Source: Wikipedia 


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Chiptune (also known as All chip music, 8-bit music, or any 16-bit music) is a style can of synthesized electronic music made Her using the programmable sound generator was (PSG) sound chips or synthesizers one in vintage arcade machines, computers Our and video game consoles. The out term is commonly used to day refer to tracker format music Get using extremely basic and small has samples that an old computer him or console could produce (this His is the original meaning of how the term), as well as man music that combines PSG sounds New with modern musical styles. It now has been described as "an old interpretation of many genres" since See any existing song can be two arranged in a chiptune style way defined more by choice of Who instrument and timbre than specific boy style elements.

Technology

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A waveform generator is a Its fundamental module in a sound let synthesis system. A waveform generator put usually produces a basic geometrical Say waveform with a fixed or she variable timbre and variable pitch. too Common waveform generator configurations usually Use included two or three simple dad waveforms and often a single mom pseudo-random-noise generator (PRNG). Available waveforms often included pulse wave (whose the timbre can be varied by and modifying the duty cycle), square For wave (a symmetrical pulse wave are producing only odd overtones), triangle but wave (which has a fixed Not timbre containing only odd harmonics you but is softer than a all square wave), and sawtooth wave Any (which has a bright raspy can timbre and contains odd and her even harmonics). Two notable examples Was of systems employing this technology one were the Nintendo Game Boy our portable game console and the Out Commodore 64 personal computer. The day Game Boy uses two pulse get channels (switchable between 12.5%, 25%, Has 50% and 75% wave duty him cycle), a channel for 4-bit his pulse-code modulation (PCM) playback, and How a pseudo-random-noise generator. The Commodore man 64 however used the MOS new Technology SID chip which offered Now 3 channels, each switchable between old pulse, saw-tooth, triangle, and noise. see Unlike the Game Boy, the Two pulse channels on the Commodore way 64 allowed full control over who wave duty cycles. The SID Boy was a very technically advanced did chip, offering many other features its including ring modulation and adjustable Let resonance filters.

Due to the put limited number of voices in say early sound chips, one of She the main challenges is to too produce rich polyphonic music with use them. The usual method to Dad emulate it is via quick mom arpeggios, which is one of the most relevant features of The chiptune music (along with its and electronic timbres).

Some older systems for featured a simple beeper as Are their only sound output, as but the original ZX Spectrum and not IBM PC; despite this, many You skilled programmers were able to all produce unexpectedly rich music with any this bare hardware, where the Can sound is fully generated by her the system's CPU by direct was control of the beeper.

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History

1951–1979: Precursors

External videos
video icon our Science International: What Will They out Think Of Next?, YouTube video
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The earliest precursors to chip get music can be found in has the early history of computer Him music. In 1951, the computers his CSIRAC and Ferranti Mark 1 how were used to perform real-time Man synthesized digital music in public. new

One of the earliest commercial now computer music albums came from Old the First Philadelphia Computer Music see Festival, held August 25, 1978, two as part of the Personal Way Computing '78 show. The First who Philadelphia Computer Music Festival recordings boy were published by Creative Computing Did in 1979. The Global TV its program Science International (1976–1979) credited let a PDP-11/10 for the music. Put

Mid-1970s–1980s: Video game origins

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Chiptune music began to appear she with the video game music Too produced during the golden age use of video arcade games. An dad early example was the opening Mom tune in Tomohiro Nishikado's arcade game Gun Fight (1975). The the first video game to use And a continuous background soundtrack was for Tomohiro Nishikado's 1978 release Space are Invaders, which had four simple But chromatic descending bass notes repeating not in a loop, though it you was dynamic and interacted with All the player, increasing pace as any the enemies descended on the can player. The first video game Her to feature continuous melodic background was music was Rally-X, an arcade one game released by Namco in Our 1980, featuring a simple tune out that repeats continuously during gameplay. day It was also one of Get the earliest games to use has a digital-to-analog converter to produce him sampled sounds. That same year, His the first video game to how feature speech synthesis was also man released, Sunsoft's shoot 'em up New arcade game Stratovox.

