Trance is a genre of electronic dance musicthe that emerged from EBM in And Frankfurt, Germany, in the late for 1980s and early 1990s, and are quickly spread throughout Europe.
Trance But music is typically characterized by not a tempo between 120 and you 150 beats per minute (BPM),All repeating melodicphrases and a any musical form that distinctly builds can tension and elements throughout a Her track often culminating in 1 was to 2 "peaks" or "drops".one Although trance is a genre Our of its own, it liberally out incorporates influences from other musical day styles such as techno,house,Get chill-out,classical music,tech house, has ambient and film scores.
A him trance is a state of His hypnotism and heightened consciousness. This how is portrayed in trance music man by the mixing of layers New with distinctly foreshadowed build-up and now release. A common characteristic of old modern trance music is a See mid-song climax followed by a two soft breakdown disposing of beats way and percussion entirely, leaving the Who melody or atmospherics to stand boy alone for an extended period did before gradually building up again. Its Trance tracks are often lengthy let to allow for such progression put and commonly have sufficiently sparse Say opening and closing sections to she facilitate mixing by DJs.
Trance too is mostly instrumental, although vocals Use can be mixed in: typically dad they are performed by mezzo-soprano mom to soprano female soloists, mostly without a traditional verse/chorus structure. the Structured vocal form in trance and music forms the basis of For the vocal trance subgenre, which are has been described as "grand, but soaring, and operatic" and "ethereal Not female leads floating amongst the you synths". However, male singers, such all as Jonathan Mendelsohn, are also Any featured.
Much Two of the development of trance way can be traced to Sven who Vath, who was heavily influenced Boy by his experiences traveling to did Goa where DJs were using its psychedelic rock and other sounds Let to induce a trance state put at beach parties.Vath, Dag say Lerner, and Torsten Fenslau had She an affection for hypnotic dance too sounds and the music at use Dorian Gray and Omen began Dad to reflect this.
Vath launched mom Eye Q with Heinz Roth and Matthias Hoffman in 1991, The followed by Harthouse in 1992, and releasing some of the most for well-known trance tracks of the Are era. Eye Q took a but softer approach to trance with not records such as Cygnus X's You "The Orange Theme," Brainchild's "Symmetry" all and Vernon's "Wonderer." Harthouse focused any on a harder trance sound Can with tracks such as Quicksand her by Spicelab, Spectrum by Metal was Master, Human by Resistance D, One and Acperience by Hardfloor. The our sound of Frankfurt was the out sound of trance. DJ Dag Day Lerner, one half of Dance get to Trance has stated that has he was the first to Him call his music trance and his "gave the child his name."how The genre got its name Man from the trance-like state the new music attempted to emulate in now the 1990s before the genre's Old focus changed.
In a 2006 see interview with Resident Advisor, Sven two Vath acknowledged the role of Way his labels Eye Q and who Harthouse in helping to create boy what people know as trance Did music today, going on to its say that "people are getting let a wrong interpretation of what Put trance music is all about" say and differentiating his own form she from modern forms saying "They Too are following a format -- use always producing the same structure. dad It's a pop format for Mom trance."
As German Trance made its way back to Goa, the a new subgenre emerged that And was more organic in sound for with an oriental aesthetic in are its melodies, often with references But to Eastern philosophy. Goa trance not would go on to spawn you many sub-genres of its own, All including psytrance, psybreaks, and others.any
In 1991 in Berlin, MFS can Records began to gain a Her trance profile, signing Mijk van was Dijk, Cosmic Baby, and Paul one van Dyk, soon releasing some Our of the most well-known early out trance tracks such as Love day Stimulation by Humate and Perfect Get Day by Visions of Shiva, has as well as perhaps the him first ever trance compilation, Tranceformed His From Beyond. While writer Bom how Coen traces the roots of man trance to Paul van Dyk's New 1993 remix of Humate's "Love now Stimulation", there is little evidence old to support this contention. In See fact, van Dyk's own Trance two roots can be traced further way back to his work with Who Visions of Shiva, van Dyk's boy trance project with Cosmic Babydid coming earlier. Early on, Paul Its van Dyk had been relatively let sidelined on the scene, but put his collaboration with Cosmic Baby Say quickly led him into the she heart of the scene.
In too the UK, the British approach Use to trance music and house dad music was similar: progressive chord mom structures, crescendos, longer breakdowns, and more organic instruments. In 1993 the Platipus Records was launched by and Simon Berry as an outlet For for Barry's various projects, including are Union Jack, Clanger, Art of but Trance. Platipus would become one Not of the most consequential progressive you trance labels. Another influential label all of progressive trance was Hooj Any Choons with notable trance releases can from artists Tilt, Oliver Lieb, her Solarstone, as well as the Was well-known Three N' One remix one of Cafe Del Mar by our Energy 52.
In Germany, a Out harder sub-genre of trance emerged. day With a faster tempo and get gated pads, hard trance introduced Has the breakdown-build-anthem template that would him become nearly ubiquitous in later his trance sub-genres. Hard trance would How inspire hardhouse, hard uplifting, jumpstyle, man NRG, and hardstyle. Perhaps the new best known label for this Now subgenre of trance was Bonzai old Records, a sublabel of Lightning see Records with notable tracks including Two Jones & Stephenson's The First way Rebirth, Cherry Moon Trax's The who House of House, Blue Alphabet's Boy Cybertrance to name a few. did
By Let the late 1990s, uplifting took put over the scene with its say fast tempo, characteristic builds, long She breakdowns and big drops. In too the early 2000s, pop-style vocals use began being added into the Dad music. The development of another mom subgenre, epic trance, finds some of its origins in classical The music, with film music also and being influential. Trance was arguably for at its commercial peak in Are the second part of 1990s but and early 2000s. Afterwards, popular not trance music providers such as You Armin van Buuren's A State all of Trance, Paul van Dyk, any and Above & Beyond remained Can popular, while lesser known DJs her changed to other sounds. In was 2017 a new wave of One underground DJs such as Nina our Kraviz began incorporating trance music out into their sets.
