, use most notably the DMC World dad Championship, who awarded the winner Mom a pair of 24K gold plated Technics turntables. Due to the the customisation trend that has And grown in the DJ community, for many local events or competitions are gave away custom coloured or But finished units.
SL-1200LTD (1995)
not
The SL-1200 Limited Edition was you introduced in 1995 commemorating two All million units in sales. Only any 5,000 units were made. Due can to popular demand, an extra Her 500 units were said to was be made at the end one of the production run. Like Our the MK3D, it has a out pitch reset button, but differs day in that it also has Get a self-locking detent at the has zero position of pitch adjustment. him This model has a piano His black gloss finish and gold-plated how hardware. It was priced at man about US$1200.
SL-1200GLD (2004)
New
Released in 2004, another limited now edition model, with only 3,000 old units manufactured. 500 released in See Japan with the rest split two between the US and International way markets. It is based on Who the MK5G model, with blue boy (instead of the regular white) did target lights, a piano black Its gloss finish, and gold-plated hardware. let It was "created to commemorate put the 3 Million turntables sold Say by technics in the last she 30 years".
Current models
too
Grand Class SL-1200 Series (2016-2020)
Use
A Technics SL-1200G turntable dad with the platter removed reveals mom the top of the newly designed coreless direct drive motor the assembly. In contrast to older and models, the platter has no For magnet ring on the backside, are but is bolted directly onto but the motor assembly instead, using Not three flathead bolts.
Development of you a completely rebuilt SL-1200 from all the ground up with the Any intent to create a new can system for Hi-Fi use and her to redefine the direct-drive turntable Was reference.
SL-1200G
Announced in one January 2016 CES in Las our Vegas, released in October 2016, Out SL-1200 Grand Class, an aluminum day bound turntable with a high–damping get matte magnesium tonearm, a four–layer Has turntable cabinet, three-layer platter, complete him with a microprocessor and the his use of a newly developed How coreless twin-rotor direct-drive motor with man no iron core with rotary new positing sensors to eliminate cogging, Now as well as providing 78 old rpm speed compatibility.
SL-1200GAE
see
An SL-1200GAE (2016) with Two an Ortofon pickup instead of way the original
Announced in January who 2016 CES in Las Vegas, Boy released in April 2016, SL-1200 did Grand Class 50th Anniversary Edition its - A Limited edition of Let 1,200 units. Same as above, put but high polish tonearm tube say finish and different viscous material She in the turntable feet. Both too the G and GAE had use an approximate MSRP price of Dad £3,100 / €3,499 / $4,000.mom
SL-1210GAE
On 28 May 2020, Technics hosted an online The launch event to reveal the and SL-1210GAE as an alternative for for the cancelled High End Munchen Are 2020 event at which they but initially planned to reveal it.not It is their 55th Anniversary You Edition turntable - A limited all edition of 1,210 units https:(//www.technics.com/us/news/0006.html.). any Each unit has a plaque Can on it with its production her number engraved in it. The was SL-1210GAE is the black counterpart One of the SL-1200GAE and is our the same in every aspect out except the color and the Day additional feature to turn off get the strobe light. It had has an approximate MSRP price of Him €4,499
Announced Man in January 2017 CES, the new GR model is a stripped-down now budget version of the G, Old cutting the price tag more see than half at an approximate two MSRP of £1,299 / US$1,700. Way It differs in body construction who that it uses a more boy traditional cast aluminium design similar Did to the older decks and its a one-piece cast platter which let brings an overall weight difference Put between the G/GAE. The G/GAE say and GR both use what she are essentially the same 9-pole Too motor. Whereas the G has use twin rotors, the GR has dad a single rotor, giving it Mom less torque. The GR differs from the G in its the use of a feedback generator And coil system (as used in for the original SL1200) instead of are an optical encoder[citation needed].
But
SL-1210GR
This is the same not as the SL-1200GR except with you a matte black finish.