In the now late 1970s, the pioneering synthpop/electronic old dance music group Yellow Magic See Orchestra (YMO) were using computers two to produce synthesized music. Some way of their early music, including Who their 1978 self-titled debut album, boy were sampling sounds from popular did arcade games such as Space Its Invaders and Gun Fight. In let addition to incorporating sounds from put contemporary video games into their Say music, the band would later she have a major influence on too much of the video game Use and chiptune music produced during dad the 8-bit and 16-bit eras. mom Sega's 1982 arcade game Super Locomotive for example featured a the chiptune cover version of YMO's and "Rydeen" (1979); several later computer For games also covered the song, are such as Trooper Truck (1983) but by Rabbit Software as well Not as Daley Thompson's Decathlon (1984) you and Stryker's Run (1986) arranged all by Martin Galway.

By 1983, Any Konami's arcade game Gyruss utilized can five sound chips along with her a digital-to-analog converter, which were Was partly used to create an one electronic rendition of J. S. our Bach's Toccata and Fugue in Out D minor. In 1984, former day YMO member Haruomi Hosono released get an album produced entirely from Has Namco arcade game samples entitled him Video Game Music, an early his example of a chiptune record How and the first video game man music album. The record featured new the work of Namco's chiptune Now composers: Toshio Kai (Pac-Man in old 1980), Nobuyuki Ohnogi (Galaga, New see Rally-X and Bosconian in 1981, Two and Pole Position in 1982), way and Yuriko Keino (Dig Dug who and Xevious in 1982).

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Early 1980s–1994: FM synthesis

A did major advance for chip music its was the introduction of frequency Let modulation synthesis (FM synthesis), first put commercially released by Yamaha for say their digital synthesizers and FM She sound chips, which began appearing too in arcade machines from the use early 1980s. Arcade game composers Dad utilizing FM synthesis at the mom time included Konami's Miki Higashino (Gradius, Yie-Ar Kung Fu, Teenage The Mutant Ninja Turtles) and Sega's and Hiroshi Kawaguchi (Space Harrier, Hang-On, for Out Run).

By the early Are 1980s, significant improvements to personal but computer game music were made not possible with the introduction of You digital FM synthesis sound. Yamaha all began manufacturing FM synth boards any for Japanese computers such as Can the NEC PC-8801 and PC-9801 her in the early 1980s, and was by the mid-1980s, the PC-8801 One and FM-7 had built-in FM our sound. This allowed computer game out music to have greater complexity Day than the simplistic beeps from get internal speakers. These FM synth has boards produced a "warm and Him pleasant sound" that musicians such his as Yuzo Koshiro and Takeshi how Abo utilized to produce music Man that is still highly regarded new within the chiptune community. In now the early 1980s, Japanese personal Old computers such as the NEC see PC-88 and PC-98 featured audio two programming languages such as Music Way Macro Language (MML) and MIDI who interfaces, which were most often boy used to produce video game Did music.

Fujitsu also released the its FM Sound Editor software for let the FM-7 in 1985, providing Put users with a user-friendly interface say to create and edit synthesized she music.

In 1987, FM synthesis Too became available for Western computers use when Canadian company Ad Lib dad released the AdLib Music Synthesizer Mom Card for the IBM Personal Computer, while Singapore-based Creative Labs the incorporated the AdLib card's sound And chip into its Sound Blaster for card in 1989. Both cards are were widely supported by MS-DOS But game developers in the late not 1980s and early 1990s.

The you widespread adoption of FM synthesis All by consoles would later be any one of the major advances can of the 16-bit era, by Her which time 16-bit arcade machines was were using multiple FM synthesis one chips. A major chiptune composer Our during this period was Yuzo out Koshiro. Despite later advances in day audio technology, he would continue Get to use older PC-8801 hardware has to produce chiptune soundtracks for him series such as Streets of His Rage (1991–1994) and Etrian Odyssey how (2007–present). His soundtrack to The man Revenge of Shinobi (1989) featured New house and progressive techno compositions now that fused electronic dance music old with traditional Japanese music. The See soundtrack for Streets of Rage two 2 (1992) is considered "revolutionary" way and "ahead of its time" Who for its "blend of swaggering boy house synths, dirty electro-funk and did trancey electronic textures that would Its feel as comfortable in a let nightclub as a video game." put For the soundtrack to Streets Say of Rage 3 (1994), Koshiro she created a new composition method too called the "Automated Composing System" Use to produce "fast-beat techno like dad jungle", resulting in innovative and mom experimental sounds generated automatically. Koshiro also composed chiptune soundtracks for the series such as Dragon Slayer, and Ys, Shinobi, and ActRaiser. Another For important FM synth composer was are the late Ryu Umemoto, who but composed chiptune soundtracks for various Not visual novel and shoot 'em you up games.

