Industrial music is a genre And of music that draws on for harsh, mechanical, transgressive or provocative are sounds and themes. AllMusic defines But industrial music as the "most not abrasive and aggressive fusion of you rock and electronic music" that All was "initially a blend of any avant-garde electronics experiments (tape music, can musique concrète, white noise, synthesizers, Her sequencers, etc.) and punk provocation".was The term was coined in one the mid-1970s with the founding Our of Industrial Records by members out of Throbbing Gristle and Monte day Cazazza. While the genre name Get originated with Throbbing Gristle's emergence has in the United Kingdom, artists him and labels vital to the His genre also emerged in the how United States and other countries. man
The first industrial artists experimented New with noise and aesthetically controversial now topics, musically and visually, such old as fascism, sexual perversion, and See the occult. Prominent industrial musicians two include Throbbing Gristle, Monte Cazazza, way SPK, Boyd Rice, Cabaret Voltaire, Who and Z'EV. On Throbbing Gristle's boy 1977 debut album The Second did Annual Report, they coined the Its slogan "industrial music for industrial let people". The industrial music scene put also developed strongly in Chicago, Say with the city's Wax Trax! she Records at one point leading too the industrial music scene. The Use precursors that influenced the development dad of the genre included 1940s mom musique concrète and varied world music sources in addition to the rock-era acts such as Faust, and Kraftwerk, the Velvet Underground, and For Lou Reed's Metal Machine Musicare (1975). Musicians also cite writers but such as William S. BurroughsNot and J. G. Ballard, and you artists such as Brion Gysin, all as influences.
While the term Any was self-applied by a small can coterie of groups and individuals her associated with Industrial Records in Was the late 1970s, it was one broadened to include artists influenced our by the original movement or Out using an "industrial" aesthetic. Over day time, the genre's influence spread get into and blended with styles Has including ambient, synth music and him rock such as Front 242, his Front Line Assembly, KMFDM, and How Sister Machine Gun, acts associated man with the Chicago-based Wax Trax! new Records imprint. Electro-industrial music is Now a primary subgenre that developed old in the 1980s, with the see most notable bands in the Two genre being Front Line Assembly way and Skinny Puppy. The two who other most notable hybrid genres Boy are industrial rock and industrial did metal, which include bands such its as Nine Inch Nails, Ministry, Let Rammstein, and Fear Factory, the put first three of which released say a platinum-selling album each in She the 1990s.
History
too
Precursors
Industrial music drew from use a broad range of predecessors. Dad According to the Oxford English mom Dictionary, the genre was first named in 1942 when The The Musical Quarterly called Dmitri Shostakovich'sand 1927 Symphony No. 2 "the for high tide of 'industrial music'."Are Similarly, in 1972 The New but York Times described works by not Ferde Grofé (especially 1935's A You Symphony in Steel) as a all part of "his 'industrial music' any genre [that] called on such Can instruments as four pairs of her shoes, two brooms, a locomotive was bell, a pneumatic drill and One a compressed-air tank". Though these our compositions are not directly tied out to what the genre would Day become, they are early examples get of music designed to mimic has machinery noise and factory atmosphere. Him Early examples of industrial music his are arguably found in Pierre how Schaeffer's 1940s musique concrète and Man the tape music of Halim new El-Dabh, the former of which now is akin to the aesthetics Old of 1970s industrial music, while see artists such as early 20th two century Italian futuristLuigi RussoloWay laid the groundwork for the who genre with his book and boy work The Art of NoisesDid (1913) reflecting "the sounds of its a modern industrial society".