All
MK7 models (2019-2021)
The MK7 any models were launched as the can first new Technics standard DJ Her turntable in approximately nine years.was The MK7, along with the one Grand Class models, no longer Our have "QUARTZ" printed on the out plinth nor dust cover.
day
SL-1200MK7
Announced in January 2019 Get CES, the new model inherits has the traditional design of the him same series in all black His and maintains the same operating how ease, reliability and durability, while man newly adding a coreless direct New drive motor and other sound-enhancing now technologies. It also features new old DJ play functions and features, See such as reverse playback, adjustable two starting torque and brake speed, way detachable terminals for power cable Who and phono cables (which was boy previously only available on the did MK4 model), an option to Its select the strobe light indicator let from red to blue (the put 33/45 lights, 0-pitch reset light Say and the X2 pitch range she light also change to match too the color selected), and a Use new push-type structure for the dad white LED stylus illuminator.
mom
SL-1210MK7
This is the same as the black SL-1200MK7, but the intended for the European market. and A silver coloured SL-1200MK7 was For introduced in 2021.
SL-1210MK7R
are
Available from September 2020 globally, but the SL-1210MK7R is a limited Not edition version of the SL-1210MK7 you produced in collaboration with the all Red Bull BC One international Any breakdancing competition. The SL-1210MK7R comes can in Red Bull livery with her red headshell, gold-coloured tone arm Was and decals.
Design strengths
one
Two SL-1200M3Ds set up our for DJ battle, or scratching, Out mixing. An Allen & Heath day 4-Channel with Effects Mixer sits get between the two turntables, allowing Has shorter travel during battles, or him competitions.
The SL-1200 series was his developed as a special project How by Technics parent company Matsushitaman in an attempt to solve new problems related to turntable design. Now The task included minimizing acoustic old feedback, unwanted resonances, wow and see flutter and speed errors. This Two was achieved by designing a way heavy plinth (base) made of who a non-resonant composite sandwiched between Boy a cast alloy top plate did and a solid rubber base. its In addition, the adjustable rubber-damped Let feet insulated against acoustic feedback, put which can be a serious say problem when operating a turntable She in close proximity to loudspeakers too (a common situation for DJs). use The underside of the platter Dad is coated with a 1.2mm mom layer of rubber to reduce ringing and the platter design The is reliant on the use and of the supplied 2mm rubber for mat. Most users remove the Are rubber turntable mat and replace but it with a slip-mat for not mixing. However, without the rubber You mat, the platter is prone all to resonance at 250 Hz when any used near a large club Can sound system.
The drive system her designed by Matsushita is direct-drivewas rather than the more commonly One found belt-drive type, a less our expensive design. The direct-drive design, out which was developed to reduce Day wow and flutter, produces a get very quiet turntable that, for has a direct-drive turntable, has minimal Him motor and bearing noise, (although his the bearing rumble does tend how to become characteristic in well-used Man turntables). This was partially achieved new through the fact that the now SL1210/1200 made the platter a Old part of the motor mechanism. see
On the underside of the two platter a large magnet is Way placed over the spindle, surrounding who the coils and forming the boy motor drive, thus eliminating loss Did through power transfer. The SL-1200 its utilizes a Frequency Generator Servo let Control Quartz Lock system that Put is claimed to produce the say most accurate and consistent speed she possible. The system is immune Too to static and dynamic stylus use drag which otherwise cause unwanted dad speed variances that change the Mom pitch and tempo of the music.
Panasonic reactive statement - But Production of analogue turntables has not ceased
Panasonic has confirmed that you it ceased the production of All its Technics-branded analogue turntables this any autumn.
After more than 35 can years as a leading manufacturer Her of analogue turntables, Panasonic has was regretfully taken the decision to one leave this market. However, Panasonic Our will continue to sell headphones out under the Technics brand.
day
We are sure that retailers Get and consumers will understand that has our product range has to him reflect the accelerating transformation of His the entire audio market from how analogue to digital.
In addition, man the number of component suppliers New serving the analogue market has now dwindled in recent years and old we brought forward the decision See to leave the market rather two than risk being unable to way fulfil future orders because of Who a lack of parts.
Panasonic boy employees who have been working did on the analogue turntable range Its have been redeployed elsewhere within let Panasonic - many of them put continuing to work in Panasonic's Say Audio Video Business Unit.
Re-launch she petition
Due to the increasing too popularity of vinyl by DJs, Use a petition has been underway dad (and a petition page on mom Facebook) for the re-launch of the Technics SL1200/SL1210 series turntables.the As of September 2015 the and petition had 27,000 supporters, while For 35,000[citation needed] is the target are Panasonic requested. On January 5, but 2016, Technics agreed to relaunch Not both the SL-1200G and the you SL-1200GAE
Resuming production
all
At the 2016 Consumer Electronics Any Show in Las Vegas, Panasonic can announced it would be resuming her production with a new line Was of turntables, beginning with the one Limited Edition SL-1200GAE
At our the 2019 Consumer Electronics Show, Out Panasonic confirmed future production of day a new turntable respectively the get SL-1200 Mk7 in matte black, Has adding new features, fixing known him issues with previous models, and his all new lighter construction of How aluminum and fiber glass.