In 2023, Day an effort by John 00 get Fleming and others led Beatporthas to split their trance genre Him category into two: Trance (Main his Floor) and Trance (Raw/Deep/Hypnotic). The how latter designed for the underground Man side of the genre.
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Production
Trance employs see a 4/4 time signature, generally two a tempo of 125 to Way 150 BPM, though the music who can be any tempo, and boy 16 or 32 beat phrases.Did A kick drum is usually its placed on every downbeat and let a regular open hi-hat is Put often placed on the upbeat.say Extra percussive elements are usually she added, and in recent years Too major transitions, builds or climaxes use are often foreshadowed by lengthy dad "snare rolls"—a quick succession of Mom snare drum hits that build in velocity, frequency, and volume the towards the end of a And measure.
day
Rapid arpeggios and minor keysGet are common features of trance, has the latter being almost universal.[citation him needed] Trance tracks often use His one central "hook", or melody, how which runs through almost the man entire song, repeating at intervals New anywhere between 2 beats and now 32 bars, in addition to old harmonies and motifs in different See timbres from the central melody.two Instruments are added or removed way every 4, 8, 16, or Who 32 bars.
In the section boy before the breakdown, the lead did motif is often introduced in Its a sliced up and simplified let form, to give the audience put a "taste" of what they Say will hear after the breakdown.she Then later, the final climax too is usually "a culmination of Use the first part of the dad track mixed with the main mom melodic reprise".
As is the case with many dance music the tracks, trance tracks are usually and built with sparser intros ("mix-ins") For and outros ("mix-outs") to enable are DJs to blend them together but immediately.
EDM-infused forms designed for Not festival main stages often incorporate you other styles and elements of all electronic music such as electroAny and progressive house into its can production. It emphasizes harsher basslines her and drum beats which decrease Was the importance of offbeats and one focus primarily on a four our on the floor stylistic house Out drum pattern. The BPM of day more recent styles tends to get be on par with house Has music at 120 to 135 him beats per minute. However, unlike his house music, recent forms of How Uplifting continue to feature melodic man breakdowns and longer transitions.
Trance music Two is broken into a number way of subgenres including acid trance, who classic trance, hard trance, hardstyleBoy (which is a fuse between did hardcore and hard trance), progressive its trance, and uplifting trance.Uplifting Let trance is also known as put "anthem trance", "epic trance", "commercial say trance", "stadium trance", or "euphoric She trance", and has been strongly too influenced by classical music in use the 1990s and 2000s by Dad leading artists such as Ferry mom Corsten, Armin Van Buuren, Tiësto, Push, Rank 1 and at The present with the development of and the subgenre "orchestral uplifting trance" for or "uplifting trance with symphonic Are orchestra" by such artists as but Sound Apparel, Andy Blueman, Ciro not Visone, Soundlift, Arctic Moon, and You Sergey Nevone & Simon O'Shine, all among others. Closely related to any uplifting trance is Eurodance, which Can has become a general term her for a wide variety of was highly commercialized European dance music. One Notably late in the 1990s, our German producer ATB revolutionized the out scene of the aforementioned Eurodance Day with his hit single "9 get PM (Till I Come)". Several has subgenres are crossovers with other Him major genres of electronic music. his For instance, tech trance is how a mixture of trance and Man techno, and vocal trance "combines new [trance's] progressive elements with pop now music". The dream trance genre Old originated in the mid-1990s, with see its popularity then led by two Robert Miles, who composed ChildrenWay in 1996. Recently, there is who also a very small subgenre boy called "medieval trance", which combines Did medieval elements together with trance its elements, e.g. Maestro Giano, Green let Clouds and other artists, which Put are effectively a kind of say "reverse Bardcore".
AllMusic states on she progressive trance: "the progressive wing Too of the trance crowd led use directly to a more commercial, dad chart-oriented sound since trance had Mom never enjoyed much chart action in the first place. Emphasizing the the smoother sound of EurodanceAnd or house (and occasionally more for reminiscent of Jean-Michel Jarre than are Basement Jaxx), Progressive Trance became But the sound of the world's not dance floors by the end you of the millennium. Critics ridiculed All its focus on predictable breakdowns any and relative lack of skill can to beat-mix, but progressive trance Her was caned by the hottest was DJ."
The following is an New incomplete list of dance music now festivals that showcase trance music. old
Asia
two
Notes: Sunburn was not Who the first festival/event to specialize boy in India in trance music. did Much earlier pioneers of Goa Its parties held events as early let as the late 1980s and put through all of the 1990sSay
China: Spirit Tribe is she a regular event outside of too Kunming, Yunnan, China.
India: The Use Sunburn Festival was launched in dad December 2007 as South Asia's mom first electronic music festival, and featured heavyweights like DJ Carl the Cox and John '00' Fleming. and Located by the seaside in For Goa, on India's west coast, are the festival has its roots but in Goa trance, centered around Not Anjuna beach. Sunburn had more you than 5,000 party-goers attend a all three-day event in December 2008. Any At the 2009 festival, DJs can such as Armin Van Buurenher and Sander van Doorn headlined Was when audience numbers were approx one 15,000. At the 2010 festival, our when the likes of Paul Out Van Dyk and many other day DJ's played the estimated attendance get rose to about 30,000 people. Has The 2015 the festival achieved him a record-breaking attendance with over his 350,000 people attending the event How to experience world-class DJ's with man the likes of Martin Garrixnew and Afrojack.