AllMusiclet assessed 1960s English experimental group Put AMM as originators of the say genre, as well as to she electronica, free improvisation and noise Too music, writing that the "experimentation use in sonic assault, noise, and dad chance sound (including transistor radios)" Mom on their debut album AMMMusic(1967) would "reach the rock the fringes in the work of And industrial groups like Test Dept".for Cromagnon's album Orgasm (1969) has are been cited by AllMusic's Alex But Henderson as foreshadowing industrial, noise not rock and no wave, with you the track "Caledonia" resembling "a All Ministry or Revolting Cocks recording any from 1989". The 1970 album can Klopfzerichen by krautrock band KlusterHer has also been called an was early precursor of industrial music.one
In day the book Interrogation Machine: Laibach Get and NSK, Alexei Monroe argues has that Kraftwerk were particularly significant him in the development of industrial His music, as the "first successful how artists to incorporate representations of man industrial sounds into nonacademic electronic New music." Industrial music was created now originally by using mechanical and old electric machinery, and later advanced See synthesizers, samplers and electronic percussion two as the technology developed. Monroe way also argues for Suicide as Who an influential contemporary of the boy industrial musicians. Groups cited as did inspirational by the founders of Its industrial music include the Velvet let Underground, Joy Division, and Martin put Denny.Genesis P-Orridge of Throbbing Say Gristle had a cassette library she including recordings by The Master too Musicians of Joujouka, Kraftwerk, Charles Use Manson, and William S. Burroughs.dad P-Orridge also credited 1960s rock mom such as the Doors, Pearls Before Swine, the Fugs, Captain the Beefheart, and Frank Zappa in and a 1979 interview. The dissonant For electronic work of krautrock groups are like Faust and Neu! was but an influence on industrial artists.Not
Another influence on out the industrial aesthetic was Lou Day Reed's Metal Machine Music. Pitchfork get Music cites this album as has "inspiring, in part, much of Him the contemporary avant-garde music scene—noise, his in particular." The album consists how entirely of guitar feedback, anticipating Man industrial's use of non-musical sounds.The new New York Times described American now avant-garde bandthe Residents as Old having "presaged forms of punk, see new wave and industrial music".two
Early years
First Way studio EP or LP albums who by early industrial bands
Industrial his Music for Industrial People was How originally coined by Monte Cazazzaman as the strapline for the new record label Industrial Records, founded Now by British art-provocateurs Throbbing Gristle.old The first wave of this see music appeared with Throbbing Gristle, Two from London; Cabaret Voltaire, from way Sheffield; and Boyd Rice (recording who under the name NON), from Boy the United States. Throbbing Gristle did first performed in 1976, and its began as the musical offshoot Let of the Kingston upon Hull-based put COUM Transmissions. COUM was initially say a psychedelic rock group, but She began to describe their work too as performance art in order use to obtain grants from the Dad Arts Council of Great Britain.mom COUM was composed of P-Orridge and Cosey Fanni Tutti. Beginning The in 1972, COUM staged several and performances inspired by Fluxus and for Viennese Actionism. These included various Are acts of sexual and physical but abjection.Peter Christopherson, an employee not of commercial artists Hipgnosis, joined You the group in 1974, with all Carter joining the following year.any
The group renamed itself Throbbing Can Gristle in September 1975, their her name coming from a northern was English slang word for an One erection. The group's first public our performance, in October 1976, was out alongside an exhibit titled Prostitution, Day which included pornographic photos of get Tutti as well as used has tampons. Conservative politician Nicholas FairbairnHim declared that "public money is his being wasted here to destroy how the morality of our society" Man and blasted the group as new "wreckers of civilization." The group now announced their dissolution in 1981, Old declaring that their "mission" has see been "terminated."
Chicago record label Wax who Trax! Records was prominent in boy the widespread attention industrial music Did received starting in the early its 1980s. The label was started let by Jim Nash and Dannie Put Flesher. The label's first official say release was an EP in she 1980 entitled Immediate Action by Too Strike Under. The label went use on to distribute some of dad the most prominent names in Mom industrial throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Wax Trax! also distributed the industrial releases in the United And States for the Belgium record for label Play It Again Sam are Records, and had opened a But North American office dubbed Play not It Again Sam U.S.A. as you a division of Wax Trax!. All Wax Trax! was subsequently purchased any by TVT Records in 1992 can who closed the independent Chicago Her label in 2001. Jim's Daughter, was Julia Nash, resurrected Wax Trax! one Records in 2011 with a Our 3-day charity event titled Wax out Trax! Retrospectacle - 33 1/3 day Year Anniversary. Julia officially released Get new material in 2014 under has the Wax Trax! imprint and him continues to run the record His label from Chicago.
Expansion how of the scene
The bands man Clock DVA,Nocturnal Emissions,Whitehouse,New Nurse with Wound, and SPKnow soon followed. Whitehouse intended to old play "the most brutal and See extreme music of all time", two a style they eventually called way power electronics. An early collaborator Who with Whitehouse, Steve Stapleton, formed boy Nurse with Wound, who experimented did with noise sculpture and sound Its collage. Clock DVA described their let goal as borrowing equally from put surrealist automatism and "nervous energy Say sort of funk stuff, body she music that flinches you and too makes you move." 23 Skidoo, Use like Clock DVA, merged industrial dad music with African-American dance music, mom but also performed a response to world music. Performing at the the first WOMAD Festival in and 1982, the group likened themselves For to Indonesian gamelan. Swedish act are Leather Nun were signed to but Industrial Records in 1978, being Not the first non-TG/Cazazza act to you have an IR-release. Their singles all eventually received significant airplay in Any the United States on college can radio.