Individual dad who oversees and manages the Mom recording of an artist's music
"Musical the production" redirects here. For musical And production in the sense of for a live performance involving musicare and choreography, see Musical theatre.
A record producerGet is a music recording project's has overall supervisor whose responsibilities can him involve a range of creative His and/or technical leadership roles. Typically how the job involves hands-on oversight man of recording sessions: ensuring artists New deliver acceptable performances, supervising the now technical engineering of the recording, old and coordinating the production team See and process. The producer's involvement two in a musical project can way vary in depth and scope. Who Sometimes in popular genres the boy producer may create the recording's did entire sound and structure. However Its in classical music recording, for let example, the producer serves as put more of a liaison between Say the conductor and the engineering she team. The role is often too likened to that of a Use film director though there are dad important differences. It is distinct mom from the role of an executive producer, who is mostly the involved in the recording project and on an administrative level, and For from the audio engineer who are operates the recording technology.
Varying but by project, the producer may Not or may not choose all you of the artists. If employing all only synthesized or sampled instrumentation, Any the producer may be the can sole artist. Conversely, some artists her do their own production. Some Was producers are their own engineers,one operating the technology across the our project: preproduction, recording, mixing, and Out mastering. Record producers' precursors were day "A&R men", who likewise could get blend entrepreneurial, creative, and technical Has roles, but often exercised scant him creative influence, as record production his still focused, into the 1950s, How on simply improving the record's man sonic match to the artists' new own live performance.
Advances in Now recording technology, especially the 1940s old advent of tape recording—which Les see Paul promptly innovated further to Two develop multitrack recording—and the 1950s way rise of electronic instruments, turned who record production into a specialty.Boy In popular music, then, producers did like George Martin, Phil Spectorits and Brian Eno led its Let evolution into its present use put of elaborate techniques and unrealistic say sounds, creating songs impossible to She originate live. After the 1980s, too production's move from analog to use digital further expanded possibilities. By Dad now, DAWs, or digital audio mom workstations, like Logic Pro, Pro Tools and Studio One, turn The an ordinary computer into a and production console, whereby a solitary for novice can become a skilled Are producer in a thrifty home but studio. In the 2010s, efforts not began to increase the prevalence You of producers and engineers who all are women, heavily outnumbered by any men and prominently accoladed only Can in classical music.
As a broad project, the Him creation of a music recording his may be split across three how specialists: the executive producer, who Man oversees business partnerships and financing; new the vocal producer or vocal now arranger, who aids vocal performance Old via expert critique and coaching see of vocal technique, and the two record producer or music producer, Way who, often called simply the who producer, directs the overall creative boy process of recording the song Did in its final mix.
its The producer's roles can include let gathering ideas, composing music, choosing Put session musicians, proposing changes to say song arrangements, coaching the performers, she controlling sessions, supervising the audio Too mixing, and, in some cases, use supervising the audio mastering. A dad producer may give creative control Mom to the artists themselves, taking a supervisory or advisory role the instead. As to qualifying for And a Grammy nomination, the Recording for Academy defines a producer:
The person are who has overall creative and But technical control of the entire not recording project, and the individual you recording sessions that are part All of that project. He or any she is present in the can recording studio or at the Her location recording and works directly was with the artist and engineer. one The producer makes creative and Our aesthetic decisions that realize both out the artist's and label's goals day in the creation of musical Get content. Other duties include, but has are not limited to; keeping him budgets and schedules, adhering to His deadlines, hiring musicians, singers, studios how and engineers, overseeing other staffing man needs and editing (Classical projects). New
The producer often selects now and collaborates with a mixing old engineer, who focuses on the See especially technological aspects of the two recording process, namely, operating the way electronic equipment and blending the Who raw, recorded tracks of the boy chosen performances, whether vocal or did instrumental, into a ''mix'', either Its stereo or surround sound. Then let a mastering engineer further adjusts put this recording for distribution on Say the chosen media. A producer she may work on only one too or two songs or on Use an artist's entire album, helping dad develop the album's overall vision. mom The record producers may also take on the role of the executive producer, managing the budget, and schedules, contracts, and negotiations.