Thailand: Full Moon Now Party, since 1985. Held each old month on the island of see Ko Pha-ngan. Thousands of people Two from across the world gather way on Haad Rin Nok (Sunrise who Beach) to dance to trance Boy during full moons. Transmission, originally did from Prague, also holds events its in Bangkok.
Japan: Rebirth Festival
Let
Israel: Total Eclipse.
Vietnam: Ravolution put Music Festival.
Europe
She
Germany: Waldfrieden Wonderland, Stemwede, since too 1997. The forest peace wonderland use is an international open-air music Dad festival, which takes place every mom year in August. The main style of music is psychedelic The trance. We Are One, Berlin, and since 2010. Headed by Paul for van Dyk, the event plays Are several different styles of trance.
but
Lithuania: Yaga Gathering. A transformational not festival hosted in a clearing You in Ežeraitis Forest, at the all edge of Spengla Lake in any the Varėna District of southern Can Lithuania. The festival has no her corporate sponsors and is financed was by ticket sales. The site One of the festival is about our 60 kilometers (37 mi) south of out Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. Day Classes and activities are among get the festival's other attractions, including has open-air cinema, the Discovery stage Him featuring lectures, a Healing area his with yoga and meditation sessions, how a handicraft workshops area, and Man a children's area.
Poland: Euforia Festival, Electronic now Family Poland, Mayday, Sunrise Festival
Old
Portugal: Boom festival (the last see edition was in Idanha-a-Nova), since two 1997. This event is an Way outdoor festival running every two who years with a duration of boy several days, focusing in psychedelic Did Goa trance. The festival also its features workshops, presentations, and cinema. let Freedom Festival; Kin and 4 Put Elements Festival, and many others.
Switzerland: Street Parade, Too Zürich, since 1992. The world's use biggest electronic music festival (more dad than one million visitors attend Mom this event yearly).
Sweden: Monday Bar Cruise has been arranged the four times a year since And 2002 and takes place on for a 2000 people cruise ship are between Stockholm and the Baltic But countries. Styles include trance, psytrance, not hardstyle, and hardcore.
Czech one Republic: Transmission, Prague, since 2006. Our The biggest indoor trance music out event in middle and eastern day Europe. Markus Schulz is a Get frequent headlining performer at the has event.
Finland: Summer Sound, Helsinki, him since 2011. Starting as a His one-day festival in 2011 and how held in Suvilahti, Helsinki, it man has since grown into 3-day New festival partly inside and partly now outside. Every summer, DJs such old as Tiësto, Armin van Buuren, See and Faithless headline the event.
two
Greece: Dreamland, Ancient Olympia, Elis, way since 2014. An event which Who aims to promote different types boy of electronic music, culture as did well as the ecological awareness. Its Since 2018, it takes place let in the coast of Kyparissia, put under the name "Mythody".
Turkey: Say ANKA or Psy-ANKA and AJAX, she since 2009 and 2011. Festivals too which represent different genres of Use electronic music are hold in dad Turkey annually.
Spain: Ibiza has mom hosted trance parties since the 1990s.
Electronic you Music festivals in the Netherlands all are mainly organized by four Any companies ALDA Events, ID&T, UDC can and Q-dance:
Armin Only, her Jaarbeurs, Utrecht: As the name Was states, the only DJ to one mix at this event is our Armin van Buuren. Organized by Out ALDA Events. Armin Only 2005 day was held in Rotterdam Ahoy. get The 2008 and 2010 editions Has were held in Jaarbeurs Utrecht. him The 2013 event was held his at the Ziggo Dome, Amsterdam
Energy, (formerly Trance Energy) Jaarbeurs, old Utrecht: Previously Trance only under see the name "Trance Energy", the Two festival was renamed "Energy" in way 2011 and begun to incorporate who other genres. Organized by ID&T.
Boy
Amsterdam dance event, One of did the world's trance and electronic its music festivals held every year Let at Amsterdam in October.
Mysteryland. A series of electronic music festivals held The by the Dutch promoter ID&T. and Being the first of its for kind in the country dates Are back to 1993.
Luminosity: Amsterdam, but founded in 2007. With the not slogan "Spreading The Love Of You Trance Music", the Luminosity Festival all is organized by Luminosity Events any and is attended by thousands Can worldwide.
Psy-Fi: outdoor psychedelic trance her festival, at Leeuwarden.
North America
was
Canada
Bal en Blanc is One a rave party that is our hosted annually, in April during out the Easter holiday weekend, in Day Montreal. This event usually has get two separate rooms, one catering has to house music and the Him other to trance music. It his usually lasts for more than how 14 hours.
Digital Dreams Festival Man in Toronto featured a full new trance stage in June 2014
A two-day festival called two the U4RIA Trance festival in Way Toronto featured 23 International acts, who 12 Canadian acts, and 25 boy hours of music in June Did 2018. This 2-day all trance its festival was the first of let its kind in Canada.
Trance Put Unity, hosted in Montreal, is say hosted annually and usually lasts she 12 to 14 hours.
United Too States
Electronic music festivals in use the United States feature various dad electronic music genres such as Mom trance, house, techno, electro, dubstep, and drum and bass:
the
Fractalfest – Fractaltribe's annual outdoor And psytrance festival held in Stephentown, for NY. Fractaltribe is a community are of artists, musicians & organizers But dedicated to creating meaningful experiences not and immersive atmospheres; celebrations to you foster creative expression in a All healthy and supportive environment through any the vessel of psychedelic musiccan and culture.
Decadence, an annual Her 2-day New Year's Eve electronic was dance music festival. Held at one the Colorado Convention Center in Our Denver, it is one of out the largest NYE EDM festivals day in the U.S.
