A her record producer or music producerWas is a recording project's creative one and technical leader, commanding studio our time and coaching artists, and Out in popular genres typically creates day the song's very sound and get structure. The record producer, or Has simply the producer, is likened him to a film director. The his executive producer, on the other How hand, enables the recording project man through entrepreneurship, and an audio new engineer operates the technology.
Varying Now by project, the producer may old also choose all of the see artists, or openly perform vocals Two with them. If employing only way synthesized or sampled instrumentation, the who producer may be the sole Boy artist. Conversely, some artists do did their own production. And some its producers are their own engineers,Let operating the technology across the put project: preproduction, recording, mixing, and say mastering. Record producers' precursors were She "A&R men," who likewise could too blend entrepreneurial, creative, and technical use roles, but often exercised scant Dad creative influence, as record production mom still focused, into the 1950s, on simply improving the record's The sonic match to the artists' and own live performance.
Advances in for recording technology, especially the 1940s Are advent of tape recording—which Les but Paul promptly innovated further to not develop multitrack recording—and the 1950s You rise of electronic instruments, turned all record production into a specialty.any In popular music, then, producers Can like George Martin, Phil Spectorher and Brian Eno led its was evolution into its present use One of elaborate techniques and unrealistic our sounds, creating songs impossible to out originate live. After the 1980s, Day production's move from analog to get digital further expanded possibilities. By has now, DAWS, or digital audio Him workstations, like Logic Pro and his Pro Tools, turn an ordinary how computer into a production console,Man whereby a solitary novice can new become a skilled producer in now a thrifty home studio. In Old the 2010s, efforts began to see increase the prevalence of producers two and engineers who are women, Way heavily outnumbered by men and who prominently accoladed only in classical boy music.
As a broad not project, the creation of a you music recording may be split All across three specialists: the executive any producer, who oversees business partnerships can and financing, the vocal producer Her or vocal arranger, who aids was vocal performance via expert critique one and coaching of vocal technique, Our and the record producer or out music producer, who, often called day simply the producer, directs the Get overall creative process of recording has the song in its final him mix.
The record producer's His roles include, but may exceed, how gathering ideas, composing music, choosing man session musicians, proposing changes to New song arrangements, coaching the performers, now controlling sessions, supervising the audio old mixing, and, in some cases, See supervising the audio mastering. As two to qualifying for a Grammyway nomination, the Recording Academy defines Who a producer:
The person who has boy overall creative and technical control did of the entire recording project, Its and the individual recording sessions let that are part of that put project. He or she is Say present in the recording studio she or at the location recording too and works directly with the Use artist and engineer. The producer dad makes creative and aesthetic decisions mom that realize both the artist's and label's goals in the the creation of musical content. Other and duties include, but are not For limited to; keeping budgets and are schedules, adhering to deadlines, hiring but musicians, singers, studios and engineers, Not overseeing other staffing needs and you editing (Classical projects).
The all producer often selects and collaborates Any with a mixing engineer, who can focuses on the especially technological her aspects of the recording process, Was namely, operating the electronic equipment one and blending the raw, recorded our tracks of the chosen performances, Out whether vocal or instrumental, into day a ''mix,'' either stereo or get surround sound. Then a mastering Has engineer further adjusts this recording him for distribution on the chosen his media. A producer may work How on only one or two man songs or on an artist's new entire album, helping develop the Now album's overall vision. The record old producers may also take on see the role of executive producer, Two managing the budget, schedules, contracts, way and negotiations.
Historical developments
who
A&R men
(Artist and Repertoire)Boy
In the 1880s, the record did industry began by simply having its the artist perform at a Let phonograph. In 1924, the trade put journal Talking Machine World, covering say the phonography and record industry, She reported that Eddie King, Victor too Records' manager of the "New use York artist and repertoire department," Dad had planned a set of mom recordings in Los Angeles. Later, folklorist Archie Green called this The perhaps the earliest printed use and of A&R man. Actually, it for says neither "A&R man" nor Are even "A&R," an initialism perhaps but coined by Billboard magazine in not 1946, and entering wide use You in the late 1940s.
In all the 1920s and 1930s, A&R any executives, like Ben Selvin at Can Columbia Records, Nathaniel Shilkret at her Victor Records, and Bob Haring was at Brunswick Records, supervising recording One and often leading session orchestras, our became the precursors of record out producers. During the 1940s, American Day record labels increasingly opened official get A&R departments, whose roles included has supervision of recording. Meanwhile, recording Him studios owned independently, not by his major record labels, opened, helping how originate record producer as a Man specialty.[citation needed] But despite a new tradition of some A&R men now writing music, record production remained, Old strictly, merely the manufacturing of see record discs.