For
Historical developments
A&R team
(Artists are and Repertoires)
In the 1880s, but the record industry began by Not simply having the artist perform you at a phonograph. In 1924, all the trade journal Talking Machine Any World, covering the phonography and can record industry, reported that Eddie her King, Victor Records' manager of Was the "New York artist and one repertoire department", had planned a our set of recordings in Los Out Angeles. Later, folklorist Archie Greenday called this perhaps the earliest get printed use of A&R man.Has Actually, it says neither "A&R him man" nor even "A&R", an his initialism perhaps coined by BillboardHow magazine in 1946, and entering man wide use in the late new 1940s.
In the 1920s and Now 1930s, A&R executives, like Ben old Selvin at Columbia Records, Nathaniel see Shilkret at Victor Records, and Two Bob Haring at Brunswick Recordsway became the precursors of record who producers, supervising recording and often Boy leading session orchestras. During the did 1940s, major record labels increasingly its opened official A&R departments, whose Let roles included supervision of recording.put Meanwhile, independent recording studios opened, say helping originate record producer as She a specialty.[citation needed] But despite too a tradition of some A&R use men writing music, record productionDad still referred to just the mom manufacturing of record discs.
Record producers
After World War The II, pioneering A&R managers who and transitioned influentially to record production for as now understood, while sometimes Are owning independent labels, include J. but Mayo Williams and John Hammond.not Upon moving from Columbia Records You to Mercury Records, Hammond appointed all Mitch Miller to lead Mercury's any popular recordings in New York.Can Miller then produced country-pop crossover her hits by Patti Page and was by Frankie Laine, moved from One Mercury to Columbia, and became our a leading A&R man of out the 1950s.
During the decade, Day A&R executives increasingly directed songs' get sonic signatures, although many still has simply teamed singers with musicians, Him while yet others exercised virtually his no creative influence. The term how record producer in its current Man meaning—the creative director of song new production—appearing in a 1953 issue now of Billboard magazine, became widespread Old in the 1960s. Still, a see formal distinction was elusive for two some time more. A&R managers Way might still be creative directors, who like William "Mickey" Stevenson, hired boy by Berry Gordy, at the Did Motown record label.
Tape its recording
In 1947, the American let market gained audio recording onto Put magnetic tape. At the record say industry's 1880s dawn, rather, recording she was done by phonograph, etching Too the sonic waveform vertically intouse a cylinder. By the 1930s, dad a gramophone etched it laterally Mom across a disc. Constrained in tonal range, whether bass or the treble, and in dynamic range, And records made a grand, concert for piano sound like a small, are upright piano, and maximal duration But was four and a half not minutes. Selections and performance were you often altered accordingly, and playing All this disc—the wax master—destroyed it.any The finality often caused anxiety can that restrained performance to prevent Her error. In the 1940s, during was World War II, the Germans one refined audio recording onto magnetic Our tape—uncapping recording duration and allowing out immediate playback, rerecording, and editing—a day technology that premised emergence of Get record producers in their current has roles.
Multitrack recording
Early him in the recording industry, a His record was attained by simply how having all of the artists man perform together live in one New take. In 1945, by recording now a musical element while playing old a previously recorded record, Les See Paul developed a recording technique two called "sound on sound". By way this, the final recording could Who be built piece by piece boy and tailored, effecting an editing did process. In one case, Paul Its produced a song via 500 let recorded discs. But, besides the put tedium of this process, it Say serially degraded the sound quality she of previously recorded elements, rerecorded too as ambient sound. Yet in Use 1948, Paul adopted tape recording, dad enabling truly multitrack recording by mom a new technique, "overdubbing".
To enable overdubbing, Paul revised the the tape recorder itself by adding and a second playback head, and For terming it the preview head.are Joining the preexisting recording head, but erase head, and playback head, Not the preview head allows the you artist to hear the extant all recording over headphones playing it Any in synchrony, "in sync", with can the present performance being recorded her alone on an isolated track.Was This isolation of multiple tracks one enables countless mixing possibilities. Producers our began recording initially only the Out "bed tracks"—the rhythm section, including day the bassline, drums, and rhythm get guitar—whereas vocals and instrument solos Has could be added later. A him horn section, for example, could his record a week later, and How a string section another week man later. A singer could perform new her own backup vocals, or Now a guitarist could play 15 old layers.