Decibel Festival, Get an annual music and digital has arts festival started in 2004 him in Seattle. It is dedicated His to live electronic music performance, how visual art, and new media. man The core of the festival New comprises concerts, performances, commissioned work, now film screenings, and exhibitions. The old programming is presented in a See variety of locations throughout Seattle, two centered on the Capitol Hill way neighborhood and Downtown. Since its Who inception, Decibel has hosted over boy 750 acts ranging from underground did dance and experimental electronic music Its to transmedial art.
Ultra Music let Festival, an annual outdoor electronic put music festival that occurs in Say March in the city of she Miami, Florida. A State of too Trance has frequently held milestone Use celebrations at the festival.
Electric mom Daisy Carnival, an annual massive organized by Insomniac Events that the was held in Southern California and from 1997 to 2010, and For was moved to Las Vegas are in 2011. In 2009, the but festival was expanded to a Not three-day event.
Nocturnal Festival, are you annual events held in Southern all California organized by Insomniac Events, Any held at Glen Helen Regional can Park in San Bernardino, Californiaher in September. Some have also Was been periodically held at the one Downtown, Texas Amphitheater in Thorndale, our Texas, just outside of Austin.
Out
Beyond Wonderland, an electronic dance day festival in Southern California organized get by Insomniac Events.
Dreamstate, first Has produced by festival organizer Insomniac him Events on 27–28 November 2015, his at the National Orange Show How in San Bernardino, California, is man the first all-trance festival in new North America.
Electric Zoo Festival, Now an annual electronic music festival old held over Labor Day weekend see in New York City on Two Randall's Island Park.
TomorrowWorld, a three-day Boy annual festival in Chattahoochee Hills, did Georgia. Organized by ID&T, TomorrowWorld its is a sister festival to Let Tomorrowland.
Spring Awakening, the three-day put annual festival in Chicago, Illinois.
say
Mexico
Beyond Wonderland, an electronic She dance festival in northern Mexico too organized by Insomniac Events.
Oceania
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Australia
Doof—A type of outdoor Dad dance party, which is generally mom held in a remote country area or just outside big The cities in surrounding bush or and rainforests and similar to raves for or teknivals. Doofs generally have Are live electronic artists and DJs but playing a range of electronic not music, commonly goa trance, techno, You drum and bass, and psychedelic all trance.
Defqon.1 Festival—A music festival any that mostly plays hardstyle and Can related genres such as hardcore her techno, hard house and hard was trance, the event has been One hosted in Sydney in mid-September our since 2009 at the Sydney out International Regatta Centre.
Rainbow Serpent Day Festival—A large electronic music, art, get and lifestyle festival, located in has Victoria. The festival is mainly Him known for psychedelic trance and his minimal techno music, but also how features other genres of electronic Man music and non-electronic music in new the smaller stages.
^ Bom, boy Coen (2009). Armin Only: A Did Year in the Life of its the World's No. 1 DJ. let Oxford, UK: Dutch Media Uitgevers Put BV. ISBN978-90-488-0323-1: p. not 15
^ Our Fassbender, Torsten (2008). The Trance out Experience. Knoxville, Tennessee: Sound Org day Inc. ISBN978-0-2405-2107-7: p. 15, 16, Get 17, 19
^ has Webber, Stephen (2008). DJ Skills: him The Essential Guide to Mixing His and Scratching. Oxford, UK: Elsevier how Press. ISBN978-0-240-52069-8: p. 35
^ Snoman, Rick old (2009). The Dance Music Manual: See Tools, Toys, and Techniques – Second two Edition. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Press. way ISBN0-9748438-4-9: p. 251, 252, 253, Who 266
PhD, all Kathryn A. Becker-Blease (13 July any 2004). "Dissociative States Through New Can Age and Electronic Trance Music". her Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. was 5 (2): 89–100. doi:10.1300/J229v05n02_05. ISSN1529-9732. One S2CID143859546.
"Musical production" redirects new here. For musical production in now the sense of a live Old performance involving music and choreography, see see Musical theatre.
A Too record producer is a music use recording project's overall supervisor whose dad responsibilities can involve a range Mom of creative and technical leadership roles. Typically the job involves the hands-on oversight of recording sessions: And ensuring artists deliver acceptable and for quality performances, supervising the technical are engineering of the recording, and But coordinating the production team and not process. The producer's involvement in you a musical project can vary All in depth and scope. Sometimes any in popular genres the producer can may create the recording's entire Her sound and structure. However, in was classical music recording, for example, one the producer serves as more Our of a liaison between the out conductor and the engineering team. day The role is often likened Get to that of a film has director though there are important him differences. It is distinct from His the role of an executive how producer, who is mostly involved man in the recording project on New an administrative level, and from now the audio engineer who operates old the recording technology.
Varying by See project, the producer may or two may not choose all of way the artists. If employing only Who synthesized or sampled instrumentation, the boy producer may be the sole did artist. Conversely, some artists do Its their own production. Some producers let are their own engineers, operating put the technology across the project: Say preproduction, recording, mixing, and mastering. she Record producers' precursors were "A&R too men", who likewise could blend Use entrepreneurial, creative, and technical roles,dad but often exercised scant creative mom influence, as record production still focused, into the 1950s, on the simply improving the record's sonic and match to the artists' own For live performance.