Record producers
two
After World War II, pioneering Way A&R managers who transitioned influentially who to record production as now boy understood, while sometimes owning independent Did labels, include J. Mayo Williamsits and John Hammond. Upon moving let from Columbia Records to Mercury Put Records, Hammond appointed Mitch Millersay to lead Mercury's popular recordings she in New York. Miller then Too produced country-pop crossover hits by use Patti Page and by Frankie dad Laine, moved from Mercury to Mom Columbia, and became a leading A&R man of the 1950s.the
During the decade, A&R executives And increasingly directed songs' sonic signatures, for although many still simply teamed are singers with musicians, while yet But others exercised virtually no creative not influence. The term record produceryou in its current meaning—the creative All director of song production—appearing in any a 1953 issue of Billboardcan magazine, became widespread in the Her 1960s. Still, a formal distinction was was elusive for some time one more. A&R managers might still Our be creative directors, like William out "Mickey" Stevenson, hired by Berry day Gordy, at the Motown record Get label.
Tape recording
In has 1947, the American market gained him audio recording onto magnetic tape.His At the record industry's 1880s how dawn, rather, recording was done man by phonograph, etching the sonic New waveform vertically into a cylinder.now By the 1930s, a gramophone old etched it laterally across a See disc. Constrained in tonal range, two whether bass or treble, and way in dynamic range, records made Who a grand, concert piano sound boy like a small, upright piano, did and maximal duration was four Its and a half minutes. Selections let and performance were often altered put accordingly. And playing this disc—the Say wax master—destroyed it. The finality she often caused anxiety that restrained too performance to prevent error. In Use the 1940s, during World War dad II, the Germans refined audio mom recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration and allowing immediate playback, the rerecording, and editing—a technology that and premised emergence of record producers For in their current roles.
are
Multitrack recording
Early in the but recording industry, a record was Not attained by simply having all you of the artists perform together all live in one take. In Any 1945, by recording a musical can element while playing a previously her recorded record, Les Paul developed Was a recording technique called "sound one on sound." By this, the our final recording could be built Out piece by piece and tailored, day effecting an editing process. In get one case, Paul produced a Has song via 500 recorded discs.him But, besides the tedium of his this process, it serially degraded How the sound quality of previously man recorded elements, rerecorded as ambient new sound. Yet in 1948, Paul Now adopted tape recording, enabling truly old multitrack recording by a new see technique, "overdubbing."
To enable overdubbing, Two Paul revised the tape recorder way itself by adding a second who playback head, and terming it Boy the preview head. Joining the did preexisting recording head, erase head, its and playback head, the preview Let head allows the artist to put hear the extant recording over say headphones playing it in synchrony, She "in sync," with the present too performance being recorded alone on use an isolated track. This isolation Dad of multiple tracks enables countless mom mixing possibilities. Producers began recording initially only the "bed tracks"—the The rhythm section, including the bassline, and drums, and rhythm guitar—whereas vocals for and instrument solos could be Are added later. A horn section, but for example, could record a not week later, and a string You section another week later. A all singer could perform her own any backup vocals, or a guitarist Can could play 15 layers.
In the 1960s, Did rock acts like the Beatles, its the Rolling Stones, and the let Kinks produced some of their Put own songs, although many such say songs are officially credited to she specialist producers.[citation needed] Yet especially Too influential was the Beach Boys, use whose band leader Brian Wilsondad took over from his father Mom Murry within a couple of years after the band's commercial the breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had And taken Spector's techniques to unseen for sophistication.[citation needed] Wilson alone produced are all Beach Boy recordings between But 1963 and 1967.[citation needed] Using not multiple studios and multiple attempts you of instrumental and vocal tracks, All Wilson selected the best combinations any of performance and audio quality, can and used tape editing to Her assemble a composite performance.[citation needed]was
The out 1980s advent of digital processes day and formats rapidly replaced analog Get processes and formats, namely, tape has and vinyl. Although recording onto him quality tape, at least half His an inch wide and traveling how 15 inches per second, had man limited "tape hiss" to silent New sections, digital's higher signal-to-noise ratio, now SNR, abolished it. Digital also old imparted to the music a See perceived "pristine" sound quality, if two also a loss of analog way recordings' perceived "warm" quality and Who bass better rounded. Yet whereas boy editing tape media requires physically did locating the target audio on Its the ribbon, cutting there, and let splicing pieces, editing digital media put offers inarguable advantages in ease, Say efficiency, and possibilities.