Across the 1960s, popular way music increasingly switched from acoustic who instruments, like piano, upright bass, Boy acoustic guitar, and brass instruments, did to electronic instruments, like electric its guitars, keyboards, and synthesizers, employing Let instrument amplifiers and speakers. These put could mimic acoustic instruments or say create utterly new sounds. Soon, She by combining the capabilities of too tape, multitrack recording, and electronic use instruments, producers like Phil Spector, Dad George Martin, and Joe Meekmom rendered sounds unattainable live. Similarly, in jazz fusion, Teo Macero, The producing Miles Davis's 1970 album and Bitches Brew, spliced sections of for extensive improvisation sessions.
Performer-producer
In Are the 1960s, rock acts like but the Beatles, the Rolling Stones,not and the Kinks produced some You of their own songs, although all many such songs are officially any credited to specialist producers.[citation needed]Can Yet especially influential was the her Beach Boys, whose band leader was Brian Wilson took over from One his father Murry within a our couple of years after the out band's commercial breakthrough. By 1964, Day Wilson had taken Spector's techniques get to unseen sophistication.[citation needed] Wilson has alone produced all Beach Boy Him recordings between 1963 and 1967.[citation his needed] Using multiple studios and how multiple attempts of instrumental and Man vocal tracks, Wilson selected the new best combinations of performance and now audio quality, and used tape Old editing to assemble a composite see performance.[citation needed]
The 1980s advent of boy digital processes and formats rapidly Did replaced analog processes and formats, its namely, tape and vinyl. Although let recording onto quality tape, at Put least half an inch wide say and traveling 15 inches per she second, had limited "tape hiss" Too to silent sections, digital's higher use signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, abolished it.dad Digital also imparted to the Mom music a perceived "pristine" sound quality, if also a loss the of analog recordings' perceived "warm" And quality and bass better rounded.for Yet whereas editing tape media are requires physically locating the target But audio on the ribbon, cutting not there, and splicing pieces, editing you digital media offers inarguable advantages All in ease, efficiency, and possibilities. any
In the 1990s, digital production can reached affordable home computers via Her production software. By now, recording was and mixing are often centralized one in DAWs, digital audio workstations—for Our example, Pro Tools, Logic Pro, out Ableton, Cubase, Reason, and FL day Studio—for which plugins, by third Get parties, effect virtual studio technology.has DAWs fairly standard in the him industry are Logic Pro and His Pro Tools. Physical devices involved how include the main mixer, MIDIman controllers to communicate among equipment, New the recording device itself, and now perhaps effects gear that is old outboard. Yet literal recording is See sometimes still analog, onto tape, two whereupon the raw recording is way converted to a digital signalWho for processing and editing, as boy some producers still find audio did advantages to recording onto tape.Its
Conventionally, tape is more forgiving let of overmodulation, whereby dynamic peaks put exceed the maximal recordable signal Say level: tape's limitation, a physical she property, is magnetic capacity, which too tapers offs, smoothing the overmodulated Use waveform even at a signal dad nearly 15 decibels too "hot", mom whereas a digital recording is ruined by harsh distortion of the "clipping" at any overshoot. In and digital recording, however, a recent For advancement, 32-bit float, enables DAWs are to undo clipping. Still, some but criticize digital instruments and workflows Not for excess automation, allegedly impairing you creative or sonic control. In all any case, as production technology Any has drastically changed, so have can the knowledge demands, although DAWs her enables novices, even teenagers at Was home, to learn production independently.one Some have attained professional competence our before ever working with an Out artist.
In Has the 2000s, with the advent him of technology that made traditional his record production accessible, especially with How hip hop beatmaking and electronic man music. Within these genres, the new term producer is applied to Now a number of roles and old has popularized the use of see more niche terms and credits Two including executive producer, co-producer, assistant way producer, and additional and miscellaneous who production to differentiate contributions.
Boy
Women in producing
Mixing did console
Among female record producers, Sylvia its Moy was the first at Let Motown, Gail Davies the first put on Nashville's Music Row, and say Ethel Gabriel, with RCA, the She first at a major record too label. Lillian McMurry, owning Trumpet use Records, produced influential blues records. Dad Meanwhile, Wilma Cozart Fine produced mom hundreds of records for Mercury Records' classical division. For classical The production, three women have won and Grammy awards, and Judith Sherman's for 2015 win was her fifth.Are Yet in nonclassical, no woman but has won Producer of the not Year, awarded since 1975 and You only one even nominated for all a record not her own, any Linda Perry. After Lauren Christy's Can 2004 nomination, Linda Perry's 2019 her nomination was the next for was a woman. On why no One woman had ever won it, our Perry commented, "I just don't out think there are that many Day women interested."