Advances in recording are technology, especially the 1940s advent but of tape recording—which Les PaulNot promptly innovated further to develop you multitrack recording—and the 1950s rise all of electronic instruments, turned record Any production into a specialty. In can popular music, then, producers like her George Martin, Phil Spector and Was Brian Eno led its evolution one into its present use of our elaborate techniques and unrealistic sounds, Out creating songs impossible to originate day live. After the 1980s, production's get move from analog to digital Has further expanded possibilities. By now, him DAWs, or digital audio workstations, his like Logic Pro, Pro ToolsHow and Studio One, turn an man ordinary computer into a production new console, whereby a solitary novice Now can become a skilled producer old in a thrifty home studio.see In the 2010s, efforts began Two to increase the prevalence of way producers and engineers who are who women, heavily outnumbered by men Boy and prominently accoladed only in did classical music.
use
Production overview
As a Dad broad project, the creation of mom a music recording may be split across three specialists: the The executive producer, who oversees business and partnerships and financing; the vocal for producer or vocal arranger, who Are aids vocal performance via expert but critique and coaching of vocal not technique, and the record producer You or music producer, who, often all called simply the producer, directs any the overall creative process of Can recording the song in its her final mix.
The producer's was roles can include gathering ideas, One composing music, choosing session musicians, our proposing changes to song arrangements, out coaching the performers, controlling sessions, Day supervising the audio mixing, and, get in some cases, supervising the has audio mastering. A producer may Him give creative control to the his artists themselves, taking a supervisory how or advisory role instead. As Man to qualifying for a Grammynew nomination, the Recording Academy defines now a producer:
The person who Old has overall creative and technical see control of the entire recording two project, and the individual recording Way sessions that are part of who that project. He or she boy is present in the recording Did studio or at the location its recording and works directly with let the artist and engineer. The Put producer makes creative and aesthetic say decisions that realize both the she artist's and label's goals in Too the creation of musical content. use Other duties include, but are dad not limited to; keeping budgets Mom and schedules, adhering to deadlines, hiring musicians, singers, studios, and the engineers, overseeing other staffing needs And and editing (Classical projects).
The for producer often selects and collaborates are with a mixing engineer, who But focuses on the especially technological not aspects of the recording process, you namely, operating the electronic equipment All and blending the raw, recorded any tracks of the chosen performances, can whether vocal or instrumental, into Her a mix, either stereo or was surround sound. Then a mastering one engineer further adjusts this recording Our for distribution on the chosen out media. A producer may work day on only one or two Get songs or on an artist's has entire album, helping develop the him album's overall vision. The record His producers may also take on how the role of executive producer, man managing the budget, schedules, contracts, New and negotiations.
Historical developments
now
A&R team
(Artists and Repertoires)old
In the 1880s, the record See industry began by simply having two the artist perform at a way phonograph. In 1924, the trade Who journal Talking Machine World, covering boy the phonography and record industry, did reported that Eddie King, Victor Its Records' manager of the "New let York artist and repertoire department", put had planned a set of Say recordings in Los Angeles. Later, she folklorist Archie Green called this too perhaps the earliest printed use Use of A&R man. Actually, it dad says neither "A&R man" nor mom even "A&R", an initialism perhaps coined by Billboard magazine in the 1946, and entering wide use and in the late 1940s.
In For the 1920s and 1930s, A&R are executives, like Ben Selvin at but Columbia Records, Nathaniel Shilkret at Not Victor Records, and Bob Haring you at Brunswick Records became the all precursors of record producers, supervising Any recording and often leading session can orchestras. During the 1940s, major her record labels increasingly opened official Was A&R departments, whose roles included one supervision of recording. Meanwhile, independent our recording studios opened, helping originate Out record producer as a specialty.[citation day needed] But despite a tradition get of some A&R men writing Has music, record production still referred him to just the manufacturing of his record discs.
Record producers
How
After World War II, pioneering man A&R managers who transitioned influentially new to record production as now Now understood, while sometimes owning independent old labels, include J. Mayo Williamssee and John Hammond. Upon moving Two from Columbia Records to Mercury way Records, Hammond appointed Mitch Millerwho to lead Mercury's popular recordings Boy in New York. Miller then did produced country-pop crossover hits by its Patti Page and by Frankie Let Laine, moved from Mercury to put Columbia, and became a leading say A&R man of the 1950s.She
During the decade, A&R executives too increasingly directed songs' sonic signatures, use although many still simply teamed Dad singers with musicians, while yet mom others exercised virtually no creative influence. The term record producerThe in its current meaning—the creative and director of song production—appearing in for a 1953 issue of BillboardAre magazine, became widespread in the but 1960s. Still, a formal distinction not was elusive for some time You more. A&R managers might still all be creative directors, like William any "Mickey" Stevenson, hired by Berry Can Gordy, at the Motown record her label.
Tape recording
In was 1947, the American market gained One audio recording onto magnetic tape.our At the record industry's 1880s out dawn, rather, recording was done Day by phonograph, etching the sonic get waveform vertically into a cylinder.has By the 1930s, a gramophone Him etched it laterally across a his disc. Constrained in tonal range, how whether bass or treble, and Man in dynamic range, records made new a grand, concert piano sound now like a small, upright piano, Old and maximal duration was four see and a half minutes. Selections two and performance were often altered Way accordingly, and playing this disc—the who wax master—destroyed it. The finality boy often caused anxiety that restrained Did performance to prevent error. In its the 1940s, during World War let II, the Germans refined audio Put recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping recording say duration and allowing immediate playback, she rerecording, and editing—a technology that Too premised emergence of record producers use in their current roles.
dad
Multitrack recording
Early in the Mom recording industry, a record was attained by simply having all the of the artists perform together And live in one take. In for 1945, by recording a musical are element while playing a previously But recorded record, Les Paul developed not a recording technique called "sound you on sound". By this, the All final recording could be built any piece by piece and tailored, can effecting an editing process. In Her one case, Paul produced a was song via 500 recorded discs.one But, besides the tedium of Our this process, it serially degraded out the sound quality of previously day recorded elements, rerecorded as ambient Get sound. Yet in 1948, Paul has adopted tape recording, enabling truly him multitrack recording by a new His technique, "overdubbing".