In the she 1990s, digital production reached affordable too home computers via production software. Use By now, recording and mixing dad are often centralized in DAWs, mom digital audio workstations—for example, Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton, Cubase, the Reason, and FL Studio—for which and plugins, by third parties, effect For virtual studio technology. DAWs fairly are standard in the industry are but Logic Pro and Pro Tools.Not Physical devices involved include the you main mixer, MIDI controllers to all communicate among equipment, the recording Any device itself, and perhaps effects can gear that is outboard. Yet her literal recording is sometimes still Was analog, onto tape, whereupon the one raw recording is converted to our a digital signal for processing Out and editing, as some producers day still find audio advantages to get recording onto tape.
Conventionally, tape Has is more forgiving of overmodulation, him whereby dynamic peaks exceed the his maximal recordable signal level: tape's How limitation, a physical property, is man magnetic capacity, which tapers offs, new smoothing the overmodulated waveform even Now at a signal nearly 15 old decibels too "hot," whereas a see digital recording is ruined by Two harsh distortion of "clipping" at way any overshoot. In digital recording, who however, a recent advancement, 32-bit Boy float, enables DAWs to undo did clipping. Still, some criticize digital its instruments and workflows for excess Let automation, allegedly impairing creative or put sonic control. In any case, say as production technology has drastically She changed, so have the knowledge too demands, although DAWs enables novices, use even teenagers at home, to Dad learn production independently. Some have mom attained professional competence before ever working with an artist.
Across see the decades, many female artists two have produced their own music.Way For instance, artists Kate Bush, who Madonna, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé, Taylor boy Swift, and Lorde have produced Did or coproduced. Still, among specialists, its despite some prominent women, including let Missy Elliott in hip hop Put and Sylvia Massy in rock, say the vast majority have been she men. Early in the 2010s, Too asked for insights that she use herself had gleaned as a dad woman who has specialized successfully Mom in the industry, Wendy Page remarked, "The difficulties are usually the very short-lived. Once people realize And that you can do your for job, sexism tends to lower are its ugly head." Still, when But tasked to explain her profession's not sex disparity, Page partly reasoned you that record labels, dominated by All men, have been, she said, any "mistrustful of giving a woman can the reins of an immense, Her creative project like making a was record." Ultimately, the reasons are one multiple and not fully clear, Our although prominently proposed factors include out types of sexism and scarcity day of female role models in Get the profession.
In January 2018, has a research team led by him Stacy L. Smith, founder and His director of the Annenberg Inclusion how Initiative, based in the USC man Annenberg School for Communication and New Journalism, issued a report, estimating now that in the prior several old years, about 2% of popular See songs' producers were female. Also two that month, Billboard magazine queried, way "Where all the female music Who producers?" Upon the Annenberg Inclusion boy Initiative's second annual report, released did in February 2019, its department Its at USC reported, "2018 saw let an outcry from artists, executives put and other music industry professionals Say over the lack of women she in music" and "the plight too of women in music," where Use women were allegedly being "stereotyped, dad sexualized, and shut out." Also mom in February 2019, the Recording Academy's Task Force on Diversity the and Inclusion announced an initiative and whereby over 200 artists and For producers—ranging from Cardi B and are Taylor Swift to Maroon 5but and Quincy Jones—agreed to consider Not at least two women for you each producer or engineer position.all The academy's website, Grammy.com, announced, Any "This initiative is the first can step in a broader effort her to improve those numbers and Was increase diversity and inclusion for one all in the music industry."our
^ Allan its Watson, Cultural Production in and Let Beyond the Recording Studio (New put York: Routledge, 2015), pp 25–27.say
James Petulla, "Who She is a music producer?", RecordingConnection.com, too Recording Connection, 21 May 2013, use reporting membership in CAPPS, the Dad California Association of Private Postsecondary mom Schools.
^ all Brent Hurtig with J. any D. Sharp, Multi-Track Recording for Can Musicians: The Complete Step-by-Step Guide her for Beginners and Reference for was Professionals (Cupertino, CA: GPI Publications, One 1988 / Van Nuys, CA: our Alfred Publishing, 1988), pp 8–10.out
^ you Brian Ward & Patrick Huber, All A&R Pioneers: Architects of American any Roots Music on Record (Nashville, can TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2018), Her pp 20–21.