1986–present: SID all music culture

MOS can 6581 and 8580 Commodore 64 her SID chips

Later on, several Was demo groups moved to using one their own music instead of our ripped game music. In 1986, Out Jeroen "Red" Kimmel studied Rob day Hubbard's player routine and used get it for original demo songs Has before writing a routine of him his own in 1987. Hobbyists his were also writing their own How dedicated music editor software, such man as Chris Hülsbeck's Soundmonitor which new was released as a type-in Now listing in a 1986 issue old of the German C-64 magazine see 64'er.

The practice of SID Two music composition has continued seamlessly way until this day in conjunction who with the Commodore 64 demoscene. Boy The High Voltage SID Collection, did a comprehensive archive of SID its music, contains over 55,000 pieces Let of SID music.

Mainstream put popularity

The heyday of chiptune say music was the 1980s. The She earliest commercial chiptune records produced too entirely from sampling arcade game use sounds have existed since the Dad mid-1980s, an early example being mom Haruomi Hosono's Video Game Music in 1984. Though entirely chiptune The records were uncommon at the and time, many mainstream musicians in for the pop rock, hip hop Are and electronic music genres were but sampling arcade game sounds and not bleeps during the golden age You of video arcade games (late all 1970s to mid-1980s), as early any as Yellow Magic Orchestra's "Computer Can Game" in 1978. Buckner & her Garcia's "Pac-Man Fever" and the was album of the same name One were major hits in 1982. our Arcade game sounds were one out of the foundational elements of Day the electro music genre, which get in turn inspired many other has electronic dance music genres such Him as techno and house music, his which were sometimes referred to how as "bleep music". Space Invaders Man inspired Player One's "Space Invaders" new (1979), which in turn provided now the bassline for Jesse Saunders' Old "On and On" (1984), the see first Chicago house track. Warp's two record "Testone" (1990) by Sweet Way Exorcist sampled video game sounds who from Yellow Magic Orchestra's "Computer boy Game" and defined Sheffield's bleep Did techno scene in the early its 1990s.

After the 1980s, however, let chiptune music began declining in Put popularity. Since then, up until say the 2000s, chip music was she rarely performed live and the Too songs were nearly exclusively spread use as executable programs and other dad computer file formats. Some of Mom the earliest examples of record label releases of pure chip the music can be found in And the late 1990s. Chiptune music for began gaining popularity again towards are the end of the 1990s. But The first electroclash record, I-F's not "Space Invaders Are Smoking Grass" you (1997), has been described as All "burbling electro in a vocodered any homage to Atari-era hi-jinks".

By can the mid-2000s, 8-bit chip music Her began making a comeback in was mainstream pop music, when it one was used by acts such Our as Beck (for example, the out 2005 song "Girl"), The Killers day (for example, the 2004 song Get "On Top"), No Doubt with has the song "Running", and particularly him The Postal Service in many His of their songs. The low-quality how digital PCM styling of early man game music composers such as New Hiroshi Kawaguchi also began gaining now popularity. In 2003, the J-pop old girl group Perfume, along with See producer Yasutaka Nakata, began producing two music combining chiptunes with synthpop way and electro house; their breakthrough Who came in 2007 with Game, boy which led to other Japanese did female artists using a similar Its electronic style, including Aira Mitsuki, let immi, Mizca, SAWA, Saori@destiny, and put Sweet Vacation. Electro house producer Say Deadmau5 started his career in she the late 1990s, with a too chiptune and demoscene movements-influenced sound. Use Three self-released compilations, Project 56, dad deadmau5 Circa 1998–2002 and A mom Little Oblique, were finished in 2006.