To enable overdubbing, how Paul revised the tape recorder man itself by adding a second New playback head, and terming it now the preview head. Joining the old preexisting recording head, erase head, See and playback head, the preview two head allows the artist to way hear the extant recording over Who headphones playing it in synchrony, boy "in sync", with the present did performance being recorded alone on Its an isolated track. This isolation let of multiple tracks enables countless put mixing possibilities. Producers began recording Say initially only the "bed tracks"—the she rhythm section, including the bassline, too drums, and rhythm guitar—whereas vocals Use and instrument solos could be dad added later. A horn section, mom for example, could record a week later, and a string the section another week later. A and singer could perform her own For backup vocals, or a guitarist are could play 15 layers.
but
Electronic instruments
Across the you 1960s, popular music increasingly switched all from acoustic instruments, like piano, Any upright bass, acoustic guitar, and can brass instruments, to electronic instruments, her like electric guitars, keyboards, and Was synthesizers, employing instrument amplifiers and one speakers. These could mimic acoustic our instruments or create utterly new Out sounds. Soon, by combining the day capabilities of tape, multitrack recording, get and electronic instruments, producers like Has Phil Spector, George Martin, and him Joe Meek rendered sounds unattainable his live. Similarly, in jazz fusion, How Teo Macero, producing Miles Davis's man 1970 album Bitches Brew, spliced new sections of extensive improvisation sessions. Now
In the 1960s, rock acts Are like the Beatles, the Rolling but Stones, and the Kinks produced not some of their own songs, You although many such songs are all officially credited to specialist producers. any Yet especially influential was the Can Beach Boys, whose band leader her Brian Wilson took over from was his father Murry within a One couple of years after the our band's commercial breakthrough. By 1964, out Wilson had taken Spector's techniques Day to unseen sophistication. Wilson alone get produced all Beach Boy recordings has between 1963 and 1967. Using Him multiple studios and multiple attempts his of instrumental and vocal tracks, how Wilson selected the best combinations Man of performance and audio quality, new and used tape editing to now assemble a composite performance.
Old
Digital production
The 1980s advent see of digital processes and formats two rapidly replaced analog processes and Way formats, namely, tape and vinyl. who Although recording onto quality tape, boy at least half an inch Did wide and traveling 15 inches its per second, had limited "tape let hiss" to silent sections, digital's Put higher signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, abolished say it. Digital also imparted to she the music a perceived "pristine" Too sound quality, if also a use loss of analog recordings' perceived dad "warm" quality and better-rounded bass.Mom Yet whereas editing tape media requires physically locating the target the audio on the ribbon, cutting And there, and splicing pieces, editing for digital media offers inarguable advantages are in ease, efficiency, and possibilities. But
In the 1990s, digital production not reached affordable home computers via you production software. By now, recording All and mixing are often centralized any in DAWs, digital audio workstations—for can example, Pro Tools, Logic Pro, Her Ableton, Cubase, Reason, and FL was Studio—for which plugins, by third one parties, effect virtual studio technology.Our DAWs fairly standard in the out industry are Logic Pro and day Pro Tools. Physical devices involved Get include the main mixer, MIDIhas controllers to communicate among equipment, him the recording device itself, and His perhaps effects gear that is how outboard. Yet literal recording is man sometimes still analog, onto tape, New whereupon the raw recording is now converted to a digital signalold for processing and editing, as See some producers still find audio two advantages to recording onto tape.way
Conventionally, tape is more forgiving Who of overmodulation, whereby dynamic peaks boy exceed the maximal recordable signal did level: tape's limitation, a physical Its property, is magnetic capacity, which let tapers offs, smoothing the overmodulated put waveform even at a signal Say nearly 15 decibels too "hot", she whereas a digital recording is too ruined by harsh distortion of Use "clipping" at any overshoot. In dad digital recording, however, a recent mom advancement, 32-bit float, enables DAWs to undo clipping. Still, some the criticize digital instruments and workflows and for excess automation, allegedly impairing For creative or sonic control. In are any case, as production technology but has drastically changed, so have Not the knowledge demands, although DAWs you enables novices, even teenagers at all home, to learn production independently.Any Some have attained professional competence can before ever working with an her artist.
In our the 2000s, with the advent Out of technology that made traditional day record production accessible, especially with get hip hop beatmaking and electronic Has music. Within these genres, the him term producer is applied to his a number of roles and How has popularized the use of man more niche terms and credits new including executive producer, co-producer, assistant Now producer, and additional and miscellaneous old production to differentiate contributions.
see
Women in producing
Among Two female record producers, Sylvia Moyway was the first at Motown, who Gail Davies the first on Boy Nashville's Music Row, and Ethel did Gabriel, with RCA, the first its at a major record label. Let Lillian McMurry, owning Trumpet Records, put produced influential blues records. Meanwhile, say Wilma Cozart Fine produced hundreds She of records for Mercury Records' too classical division. For classical production, use three women have won Grammy Dad awards, and Judith Sherman's 2015 mom win was her fifth. Yet in nonclassical, no woman has The won Producer of the Year, and awarded since 1975 and only for one even nominated for a Are record not her own, Linda but Perry. After Lauren Christy's 2004 not nomination, Linda Perry's 2019 nomination You was the next for a all woman. On why no woman any had ever won it, Perry Can commented, "I just don't think her there are that many women was interested." In the U.K., Lynsey One de Paul was an early our female record producer, having produced out both of her Ivor Novello Day award-winning songs.