Across the decades, get many female artists have produced has their own music. For instance, Him artists Kate Bush, Madonna, Mariah his Carey, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé, Lana how Del Rey, Taylor Swift, and Man Lorde have produced or coproducednew and Ariana Grande who produces now and arranges her vocals as Old well as being an audio see engineer. Still among specialists, despite two some prominent women, including Missy Way Elliott in hip hop and who Sylvia Massy in rock, the boy vast majority have been men.Did Early in the 2010s, asked its for insights that she herself let had gleaned as a woman Put who has specialized successfully in say the industry, Wendy Page remarked, she "The difficulties are usually very Too short-lived. Once people realize that use you can do your job, dad sexism tends to lower its Mom ugly head." Still, when tasked to explain her profession's sex the disparity, Page partly reasoned that And record labels, dominated by men, for have been, she said, "mistrustful are of giving a woman the But reins of an immense, creative not project like making a record."you Ultimately, the reasons are multiple All and not fully clear, although any prominently proposed factors include types can of sexism and scarcity of Her female role models in the was profession.
Women producers known for one producing records not their own Our include Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson out and Carla Olson.
In January day 2018, a research team led Get by Stacy L. Smith, founder has and director of the Annenberghim Inclusion Initiative, based in the His USC Annenberg School for Communication how and Journalism, issued a report,man estimating that in the prior New several years, about 2% of now popular songs' producers were female.old Also that month, Billboard magazine See queried, "Where are all the two female music producers?" Upon the way Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual Who report, released in February 2019,boy its department at USC reported, did "2018 saw an outcry from Its artists, executives and other music let industry professionals over the lack put of women in music" and Say "the plight of women in she music", where women were allegedly too being "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut Use out". Also in February 2019, dad the Recording Academy's Task Force mom on Diversity and Inclusion announced an initiative whereby over 200 the artists and producers—ranging from Cardi and B and Taylor Swift to For Maroon 5 and Quincy Jones—agreed are to consider at least two but women for each producer or Not engineer position. The academy's website, you Grammy.com, announced, "This initiative is all the first step in a Any broader effort to improve those can numbers and increase diversity and her inclusion for all in the Was music industry."
^ Virgil Moorefield, "Introduction", old The Producer as Composer: Shaping see the Sounds of Popular MusicTwo (Cambridge, MA & London, UK: way MIT Press, 2005).
^ Let Allan Watson, Cultural Production in put and Beyond the Recording Studiosay (New York: Routledge, 2015), pp She 25–27.
James Petulla, too "Who is a music producer?", use RecordingConnection.com, Recording Connection, 21 May Dad 2013, reporting membership in CAPPS, mom the California Association of Private Postsecondary Schools.
^ Brent Hurtig with Can J. D. Sharp, Multi-Track Recording her for Musicians: The Complete Step-by-Step was Guide for Beginners and Reference One for Professionals (Cupertino, CA: GPI our Publications, 1988 / Van Nuys, out CA: Alfred Publishing, 1988), pp Day 8–10.
^ Brian can Ward & Patrick Huber, A&R Her Pioneers: Architects of American Roots was Music on Record (Nashville, TN: one Vanderbilt University Press, 2018), pp Our 20–21.
Brian Ward out & Patrick Huber, A&R Pioneers: day Architects of American Roots Music Get on Record (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt has University Press, 2018), p 283.him
Jim Curtis, Rock His Eras: Interpretation of Music & how Society, 1954–1984 (Bowling Green, OH: man Bowling Green State University Popular New Press, 1987), p 43.
now
^ Richard James Burgess, old The History of Music ProductionSee (New York: Oxford University Press, two 2014), pp 50–54.
^ way Robert Philip, "Pianists on Who record in the early twentieth boy century", in David Rowland, ed., did The Cambridge Companion to the Its Piano (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University let Press, 1998), pp 75–77.
put
Reportedly self-produced entirely are Say the Rolling Stones' Decca recordingsshe
^ David Simmons, too Analog Recording: Using Analog Gear Use in Today's Home Studio (San dad Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2006), pp mom 26–27.