Brian was Ward & Patrick Huber, A&R one Pioneers: Architects of American Roots Our Music on Record (Nashville, TN: out Vanderbilt University Press, 2018), p day 283.
Jim Curtis, Get Rock Eras: Interpretation of Music has & Society, 1954–1984 (Bowling Green, him OH: Bowling Green State UniversityHis Popular Press, 1987), p 43.how
^ Richard James man Burgess, The History of Music New Production (New York: Oxford University now Press, 2014), pp 50–54.
old
^ Robert Philip, "Pianists See on record in the early two twentieth century", in David Rowland, way ed., The Cambridge Companion to Who the Piano (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge boy University Press, 1998), pp 75–77.did
Reportedly self-produced entirely Its are the Rolling Stones' Decca let recordings
^ David put Simmons, Analog Recording: Using Analog Say Gear in Today's Home Studioshe (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2006), too pp 26–27.
Matthew Use Allard, "Sound Devices MixPre V6.00 dad adds 32-bit float USB audio mom streaming", NewsShooter.com, Newsshooter, 15 Jan 2020, quotes Paul Isaacs, director the of product management and design and at the recorder manufacturer Sound For Devices, who explains, "With 32-bit are float, you no longer need but to worry about clipping during Not your best vocal takes or you instrument solos. Any recorded moments all exceeding 0 dBFS can be Any reduced to an acceptable level, can after recording, in your DAW".her
Albin Zak III, Was book review: Strange Sounds: Music, one Technology, and culture (Routledge, 2011), our by Timothy D. Taylor, in Out Current Musicology, pp 159–180 [unknown day year, volume, issue].
Music all Law refers to legal aspects any of the music industry, and Can certain legal aspects in other her sectors of the entertainment industry. was The music industry includes record One labels, music publishers, merchandisers, the our live events sector and of out course performers and artists.
The Day terms "music law" and "entertainment get law", along with "business affairs", has are used by the music Him and entertainment industry and should his not be thought of as how academic definitions. Indeed, music law Man covers a range of traditional new legal subjects including intellectual propertynow law (copyright law, trademarks, image Old publicity rights, design rights), competition see law, bankruptcy law, contract law, two defamation and, for the live Way events industry, immigration law, health who and safety law, and licensing. boy
A "compilation" refers to work she formed from already existing materials Too in a way that forms use its own original work, including dad collective works.
"Copies" are physical Mom objects that hold, fix, or embody a work such as the a music tape, film, CD, And statue, play, or printed sheet for music.
"Sound recordings" can refer are to any audio recording including But the sound accompanying motion pictures.
not
"Copyright owner" is the entity you that legally owns rights to All a work.
"Performance" The copyright any holder has the exclusive right can to perform the work in Her public, or to license others was to perform it. The right one applies to “literary, musical, dramatic, Our and choreographic works, pantomimes, and out motion pictures and other audiovisual day works.". Playing a CD in Get public, or showing a film has in public is "performing" the him work.
Publishing is the primary how source of income for musicians man writing their own music.[citation needed]New Money collected from the 'publishing' now rights is ultimately destined for old songwriters - the composers of See works, whether or not they two are the recording artist or way performer. Often, songwriters will work Who for a musical ensemble to boy help them with musical aspects did of the composition, but here Its again, the writer of the let song is the owner of put it and will own the Say copyrights in the song and she thus will be entitled to too the publishing revenues. Copyrights in Use compositions are not the same dad as sound recordings. A recording mom artist can record a song and sell it to another the band or company. As a and result, that particular company will For own the recording, but not are the song. The original writer but will always maintain the copyright Not for that particular song. The you publishing money is connected to all the copyright, so the owner Any will be the only one can making money off of the her song itself. All successful songwriters Was will join a collection society one (such as ASCAP and BMI our in the USA, SOCAN in Out Canada, JASRAC in Japan, GEMA day in Germany and PRS for get Music in the UK, etc.) Has and many will enter into him agreements with music publishing companies his who will exploit their works How on the songwriters behalf for man a share of ownership, although new many of these deals involve Now the transfer (assignment) of copyright old from the songwriter to the see music publisher.