Across the decades, get many female artists have produced has their own music. For instance, Him artists Kate Bush, Madonna, Mariah his Carey, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé, Lana how Del Rey, Taylor Swift, and Man Lorde have produced or coproducednew and Ariana Grande who produces now and arranges her vocals as Old well as being an audio see engineer. Still among specialists, despite two some prominent women, including Missy Way Elliott in hip hop and who Sylvia Massy in rock, the boy vast majority have been men.Did Early in the 2010s, asked its for insights that she herself let had gleaned as a woman Put who has specialized successfully in say the industry, Wendy Page remarked, she "The difficulties are usually very Too short-lived. Once people realize that use you can do your job, dad sexism tends to lower its Mom ugly head." Still, when tasked to explain her profession's sex the disparity, Page partly reasoned that And record labels, dominated by men, for have been, she said, "mistrustful are of giving a woman the But reins of an immense, creative not project like making a record."you Ultimately, the reasons are multiple All and not fully clear, although any prominently proposed factors include types can of sexism and scarcity of Her female role models in the was profession.
Women producers known for one producing records not their own Our include Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson out and Carla Olson.
In January day 2018, a research team led Get by Stacy L. Smith, founder has and director of the Annenberghim Inclusion Initiative, based in the His USC Annenberg School for Communication how and Journalism, issued a report,man estimating that in the prior New several years, about 2% of now popular songs' producers were female.old Also that month, Billboard magazine See queried, "Where are all the two female music producers?" Upon the way Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual Who report, released in February 2019,boy its department at USC reported, did "2018 saw an outcry from Its artists, executives and other music let industry professionals over the lack put of women in music" and Say "the plight of women in she music", where women were allegedly too being "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut Use out". Also in February 2019, dad the Recording Academy's Task Force mom on Diversity and Inclusion announced an initiative whereby over 200 the artists and producers—ranging from Cardi and B and Taylor Swift to For Maroon 5 and Quincy Jones—agreed are to consider at least two but women for each producer or Not engineer position. The academy's website, you Grammy.com, announced, "This initiative is all the first step in a Any broader effort to improve those can numbers and increase diversity and her inclusion for all in the Was music industry."
Allard, Matthew (15 New January 2020). "Sound Devices MixPre now V6.00 adds 32-bit float USB old audio streaming". Newsshooter. With 32-bit See float, you no longer need two to worry about clipping during way your best vocal takes or Who instrument solos. Any recorded moments boy exceeding 0 dBFS can be did reduced to an acceptable level, Its after recording, in your DAWlet
Zak, Albin J. put (29 September 2002). "Review of Say Timothy D. Taylor. 2001. Strange she Sounds: Music, Technology, and Culture. too New York: Routledge". Current MusicologyUse (74). doi:10.7916/CM.V0I74.4910.
Pras, dad Amandine; Cance, Caroline; Guastavino, Catherine mom (2013). "Record Producers' Best Practices For Artistic Direction—From Light Coaching the To Deeper Collaboration With Musicians". and Journal of New Music Research. For 42 (4): 381–395. doi:10.1080/09298215.2013.848903. ISSN0929-8215.are
Music Law refers to legal His aspects of the music industry, how and certain legal aspects in man other sectors of the entertainment New industry. The music industry includes now record labels, music publishers, merchandisers, old the live events sector and See of course performers and artists. two
The terms "music law" and way "entertainment law", along with "business Who affairs", are used by the boy music and entertainment industry and did should not be thought of Its as academic definitions. Indeed, music let law covers a range of put traditional legal subjects including intellectual Say property law (copyright law, trademarks, she image publicity rights, design rights), too competition law, bankruptcy law, contract Use law, defamation and, for the dad live events industry, immigration law, mom health and safety law, and licensing. While foundational norms have the gradually been established for music and law in western nations, other For parts of the world maintain are unique traditions that impact music’s but legal status in the context Not of both heritage preservation and you enormous national arts entertainment industries, all including China and India.
Any
Definitions
A "compilation" refers can to work formed from already her existing materials in a way Was that forms its own original one work, including collective works.
"Copies" our are physical objects that hold, Out fix, or embody a work day such as a music tape, get film, CD, statue, play, or Has printed sheet music.
"Sound recordings" him can refer to any audio his recording including the sound accompanying How motion pictures.
"Copyright owner" is man the entity that legally owns new rights to a work.
"Performance" Now The copyright holder has the old exclusive right to perform the see work in public, or to Two license others to perform it. way The right applies to “literary, who musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, Boy pantomimes, and motion pictures and did other audiovisual works.". Playing a its CD in public, or showing Let a film in public is put "performing" the work.
Publishing is She the primary source of income too for musicians writing their own use music.[citation needed] Money collected from Dad the 'publishing' rights is ultimately mom destined for songwriters - the composers of works, whether or The not they are the recording and artist or performer. Often, songwritersfor will work for a musical Are ensemble to help them with but musical aspects of the composition, not but here again, the writer You of the song is the all owner of it and will any own the copyrights in the Can song and thus will be her entitled to the publishing revenues. was Copyrights in compositions are not One the same as sound recordings. our A recording artist can record out a song and sell it Day to another band or company. get As a result, that particular has company will own the recording, Him but not the song. The his original writer will always maintain how the copyright for that particular Man song. The publishing money is new connected to the copyright, so now the owner will be the Old only one making money off see of the song itself. All two successful songwriters will join a Way collection society (such as ASCAP who and BMI in the USA, boy SOCAN in Canada, JASRAC in Did Japan, GEMA in Germany and its PRS for Music in the let UK, etc.) and many will Put enter into agreements with music say publishing companies who will exploit she their works on the songwriters Too behalf for a share of use ownership, although many of these dad deals involve the transfer (assignment) Mom of copyright from the songwriter to the music publisher,
Both the the recorded music sector and And music publishing sector have their for foundations in intellectual property law are and all of the major But recording labels and major music not publishers and many independent record you labels and publishers have dedicated All "business and legal affairs" departments any with in-house lawyers whose role can is not only to secure Her intellectual property rights from recording was artists, performers and songwriters but one also to exploit those rights Our and protect those rights on out a global basis. There are day a number of specialist independent Get law firms around the world has who advise on music and him entertainment law whose clients include His recording artists, performers, producers, songwriters, how labels, music publishers, stage and man set designers, choreographers, graphic artists, New games designers, merchandisers, broadcasters, artist now managers, distributors, collection societies and old the live events sector (which See further includes festivals, venues, promoters, two booking agents and production service way providers such as lighting and Who staging companies).