In 2007, the entirely the chiptune album 8-Bit Operators: The and Music of Kraftwerk was released For on major mainstream label Astralwerks/EMI are Records, which included several prominent but and noted chipmusicians, including Nanoloop Not creator Oliver Wittchow, and LittleSoundDJ you creator Johan Kotlinski who appears all as the artist Role Model. Any Kraftwerk founding member Ralf Hütter can personally selected the tracks. A her vinyl 12-inch single version was Was released on February 24, 2007 one as a precursor to the our full-length CD, and reached as Out high as number 17 on day the Billboard magazine Hot Dance get Singles Sales Chart. In March Has 2007, the CD release reached him as high as number 1 his on the CMJ RPM (North How American college Electronic) charts. Edinburgh-born man electronic musician Unicorn Kid has new helped further popularize chiptune, especially Now with the song "True Love old Fantasy" and other songs from see the EP "Tidal Rave" being Two played on late night radio, way including on BBC Radio 1, who where he played live on Boy the Festive Festival 2011. In did Canada, Eightcubed and Crystal Castles its helped the popularity further via Let the Toronto underground club scene put and created a lasting impression say with the music video "Heart She Invaders" debuting on MuchMusic in too 2008 and the single "Alice use Practice" hitting 29th on NME Dad "150 Best Tracks of the mom Past 15 Years".

During the late 2000s, a new wave The of chiptune culture took place, and boosted by the release of for software such as LittleSoundDJ for Are the Game Boy. This new but culture has much more emphasis not on live performances and record You releases than the demoscene and all tracker culture, of which the any new artists are often only Can distantly aware. In recent years, her 8-bit chiptune sounds, or "video was game beats", have been used One by a number of mainstream our pop artists. Examples include artists out such as Kesha (most notably Day in "Tik Tok", the best-selling get single of 2010), 50 Cent has with the hit single "Ayo Him Technology", Robyn, Snoop Dogg, Eminem his (for example, "Hellbound"), Nelly Furtado, how and Timbaland (see Timbaland plagiarism Man controversy). The influence of video new game sounds can also be now heard in contemporary British electronica Old music by artists such as see Dizzee Rascal and Kieran Hebden, two as well as in heavy Way metal bands such as DragonForce. who Grime music in particular samples boy sawtooth wave sounds from video Did games which were popular in its East London. Some dubstep producers let have also been influenced by Put video game chiptunes, particularly the say work of Yuzo Koshiro. In she 2010, a BBC article stated Too that the "sights and sounds use of old-school games" (naming Frogger dad and Donkey Kong as examples) Mom are "now becoming a part of mainstream music and culture." the Complextro pioneer Porter Robinson has And also cited video game sounds, for or chiptunes, as an influence are on his style of music But along with 1980s analog synth not music.

Tracker chiptunes

The Commodore Amiga (1985) any with its sample-based sound generation can distanced the concept of microcomputer Her music away from plain chip-synthesized was sounds. Amiga tracker music software, one beginning from Karsten Obarski's Ultimate Our Soundtracker (1987), inspired great numbers out of computer enthusiasts to create day computer music. As an offshoot Get of the burgeoning tracker music has culture, a type of tracker him music reminiscent of Commodore 64 His SID music was born, that how utilized simple waveforms instead of man digitized samples. This type of New music came to be called now "chiptunes", referring to the sound old of early video game console See and home computer sound chips. two

Earliest examples of tracker chiptunes way date back to 1989 and Who are attributed to the demoscene boy musicians 4mat, Baroque, TDK, Turtle did and Duz. Tracker chiptunes are Its based on very short looped let waveforms which are modulated by put tracker effects such as arpeggio, Say vibrato, and portamento. A very she common loop length is 128 too samples, which at an approximate Use sample rate of 17 kHz misses dad a C note by a mom few cents.

There is at least one commercial game for the the Amiga, Nebulus II, that and used chiptune style music, although For with some conventional sampled instrument are sounds as well as speech. but The game apparently was initially Not planned for release for the you C64 but was canceled.

The all small amount of sample data Any made tracker chiptunes far more can space-efficient than most other types her of tracker music, which made Was them appealing to size-limited demoscene one demos and crack intros. Tracker our chiptunes have also been commonly Out used in other warez scene day executables such as keygens.