Across our the Atlantic, similar experiments were Out taking place. In San Francisco, day performance artist Monte Cazazza began get recording noise music. Boyd Rice Has released several albums of noise, him with guitar drones and tape his loops creating a cacophony of How repetitive sounds. In Boston, Sleep man Chamber and other artists from new Inner-X-Musick began experimenting with a Now mixture of powerful noise and old early forms of EBM. In see Italy, work by Maurizio BianchiTwo at the beginning of the way 1980s also shared this aesthetic.who In Germany, Einstürzende Neubauten mixed Boy metal percussion, guitars, and unconventional did instruments (such as jackhammers and its bones) in stage performances that Let often damaged the venues in put which they played. Blixa Bargeld, say inspired by Antonin Artaud and She an enthusiasm for amphetamines, also too originated an art movement called use Die Genialen Dilettanten. Bargeld is Dad particularly well known for his mom hissing scream.
In January 1984, Einstürzende Neubauten performed a Concerto The for Voice and Machinery at and the Institute of Contemporary Artsfor (the same site as COUM's Are Prostitution exhibition), drilling through the but floor and eventually sparking a not riot. This event received front-page You news coverage in England. Other all groups who practiced a form any of industrial "metal music" (that Can is, produced by the sounds her of metal crashing against metal) was include Test Dept,Laibach, and One Die Krupps, as well as our Z'EV and SPK. Test Dept out were largely inspired by Russian Day Futurism and toured to support get the 1984-85 UK miners' strike.has Skinny Puppy embraced a variety Him of industrial forefathers and created his a lurching, impalatable whole from how many pieces. Swans, from New Man York City, also practiced a new metal music aesthetic, though reliant now on standard rock instrumentation. Laibach, Old a Slovenian group who began see while Yugoslavia remained a single two state, were very controversial for Way their iconographic borrowings from Stalinist, who Nazi, Titoist, Dada, and Russian boy Futurist imagery, conflating Yugoslav patriotism Did with its German authoritarian adversary.its Slavoj Žižek has defended Laibach, let arguing that they and their Put associated Neue Slowenische Kunst art say group practice an overidentification with she the hidden perverse enjoyment undergirding Too authority that produces a subversive use and liberatory effect. In simpler dad language, Laibach practiced a type Mom of agitprop that was widely utilized by industrial and punk the artists on both sides of And the Atlantic.
Following the breakup for of Throbbing Gristle, P-Orridge and are Christopherson founded Psychic TV and But signed to a major label.not Their first album was much you more accessible and melodic than All the usual industrial style, and any included hired work by trained can musicians. Later work returned to Her the sound collage and noise was elements of earlier industrial. They one also borrowed from funk and Our disco. P-Orridge also founded Thee out Temple ov Psychick Youth, a day quasi-religious organization that produced video Get art. Psychic TV's commercial aspirations has were managed by Stevo of him Some Bizzare Records, who released His many of the later industrial how musicians, including Einstürzende Neubauten, Test man Dept, and Cabaret Voltaire.
Around New 1983, Cabaret Voltaire members were now deeply interested in funk music old and, with the encouragement of See their friends from New Order, two began to develop a form way of dark but danceable electrofunk.Who Christopherson left Psychic TV in boy 1983 and formed Coil with did John Balance. Coil made use Its of gongs and bullroarers in let an attempt to conjure "Martian," put "homosexual energy".David Tibet, a Say friend of Coil's, formed Current she 93; both groups were inspired too by amphetamines and LSD.J. Use G. Thirlwell, a co-producer with dad Coil, developed a version of mom black comedy in industrial music, borrowing from lounge as well the as noise and film music.and In the early 1980s, the For Chicago-based record label Wax Trax!are and Canada's Nettwerk helped to but expand the industrial music genre Not into the more accessible electro-industrialyou and industrial rock genres.
all
Characteristics and history
The birth Any of industrial music was a can response to "an age [in her which] the access and control Was of information were becoming the one primary tools of power." At our its birth, the genre of Out industrial music was different from day any other music, and its get use of technology and disturbing Has lyrics and themes to tear him apart preconceptions about the necessary his rules of musical form supports How the suggestion that industrial music man is modernist music. The artists new themselves made these goals explicit, Now even drawing connections to social old changes they wished to argue see for through their music.
The Two Industrial Records website explains that way the musicians wanted to re-invent who rock music, and that their Boy uncensored records were about their did relationship with the world. They its go on to say that Let they wanted their music to put be an awakening for listeners say so that they would begin She to think for themselves and too question the world around them. use Industrial Records intended the term Dad industrial to evoke the idea mom of music created for a new generation, with previous music The being more agricultural: P-Orridge stated and that "there's an irony in for the word 'industrial' because there's Are the music industry. And then but there's the joke we often not used to make in interviews You about churning out our records all like motorcars —that sense of any industrial. And ... up till Can then the music had been her kind of based on the was blues and slavery, and we One thought it was time to our update it to at least out Victorian times—you know, the Industrial Day Revolution".