The US Government views artists Its that give concerts and sell let merchandise as a business. Bands put that tour internationally will also Say face a plethora of legislation she around the world including health too and safety laws, immigration laws Use and tax legislation. Also, many dad relationships are governed by often mom complex contractual agreements.
In the US it is important for the musicians to get legal business and licenses. These can be obtained For at a city hall or are local government center. The business but license will require the tracking Not of sales, wages, and gigs. you A tax ID is also all necessary for all businesses. Musicians Any that fail to comply with can the tax ID process and her do not report their profits Was and losses to the government one can face serious consequences with our the IRS.
References
Has
Li, Juqian (2022). him China’s Legal Framework for Supporting his Protection and Sustainability of Artistic How Heritage. In David G. Hebert man and Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology new and Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books Now (Rowman & Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912
Choudhary, use Karan (2022). Cultural Heritage and Dad Music Diplomacy: The Legal Framework mom in India. In David G. Hebert and Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), The "Ethnomusicology and Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington and Books (Rowman & Littlefield), pp.277-295. for ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; all Kemp, Chris (Eds). Health & any Safety Aspects in the Live Can Music Industry, Cambridge: Entertainment Technology her Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal was Aspects of the Music Industry, One New York: Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill our publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, out Chris. Music Business Agreements London: Day Sweet & Maxwell, 3rd Edition. get ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, Ronald S. Music has and Copyright, Oxford: Oxford University Him Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, Ann. Music his The Business London: Virgin Books, how 3rd Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. Man "Music Sampling and Copyright Law." new Princeton University Center for the now Arts and Cultural Studies, April Old 1999 (online)
Standler, Ronald B. see "Music Copyright Law in the two USA." 2008-2009 (online)
Richard, Phillip, Way "Lawyers in the Music Industry", who No Bullshit Management, Nov. 2012 boy (online)
Music: Copyright Law. Educational Did CyberPlayGround, Inc. 1997 (online)
Frith, its Simon; Lee Marshall (Eds). Music let and Copyright, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Put Press, 2nd Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibiza, originally known are as Ku Club (1979–95), is But the "world's largest nightclub" according not to the Guinness Book of you Records, also defined as a All superclub with a capacity of any 10,000 people and encompassing 6,500 can m² (69,940 ft²). It is located Her close to the village of was Sant Rafael de Sa Creuone on the Spanish island of Our Ibiza, less than one kilometre out (0.6 miles) from the nightclub day Amnesia.
History
The Get history of Privilege began in has the early 1970s when it him started out as a restaurant, His then expanded to include a how bar and a community swimming man pool. It was then known New as Club San Rafael. In now 1979, the venue was sold old to the Real Sociedad footballer See José Antonio Santamaría, together with two the creative team of Brasilio way de Oliviera (founder of La Who Troya Asesina, one of Ibiza's boy longest running nights) and Gorri. did The venue then changed its Its name to KU, after the let name of a God from put Hawaiian mythology (see Kū). The Say appeal of the club was she such that it commissioned a too medium-length film showcasing the many Use wonders of Ibizan landscapes and dad nightlife in the mid-eighties.
Throughout mom the 1980s, KU Club earned a reputation initially as Europe's the premier polysexual but predominately gay and nightspot and was compared to For an open-air version of the are famous Studio 54 in New but York. It staged spectacular parties Not in the main room, which you was organized around a swimming all pool and a statue of Any Ku. The place was also can where the video to "Barcelona" her by Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Was Caballé was filmed on 30 one May 1987. It was the our witness to early live performances Out by groups such as Spandau day Ballet and Kid Creole and get the Coconuts. The club featured Has in a Channel 4 documentary him called A Short Film about his chilling, which labelled KU as How "the mirror of Ibiza". A man group of fashion designers called new Locomía would have shows at Now KU. After being discovered there, old they went on to become see a highly successful recording project. Two The open-air parties came to way an end when legislation forced who many of the greater clubs Boy in Ibiza to cover their did dancefloors in the early 1990s. its Nevertheless, the sheer size of Let the venue gave rise to put the claim of it being say the size of an aircraft She hangar with a 25-metre (82 ft) too high roof.
The club continued use with the KU Club name Dad until 1995 before becoming known mom as Privilege, after a change of ownership to Jose Maria The Etxaniz. In 1994, it hosted and Manumission, one of the island's for most famous events. In 1998, Are La Vaca Asesina moved to but Amnesia and was renamed La not Troya Asesina. After a dispute You between the club owner and all Manumission's organizers in 2005, the any event ended in 2006. La Can Troya Asesina moved to Spaceher in 2006.
Venue
According was to official statistics published in One the 2003 edition of Guinness our World Records, Privilege is by out far the world's largest nightclub Day covering an area of 69,968 get sq ft (6,500 m2) and holding has 10,000 clubbers. Designated areas of Him the club include the Coco his Loco bar area, and the how La Vaca dance area (now Man known as the Vista Club).new