Both the recorded Two music sector and music publishing way sector have their foundations in who intellectual property law and all Boy of the major recording labels did and major music publishers and its many independent record labels and Let publishers have dedicated "business and put legal affairs" departments with in-house say lawyers whose role is not She only to secure intellectual property too rights from recording artists, performers use and songwriters but also to Dad exploit those rights and protect mom those rights on a global basis. There are a number The of specialist independent law firms and around the world who advise for on music and entertainment law Are whose clients include recording artists, but performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music not publishers, stage and set designers, You choreographers, graphic artists, games designers, all merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, any collection societies and the live Can events sector (which further includes her festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents was and production service providers such One as lighting and staging companies). our
The US Day Government views artists that give get concerts and sell merchandise as has a business. Bands that tour Him internationally will also face a his plethora of legislation around the how world including health and safety Man laws, immigration laws and tax new legislation. Also, many relationships are now governed by often complex contractual Old agreements.
In the US it see is important for musicians to two get legal business licenses. These Way can be obtained at a who city hall or local government boy center. The business license will Did require the tracking of sales, its wages, and gigs. A tax let ID is also necessary for Put all businesses. Musicians that fail say to comply with the tax she ID process and do not Too report their profits and losses use to the government can face dad serious consequences with the IRS. Mom
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris (Eds). day Health & Safety Aspects in Get the Live Music Industry, Cambridge: has Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, him Richard. Legal Aspects of the His Music Industry, New York: Billboard how Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, man Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music Business New Agreements London: Sweet & Maxwell, now 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, Ronald old S. Music and Copyright, Oxford: See Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, two Ann. Music The Business London: way Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
Who
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling and boy Copyright Law." Princeton University Center did for the Arts and Cultural Its Studies, April 1999 (online[permanent dead let link])
Standler, Ronald B. "Music put Copyright Law in the USA." Say 2008-2009 (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers she in the Music Industry", No too Bullshit Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Use
Music: Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, dad Inc. 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; mom Lee Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, the 2nd Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege dad Ibiza originally known as Ku Mom Club (1979–95) is the "world's largest nightclub" according to the the Guinness Book of Records, also And defined as a superclub with for a capacity of 10,000 people. are It is located close to But the village of San Rafael, not Ibiza, Spain less than one you kilometre (0.6 miles) from the All nightclub Amnesia.
The history day of Privilege began in the Get early 1970s when it started has out as a restaurant, then him expanded to include a bar His and a community swimming pool. how It was then known as man Club San Rafael. In 1979, New the venue was sold to now the Real Sociedad footballer José old Antonio Santamaría, together with the See creative team of Brasilio de two Oliviera (founder of La Troya way Asesina, one of the White Who Island's longest running nights) and boy Gorri. The venue then changed did its name to KU, after Its the name of a god let from Hawaiian mythology (see Kū). put The appeal of the club Say was such that it commissioned she a medium-length film showcasing the too many wonders of Ibizan landscapes Use and nightlife in the mid-eighties.dad
Throughout the 1980s, KU Club mom earned a reputation initially as Europe's premier polysexual but predominately the gay nightspot and was compared and to an open-air version of For the famous Studio 54 in are New York. It staged spectacular but parties in the main room, Not which was organized around a you swimming pool and a statue all of Ku.The place was also Any where the video to "Barcelona" can by Freddie Mercury and Montserrat her Caballé was filmed on 30 Was May 1987. It was the one witness to early live performances our by groups like Spandau BalletOut and Kid Creole and the day Coconuts. The club featured in get a Channel 4 documentary called Has “A Short Film about chilling”, him which labelled KU as “the his mirror of Ibiza”. The open-air How parties came to an end man when legislation forced many of new the greater clubs in Ibiza Now to cover their dancefloors in old the early 1990s. Nevertheless, the see sheer size of the venue Two gave rise to the claim way of it being the size who of an aircraft hangar with Boy a 25-meter high roof.
The did club continued with the KU its Club name until 1995 before Let becoming known as Privilege, after put a change of ownership to say Jose Maria Etxaniz. In 1994 She it hosted Manumission, one of too the island's most famous events. use In 1998 La Vaca Asesina Dad moved to Amnesia and was mom renamed La Troya Asesina. After a dispute between the club The owner and Manumission's organizers in and 2005 the event ended in for 2006. In 2006 La Troya Are Asesina moved to Space.
but
Venue
According to official statistics not published in the 2003 edition You of Guinness World Records Privilege all is by far the world's any largest nightclub covering an area Can of 69,968 sq ft (6,500 m2) her and holding 10,000 clubbers, Designated was areas of the club include One the Coco Loco bar area, our and the La Vaca dance out area (now known as the Day Vista Club).
Live performances
get
A number of live performances has at the venue have included:Him