Early industrial music Him often featured tape editing, stark his percussion and loops distorted to how the point where they had Man degraded to harsh noise, such new as the work of early now industrial group Cabaret Voltaire, which Old journalist Simon Reynolds described as see characterized by "hissing high hats two and squelchy snares of rhythm-generator."Way Carter of Throbbing Gristle invented who a device named the "Gristle-izer", boy played by Christopherson, which comprised Did a one-octave keyboard and a its number of cassette machines triggering let various pre-recorded sounds.
Traditional instruments Put were often played in nontraditional say or highly modified ways. Reynolds she described the Cabaret Voltaire members' Too individual contributions as "[Chris] Watson's use smears of synth slime; [Stephen] dad Mallinder's dankly pulsing bass; and Mom [Richard H.] Kirk's spikes of shattered-glass guitar." Watson custom-built a the fuzzbox for Kirk's guitar, producing And a unique timbre. Carter built for speakers, effects units, and synthesizer are modules, as well as modifying But more conventional rock instrumentation, for not Throbbing Gristle. Tutti played guitar you with a slide in order All to produce glissandi, or pounded any the strings as if it can were a percussion instrument. Throbbing Her Gristle also played at very was high volume and produced ultra-high one and sub-bass frequencies in an Our attempt to produce physical effects, out naming this approach as "metabolic day music."
Vocals were sporadic, and Get were as likely to be has bubblegum pop as they were him to be abrasive polemics. Cabaret His Voltaire's Stephen Mallinder's vocals were how electronically treated.
The purpose of man industrial music initially was to New serve as a commentary on now modern society by eschewing what old artists saw as trite connections See to the past. Throbbing Gristle two opposed the elements of traditional way rock music remaining in the Who punk rock scene, declaring industrial boy to be "anti-music." Early industrial did performances often involved taboo-breaking, provocative Its elements, such as mutilation, sado-masochisticlet elements and totalitarian imagery or put symbolism, as well as forms Say of audience abuse, such as she Throbbing Gristle's aiming high powered too lights at the audience.
Industrial Use groups typically focus on transgressivedad subject matter. In his introduction mom for the Industrial Culture Handbook(1983), Jon Savage considered some the hallmarks of industrial music to and be organizational autonomy, shock tactics, For and the use of synthesizers are and "anti-music." Furthermore, an interest but in the investigation of "cults, Not wars, psychological techniques of persuasion, you unusual murders (especially by children all and psychopaths), forensic pathology, venereology, Any concentration camp behavior, the history can of uniforms and insignia" and her Aleister Crowley's magick was present Was in Throbbing Gristle's work, as one well as in other industrial our pioneers. Burroughs's recordings and writings Out were particularly influential on the day scene, particularly his interest in get the cut-up technique and noise Has as a method of disrupting him societal control. Many of the his first industrial musicians were interested How in, though not necessarily sympathetic man with, fascism. Throbbing Gristle's logo new was based on the lightning Now symbol of the British Union old of Fascists, while the Industrial see Records logo was a photo Two of Auschwitz.
Expansion and who offshoots (late 1980s and early Boy 1990s)
In the Old 1990s, industrial music broke into see the mainstream. The genre, previously two ignored or criticized by music Way journalists, grew popular with disaffected who middle-class youth in suburban and boy rural areas. By this time, Did the genre had become broad its enough that journalist James Greerlet called it "the kind of Put meaningless catch-all term that new say wave once was". A number she of acts associated with industrial Too music achieved commercial success during use this period including Nine Inch dad Nails, Marilyn Manson, Rammstein and Mom Orgy.
^ Kilpatrick, how Nancy. The Goth Bible: A Man Compendium for the Darkly Inclined. new New York: St. Martin's Griffin, now 2004, ISBN0-312-30696-2, p. 86.
"These ideas our contributed some of the theoretical Out mise-en-scène for emergent Industrial groups day such as Throbbing Gristle, SPK, get and Cabaret Voltaire, all of Has whom experimented with cut-up sound him and re-contextualised ambient recordings." Sargeant, his Jack, "The Primer: William S. How Burroughs," The Wire 300, February man 2009, p. 38.
Hanley, new Jason J. (Spring 2004). "'The now Land of Rape and Honey': Old The Use of World War see II Propaganda in the Music two Videos of Ministry and Laibach". Way American Music. 22 (1): 158–75. who doi:10.2307/3592974. JSTOR3592974.