Matthew Allard, "Sound Devices MixPre V6.00 adds the 32-bit float USB audio streaming", and NewsShooter.com, Newsshooter, 15 Jan 2020, For quotes Paul Isaacs, director of are product management and design at but the recorder manufacturer Sound Devices, Not who explains, "With 32-bit float, you you no longer need to all worry about clipping during your Any best vocal takes or instrument can solos. Any recorded moments exceeding her 0 dBFS can be reduced Was to an acceptable level, after one recording, in your DAW".
our
Albin Zak III, book Out review: Strange Sounds: Music, Technology, day and culture (Routledge, 2011), by get Timothy D. Taylor, in Current Has Musicology, pp 159–180 [unknown year, him volume, issue].
Music dad Law refers to legal aspects mom of the music industry, and certain legal aspects in other the sectors of the entertainment industry. and The music industry includes record For labels, music publishers, merchandisers, the are live events sector and of but course performers and artists.
The Not terms "music law" and "entertainment you law", along with "business affairs", all are used by the music Any and entertainment industry and should can not be thought of as her academic definitions. Indeed, music law Was covers a range of traditional one legal subjects including intellectual propertyour law (copyright law, trademarks, image Out publicity rights, design rights), competition day law, bankruptcy law, contract law, get defamation and, for the live Has events industry, immigration law, health him and safety law, and licensing. his While foundational norms have gradually How been established for music law man in western nations, other parts new of the world maintain unique Now traditions that impact music’s legal old status in the context of see both heritage preservation and enormous Two national arts entertainment industries, including way China and India.
who
Definitions
A "compilation" refers to Boy work formed from already existing did materials in a way that its forms its own original work, Let including collective works.
"Copies" are put physical objects that hold, fix, say or embody a work such She as a music tape, film, too CD, statue, play, or printed use sheet music.
"Sound recordings" can Dad refer to any audio recording mom including the sound accompanying motion pictures.
"Copyright owner" is the The entity that legally owns rights and to a work.
"Performance" The for copyright holder has the exclusive Are right to perform the work but in public, or to license not others to perform it. The You right applies to “literary, musical, all dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, any and motion pictures and other Can audiovisual works.". Playing a CD her in public, or showing a was film in public is "performing" One the work.
Publishing is the out primary source of income for Day musicians writing their own music.[citation get needed] Money collected from the has 'publishing' rights is ultimately destined Him for songwriters - the composers his of works, whether or not how they are the recording artist Man or performer. Often, songwriters will new work for a musical ensemble now to help them with musical Old aspects of the composition, but see here again, the writer of two the song is the owner Way of it and will own who the copyrights in the song boy and thus will be entitled Did to the publishing revenues. Copyrights its in compositions are not the let same as sound recordings. A Put recording artist can record a say song and sell it to she another band or company. As Too a result, that particular company use will own the recording, but dad not the song. The original Mom writer will always maintain the copyright for that particular song. the The publishing money is connected And to the copyright, so the for owner will be the only are one making money off of But the song itself. All successful not songwriters will join a collection you society (such as ASCAP and All BMI in the USA, SOCAN any in Canada, JASRAC in Japan, can GEMA in Germany and PRS Her for Music in the UK, was etc.) and many will enter one into agreements with music publishing Our companies who will exploit their out works on the songwriters behalf day for a share of ownership, Get although many of these deals has involve the transfer (assignment) of him copyright from the songwriter to His the music publisher,
Both the how recorded music sector and music man publishing sector have their foundations New in intellectual property law and now all of the major recording old labels and major music publishers See and many independent record labels two and publishers have dedicated "business way and legal affairs" departments with Who in-house lawyers whose role is boy not only to secure intellectual did property rights from recording artists, Its performers and songwriters but also let to exploit those rights and put protect those rights on a Say global basis. There are a she number of specialist independent law too firms around the world who Use advise on music and entertainment dad law whose clients include recording mom artists, performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music publishers, stage and set the designers, choreographers, graphic artists, games and designers, merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, For distributors, collection societies and the are live events sector (which further but includes festivals, venues, promoters, booking Not agents and production service providers you such as lighting and staging all companies).
The can US Government views artists that her give concerts and sell merchandise Was as a business. Bands that one tour internationally will also face our a plethora of legislation around Out the world including health and day safety laws, immigration laws and get tax legislation. Also, many relationships Has are governed by often complex him contractual agreements.