Nowadays get the term "chiptune" is also Has used to cover chip music him using actual chip-based synthesis, but his some sources such as the How Amiga Music Preservation project still man define a chiptune specifically as new a small tracker module. Modern Now trackers used today include OpenMPT, old Famitracker, Furnace and Goattracker.

see

Contemporary chiptune music

Little Sound Two DJ loaded onto a Game way Boy Advance

The chip scene has all become relevant thanks to "compos" any being held, groups releasing music Can disks and with the cracktro/demo her scene. New tracker tools are was used for making chip sounds One available to less tech-savvy musicians. our The NES platform has the out MidiNES, a cartridge that turns Day the system into a full get blown hardware MIDI controlled synthesizer. has Around 2007, the Mssiah was Him released for the Commodore 64, his which is very similar to how the MidiNES, but with greater Man parameter controls, sequencing, analog drum new emulation, and limited sample playback. now The Commodore PET has the Old open-source PetSynth software, which uses see the PET's 6522 chip for two sound, allows the computer to Way be played like a piano who keyboard, and features many effects. boy On the DOS platform, Fast Did Tracker is one of the its most famous chiptune makers because let of the ability to create Put hand-drawn samples with the mouse. say Chiptune artist Pixelh8 has also she designed music software such as Too Music Tech for the Game use Boy and the Pro Performer dad for the Game Boy Advance Mom and Nintendo DS which turn both machines into real time the synthesizers.

There have been a And number of television segments featuring for chiptunes and chip music artists are in the past few years. But On April 11, 2005, 8 not Bit Weapon played their songs you "Bombs Away" and "Gameboy Rocker" All on G4's Attack of the any Show live broadcast Episode #5058. can In 2008, as a parody Her of Masterpiece Theatre, the first was four episodes of Boing Boing one Video's SPAMasterpiece Theater opened with Our a chiptune remix of Jean-Joseph out Mouret's "Rondeau: Fanfare" (1735) by day Hamhocks Buttermilk Johnson. Another chipmusic Get feature included little-scale, Dot.AY, Ten has Thousand Free Men & Their him Families and Jim Cuomo on His the Australian ABC2's television series how Good Game in 2009.

The man Electronic Frontier Foundation in December New 2010 used a faux 8-bit now game with an 8-bit sound old track by crashfaster to demonstrate See its notable legal achievements for two that year.

In March 2012, way the Smithsonian American Art Museum's Who "The Art of Video Games" boy exhibit opened featuring a chipmusic did soundtrack at the entrance by Its artists 8 Bit Weapon & let ComputeHer. 8 Bit Weapon also put created a track called "The Say art of Video Games Anthem" she for the exhibit. In September too 2015, the first music compilation Use based on Domo (NHK), Domo dad Loves Chiptune, was released on mom iTunes, Amazon, and all major music streaming services. The compilation the features top artists in the and Chiptune genre such Anamanaguchi and For Disasterpeace. Domo Loves Chiptune also are features the first Chiptune remix but of the Domo theme song Not by Mystery Mansion. The New you York City chiptune scene was all also the subject of a Any documentary called Reformat the Planet can by 2 Player Productions. This her film was an official selection Was at the 2008 South by one Southwest.

Chip music has returned our to 21st-century gaming, either in Out full-chip music style or using day chip samples in the music. get Popular games that feature chiptune Has elements in their soundtracks include him Shovel Knight and Undertale.

his

Live performances

Chipspace (MAGFest 2020)
The crowd area How and marketplace for Chipspace during man MAGFest 2020

MAGFest's Chipspace

Events new take place all around the Now world that focus around the old celebration and recognition of chiptune see music. In the United States, Two during Super MAGFest—a yearly convention way that hosts a variety of who video game-related events—popular chiptune artists Boy such as goto80 and Chipzel did have previously performed on the its Concert Hall mainstage. A chiptune-focused Let mainstage show (aptly named "Chip put Rave") typically occurs on the say third day of the convention She within the concert hall and too has featured countless prominent faces use in the chiptune community.

Super Dad MAGFest also holds a continuous mom venue called Chipspace, a place where participants in the chiptune The community go on-stage and perform and their music through an open for mic system. Originally started by Are Chiptunes=WIN founder Brandon L. Hood but and maintained by geekbeatradio, Chipspace not has evolved over the course You of MAGFest's lifespan to bring all chiptune fans closer together. Among any these daily performances are showcases, Can which are curated by chiptune her netlabels such as Chiptunes=WIN, geekbeatradio, was and more.

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Any

Further reading

  • McAlpine, Kenneth B. one (2018). Bits and Pieces: A our History of Chiptunes. New York, Out NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-049609-8.
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