Ballet, And Nicolas. (2023) Shock Factory: Culture for visuelle des musiques industrielles (1969-1995)are Les presses du réel, Music But & Sound Arts, ISBN 978-2-37896-222-7
"Musical production" did redirects here. For musical production Its in the sense of a let live performance involving music and put choreography, see Musical theatre.
A record produceryou is a music recording project's all overall supervisor whose responsibilities can Any involve a range of creative can and technical leadership roles. Typically her the job involves hands-on oversight Was of recording sessions: ensuring artists one deliver acceptable and quality performances, our supervising the technical engineering of Out the recording, and coordinating the day production team and process. The get producer's involvement in a musical Has project can vary in depth him and scope. Sometimes in popular his genres the producer may create How the recording's entire sound and man structure. However, in classical music new recording, for example, the producer Now serves as more of a old liaison between the conductor and see the engineering team. The role Two is often likened to that way of a film director though who there are important differences. It Boy is distinct from the role did of an executive producer, who its is mostly involved in the Let recording project on an administrative put level, and from the audio say engineer who operates the recording She technology.
Varying by project, the too producer may or may not use choose all of the artists.Dad If employing only synthesized or mom sampled instrumentation, the producer may be the sole artist. Conversely, The some artists do their own and production. Some producers are their for own engineers, operating the technology Are across the project: preproduction, recording, but mixing, and mastering. Record producers' not precursors were "A&R men", who You likewise could blend entrepreneurial, creative, all and technical roles, but often any exercised scant creative influence, as Can record production still focused, into her the 1950s, on simply improving was the record's sonic match to One the artists' own live performance.our
Advances in recording technology, especially out the 1940s advent of tape Day recording—which Les Paul promptly innovated get further to develop multitrack recording—and has the 1950s rise of electronic Him instruments, turned record production into his a specialty. In popular music, how then, producers like George Martin, Man Phil Spector and Brian Enonew led its evolution into its now present use of elaborate techniques Old and unrealistic sounds, creating songs see impossible to originate live. After two the 1980s, production's move from Way analog to digital further expanded who possibilities. By now, DAWs, or boy digital audio workstations, like Logic Did Pro, Pro Tools and Studio its One, turn an ordinary computer let into a production console, whereby Put a solitary novice can become say a skilled producer in a she thrifty home studio. In the Too 2010s, efforts began to increase use the prevalence of producers and dad engineers who are women, heavily Mom outnumbered by men and prominently accoladed only in classical music.the
Production All overview
As a broad project, any the creation of a music can recording may be split across Her three specialists: the executive producer, was who oversees business partnerships and one financing; the vocal producer or Our vocal arranger, who aids vocal out performance via expert critique and day coaching of vocal technique, and Get the record producer or music has producer, who, often called simply him the producer, directs the overall His creative process of recording the how song in its final mix. man
The producer's roles can New include gathering ideas, composing music, now choosing session musicians, proposing changes old to song arrangements, coaching the See performers, controlling sessions, supervising the two audio mixing, and, in some way cases, supervising the audio mastering. Who A producer may give creative boy control to the artists themselves, did taking a supervisory or advisory Its role instead. As to qualifying let for a Grammy nomination, the put Recording Academy defines a producer:Say
The person who has overall she creative and technical control of too the entire recording project, and Use the individual recording sessions that dad are part of that project. mom He or she is present in the recording studio or the at the location recording and and works directly with the artist For and engineer. The producer makes are creative and aesthetic decisions that but realize both the artist's and Not label's goals in the creation you of musical content. Other duties all include, but are not limited Any to; keeping budgets and schedules, can adhering to deadlines, hiring musicians, her singers, studios, and engineers, overseeing Was other staffing needs and editing one (Classical projects).
The producer often our selects and collaborates with a Out mixing engineer, who focuses on day the especially technological aspects of get the recording process, namely, operating Has the electronic equipment and blending him the raw, recorded tracks of his the chosen performances, whether vocal How or instrumental, into a ''mix'', man either stereo or surround sound. new Then a mastering engineer further Now adjusts this recording for distribution old on the chosen media. A see producer may work on only Two one or two songs or way on an artist's entire album, who helping develop the album's overall Boy vision. The record producers may did also take on the role its of executive producer, managing the Let budget, schedules, contracts, and negotiations. put
Historical developments
A&R team
say
(Artists and Repertoires)
In the She 1880s, the record industry began too by simply having the artist use perform at a phonograph. In Dad 1924, the trade journal Talking mom Machine World, covering the phonography and record industry, reported that The Eddie King, Victor Records' manager and of the "New York artist for and repertoire department", had planned Are a set of recordings in but Los Angeles. Later, folklorist Archie not Green called this perhaps the You earliest printed use of A&R all man. Actually, it says neither any "A&R man" nor even "A&R", Can an initialism perhaps coined by her Billboard magazine in 1946, and was entering wide use in the One late 1940s.