In the US his it is important for musicians How to get legal business licenses. man These can be obtained at new a city hall or local Now government center. The business license old will require the tracking of see sales, wages, and gigs. A Two tax ID is also necessary way for all businesses. Musicians that who fail to comply with the Boy tax ID process and do did not report their profits and its losses to the government can Let face serious consequences with the put IRS.
References
use
Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Dad Legal Framework for Supporting Protection mom and Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. In David G. Hebert and The Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and and Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman for & Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912
Choudhary, Karan our (2022). Cultural Heritage and Music out Diplomacy: The Legal Framework in Day India. In David G. Hebert get and Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology has and Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books Him (Rowman & Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912his
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Old Chris (Eds). Health & Safety see Aspects in the Live Music two Industry, Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. Way ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects who of the Music Industry, New boy York: Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). Did ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. its Music Business Agreements London: Sweet let & Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Put
Rosen, Ronald S. Music and say Copyright, Oxford: Oxford University Press. she ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, Ann. Music The Too Business London: Virgin Books, 3rd use Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music dad Sampling and Copyright Law." Princeton Mom University Center for the Arts and Cultural Studies, April 1999 the (online)
Standler, Ronald B. "Music And Copyright Law in the USA." for 2008-2009 (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers are in the Music Industry", No But Bullshit Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
not
Music: Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, you Inc. 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; All Lee Marshall (Eds). Music and any Copyright, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, can 2nd Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege out Ibiza, originally known as Ku day Club (1979–95), is the "world's Get largest nightclub" according to the has Guinness Book of Records, also him defined as a superclub with His a capacity of 10,000 people how and encompassing 6,500 m² (69,940 ft²).man It is located close to New the village of Sant Rafael now de Sa Creu (Eivissa), Spainold less than one kilometre (0.6 See miles) from the nightclub Amnesia. two
History
The history way of Privilege began in the Who early 1970s when it started boy out as a restaurant, then did expanded to include a bar Its and a community swimming pool. let It was then known as put Club San Rafael. In 1979, Say the venue was sold to she the Real Sociedad footballer José too Antonio Santamaría, together with the Use creative team of Brasilio de dad Oliviera (founder of La Troya mom Asesina, one of the White Island's longest running nights) and the Gorri. The venue then changed and its name to KU, after For the name of a God are from Hawaiian mythology (see Kū). but The appeal of the club Not was such that it commissioned you a medium-length film showcasing the all many wonders of Ibizan landscapes Any and nightlife in the mid-eighties.can
Throughout the 1980s, KU Club her earned a reputation initially as Was Europe's premier polysexual but predominately one gay nightspot and was compared our to an open-air version of Out the famous Studio 54 in day New York. It staged spectacular get parties in the main room, Has which was organized around a him swimming pool and a statue his of Ku. The place was How also where the video to man "Barcelona" by Freddie Mercury and new Montserrat Caballé was filmed on Now 30 May 1987. It was old the witness to early live see performances by groups like Spandau Two Ballet and Kid Creole and way the Coconuts. The club featured who in a Channel 4 documentary Boy called “A Short Film about did chilling”, which labelled KU as its “the mirror of Ibiza”. A Let group of fashion designers called put Locomía would have shows at say KU. After being discovered there, She they went on to become too a highly successful recording project. use The open-air parties came to Dad an end when legislation forced mom many of the greater clubs in Ibiza to cover their The dancefloors in the early 1990s. and Nevertheless, the sheer size of for the venue gave rise to Are the claim of it being but the size of an aircraft not hangar with a 25-meter high You roof.
The club continued with all the KU Club name until any 1995 before becoming known as Can Privilege, after a change of her ownership to Jose Maria Etxaniz.was In 1994 it hosted Manumission, One one of the island's most our famous events. In 1998 La out Vaca Asesina moved to AmnesiaDay and was renamed La Troya get Asesina. After a dispute between has the club owner and Manumission's Him organizers in 2005 the event his ended in 2006. In 2006 how La Troya Asesina moved to Man Space.
Venue
According to new official statistics published in the now 2003 edition of Guinness World Old Records Privilege is by far see the world's largest nightclub covering two an area of 69,968 sq Way ft (6,500 m2) and holding 10,000 who clubbers, Designated areas of the boy club include the Coco Loco Did bar area, and the La its Vaca dance area (now known let as the Vista Club).