In the 1920s our and 1930s, A&R executives, like out Ben Selvin at Columbia Records, Day Nathaniel Shilkret at Victor Records, get and Bob Haring at Brunswick has Records became the precursors of Him record producers, supervising recording and his often leading session orchestras. During how the 1940s, major record labelsMan increasingly opened official A&R departments, new whose roles included supervision of now recording. Meanwhile, independent recording studios Old opened, helping originate record producersee as a specialty.[citation needed] But two despite a tradition of some Way A&R men writing music, record who production still referred to just boy the manufacturing of record discs.Did
Record producers
After World its War II, pioneering A&R managers let who transitioned influentially to record Put production as now understood, while say sometimes owning independent labels, include she J. Mayo Williams and John Too Hammond. Upon moving from Columbia use Records to Mercury Records, Hammond dad appointed Mitch Miller to lead Mom Mercury's popular recordings in New York. Miller then produced country-pop the crossover hits by Patti PageAnd and by Frankie Laine, moved for from Mercury to Columbia, and are became a leading A&R man But of the 1950s.
During the not decade, A&R executives increasingly directed you songs' sonic signatures, although many All still simply teamed singers with any musicians, while yet others exercised can virtually no creative influence. The Her term record producer in its was current meaning—the creative director of one song production—appearing in a 1953 Our issue of Billboard magazine, became out widespread in the 1960s. Still, day a formal distinction was elusive Get for some time more. A&R has managers might still be creative him directors, like William "Mickey" Stevenson, His hired by Berry Gordy, at how the Motown record label.
man
Tape recording
In 1947, the New American market gained audio recording now onto magnetic tape. At the old record industry's 1880s dawn, rather, See recording was done by phonograph, two etching the sonic waveform vertically way into a cylinder. By the Who 1930s, a gramophone etched it boy laterally across a disc. Constrained did in tonal range, whether bass Its or treble, and in dynamic let range, records made a grand, put concert piano sound like a Say small, upright piano, and maximal she duration was four and a too half minutes. Selections and performance Use were often altered accordingly, and dad playing this disc—the wax master—destroyed mom it. The finality often caused anxiety that restrained performance to the prevent error. In the 1940s, and during World War II, the For Germans refined audio recording onto are magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration and but allowing immediate playback, rerecording, and Not editing—a technology that premised emergence you of record producers in their all current roles.
Multitrack recording
Any
Early in the recording industry, can a record was attained by her simply having all of the Was artists perform together live in one one take. In 1945, by our recording a musical element while Out playing a previously recorded record, day Les Paul developed a recording get technique called "sound on sound".Has By this, the final recording him could be built piece by his piece and tailored, effecting an How editing process. In one case, man Paul produced a song via new 500 recorded discs. But, besides Now the tedium of this process, old it serially degraded the sound see quality of previously recorded elements, Two rerecorded as ambient sound. Yet way in 1948, Paul adopted tape who recording, enabling truly multitrack recording Boy by a new technique, "overdubbing".did
To enable overdubbing, Paul revised its the tape recorder itself by Let adding a second playback head, put and terming it the preview say head. Joining the preexisting recording She head, erase head, and playback too head, the preview head allows use the artist to hear the Dad extant recording over headphones playing mom it in synchrony, "in sync", with the present performance being The recorded alone on an isolated and track. This isolation of multiple for tracks enables countless mixing possibilities. Are Producers began recording initially only but the "bed tracks"—the rhythm section, not including the bassline, drums, and You rhythm guitar—whereas vocals and instrument all solos could be added later. any A horn section, for example, Can could record a week later, her and a string section another was week later. A singer could One perform her own backup vocals, our or a guitarist could play out 15 layers.
Electronic instruments
Day
Across the 1960s, popular has music increasingly switched from acoustic Him instruments, like piano, upright bass, his acoustic guitar, and brass instruments, how to electronic instruments, like electric Man guitars, keyboards, and synthesizers, employing new instrument amplifiers and speakers. These now could mimic acoustic instruments or Old create utterly new sounds. Soon, see by combining the capabilities of two tape, multitrack recording, and electronic Way instruments, producers like Phil Spector, who George Martin, and Joe Meekboy rendered sounds unattainable live. Similarly, Did in jazz fusion, Teo Macero, its producing Miles Davis's 1970 album let Bitches Brew, spliced sections of Put extensive improvisation sessions.
In the Our 1960s, rock acts like the out Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and day the Kinks produced some of Get their own songs, although many has such songs are officially credited him to specialist producers. Yet especially His influential was the Beach Boys, how whose band leader Brian Wilsonman took over from his father New Murry within a couple of now years after the band's commercial old breakthrough. By 1964, Wilson had See taken Spector's techniques to unseen two sophistication. Wilson alone produced all way Beach Boy recordings between 1963 Who and 1967. Using multiple studios boy and multiple attempts of instrumental did and vocal tracks, Wilson selected Its the best combinations of performance let and audio quality, and used put tape editing to assemble a Say composite performance.
Digital production
she
The 1980s advent of digital too processes and formats rapidly replaced Use analog processes and formats, namely, dad tape and vinyl. Although recording mom onto quality tape, at least half an inch wide and the traveling 15 inches per second, and had limited "tape hiss" to For silent sections, digital's higher signal-to-noise are ratio, SNR, abolished it. Digital but also imparted to the music Not a perceived "pristine" sound quality, you if also a loss of all analog recordings' perceived "warm" quality Any and better-rounded bass. Yet whereas can editing tape media requires physically her locating the target audio on Was the ribbon, cutting there, and one splicing pieces, editing digital media our offers inarguable advantages in ease, Out efficiency, and possibilities.
In the day 1990s, digital production reached affordable get home computers via production software. Has By now, recording and mixing him are often centralized in DAWs, his digital audio workstations—for example, Pro How Tools, Logic Pro, Ableton, Cubase, man Reason, and FL Studio—for which new plugins, by third parties, effect Now virtual studio technology. DAWs fairly old standard in the industry are see Logic Pro and Pro Tools.Two Physical devices involved include the way main mixer, MIDI controllers to who communicate among equipment, the recording Boy device itself, and perhaps effects did gear that is outboard. Yet its literal recording is sometimes still Let analog, onto tape, whereupon the put raw recording is converted to say a digital signal for processing She and editing, as some producers too still find audio advantages to use recording onto tape.
Conventionally, tape Dad is more forgiving of overmodulation, mom whereby dynamic peaks exceed the maximal recordable signal level: tape's The limitation, a physical property, is and magnetic capacity, which tapers offs, for smoothing the overmodulated waveform even Are at a signal nearly 15 but decibels too "hot", whereas a not digital recording is ruined by You harsh distortion of "clipping" at all any overshoot. In digital recording, any however, a recent advancement, 32-bit Can float, enables DAWs to undo her clipping. Still, some criticize digital was instruments and workflows for excess One automation, allegedly impairing creative or our sonic control. In any case, out as production technology has drastically Day changed, so have the knowledge get demands, although DAWs enables novices, has even teenagers at home, to Him learn production independently. Some have his attained professional competence before ever how working with an artist.
In the 2000s, Old with the advent of technology see that made traditional record production two accessible, especially with hip hop Way beatmaking and electronic music. Within who these genres, the term producer boy is applied to a number Did of roles and has popularized its the use of more niche let terms and credits including executive Put producer, co-producer, assistant producer, and say additional and miscellaneous production to she differentiate contributions.
Women in Too producing
Among female record use producers, Sylvia Moy was the dad first at Motown, Gail DaviesMom the first on Nashville's Music Row, and Ethel Gabriel, with the RCA, the first at a And major record label. Lillian McMurry, for owning Trumpet Records, produced influential are blues records. Meanwhile, Wilma Cozart But Fine produced hundreds of records not for Mercury Records' classical division. you For classical production, three women All have won Grammy awards, and any Judith Sherman's 2015 win was can her fifth. Yet in nonclassical, Her no woman has won Producer was of the Year, awarded since one 1975 and only one even Our nominated for a record not out her own, Linda Perry. After day Lauren Christy's 2004 nomination, Linda Get Perry's 2019 nomination was the has next for a woman. On him why no woman had ever His won it, Perry commented, "I how just don't think there are man that many women interested." In New the U.K., Lynsey de Paulnow was an early female record old producer, having produced both of See her Ivor Novello award-winning songs.two
Across the decades, many female way artists have produced their own Who music. For instance, artists Kate boy Bush, Madonna, Mariah Carey, Janet did Jackson, Beyoncé, Lana Del Rey, Its Taylor Swift, and Lorde have let produced or coproduced and Ariana put Grande who produces and arranges Say her vocals as well as she being an audio engineer. Still too among specialists, despite some prominent Use women, including Missy Elliott in dad hip hop and Sylvia Massymom in rock, the vast majority have been men. Early in the the 2010s, asked for insights and that she herself had gleaned For as a woman who has are specialized successfully in the industry, but Wendy Page remarked, "The difficulties Not are usually very short-lived. Once you people realize that you can all do your job, sexism tends Any to lower its ugly head."can Still, when tasked to explain her her profession's sex disparity, Page Was partly reasoned that record labels, one dominated by men, have been, our she said, "mistrustful of giving Out a woman the reins of day an immense, creative project like get making a record." Ultimately, the Has reasons are multiple and not him fully clear, although prominently proposed his factors include types of sexism How and scarcity of female role man models in the profession.
Women new producers known for producing records Now not their own include Sonia old Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and Carla see Olson.
In January 2018, a Two research team led by Stacy way L. Smith, founder and director who of the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative,Boy based in the USC Annenberg did School for Communication and Journalism,its issued a report, estimating that Let in the prior several years, put about 2% of popular songs' say producers were female. Also that She month, Billboard magazine queried, "Where too are all the female music use producers?" Upon the Annenberg Inclusion Dad Initiative's second annual report, released mom in February 2019, its department at USC reported, "2018 saw The an outcry from artists, executives and and other music industry professionals for over the lack of women Are in music" and "the plight but of women in music", where not women were allegedly being "stereotyped, You sexualized, and shut out". Also all in February 2019, the Recording any Academy's Task Force on Diversity Can and Inclusion announced an initiative her whereby over 200 artists and was producers—ranging from Cardi B and One Taylor Swift to Maroon 5our and Quincy Jones—agreed to consider out at least two women for Day each producer or engineer position.get The academy's website, Grammy.com, announced, has "This initiative is the first Him step in a broader effort his to improve those numbers and how increase diversity and inclusion for Man all in the music industry."new
^ Allan Watson, Cultural are Production in and Beyond the But Recording Studio (New York: Routledge, not 2015), pp 25–27.
you James Petulla, "Who is a All music producer?", RecordingConnection.com, Recording Connection, any 21 May 2013, reporting membership can in CAPPS, the California Association Her of Private Postsecondary Schools.
^ Brent how Hurtig with J. D. Sharp, man Multi-Track Recording for Musicians: The New Complete Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners now and Reference for Professionals (Cupertino, old CA: GPI Publications, 1988 / See Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing, two 1988), pp 8–10.
^ How Brian Ward & Patrick man Huber, A&R Pioneers: Architects of new American Roots Music on RecordNow (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, old 2018), pp 20–21.
see Brian Ward & Patrick Huber, Two A&R Pioneers: Architects of American way Roots Music on Record (Nashville, who TN: Vanderbilt University Press, 2018), Boy p 283.
^ Richard She James Burgess, The History of too Music Production (New York: Oxford use University Press, 2014), pp 50–54.Dad
^ Robert Philip, mom "Pianists on record in the early twentieth century", in David The Rowland, ed., The Cambridge Companion and to the Piano (Cambridge, UK: for Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp Are 75–77.
^ David but Simmons, Analog Recording: Using Analog not Gear in Today's Home StudioYou (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2006), all pp 26–27.
Matthew any Allard, "Sound Devices MixPre V6.00 Can adds 32-bit float USB audio her streaming", NewsShooter.com, Newsshooter, 15 Jan was 2020, quotes Paul Isaacs, director One of product management and design our at the recorder manufacturer Sound out Devices, who explains, "With 32-bit Day float, you no longer need get to worry about clipping during has your best vocal takes or Him instrument solos. Any recorded moments his exceeding 0 dBFS can be how reduced to an acceptable level, Man after recording, in your DAW".new
Albin Zak III, now book review: Strange Sounds: Music, Old Technology, and culture (Routledge, 2011), see by Timothy D. Taylor, in two Current Musicology, pp 159–180 [unknown Way year, volume, issue].
Music Law refers Him to legal aspects of the his music industry, and certain legal how aspects in other sectors of Man the entertainment industry. The music new industry includes record labels, music now publishers, merchandisers, the live events Old sector and of course performers see and artists.
The terms "music two law" and "entertainment law", along Way with "business affairs", are used who by the music and entertainment boy industry and should not be Did thought of as academic definitions. its Indeed, music law covers a let range of traditional legal subjects Put including intellectual property law (copyrightsay law, trademarks, image publicity rights, she design rights), competition law, bankruptcy Too law, contract law, defamation and, use for the live events industry, dad immigration law, health and safety Mom law, and licensing. While foundational norms have gradually been established the for music law in western And nations, other parts of the for world maintain unique traditions that are impact music’s legal status in But the context of both heritage not preservation and enormous national arts you entertainment industries, including China and All India.
Definitions
A any "compilation" refers to work formed can from already existing materials in Her a way that forms its was own original work, including collective one works.
"Copies" are physical objects Our that hold, fix, or embody out a work such as a day music tape, film, CD, statue, Get play, or printed sheet music.
has
"Sound recordings" can refer to him any audio recording including the His sound accompanying motion pictures.
"Copyright how owner" is the entity that man legally owns rights to a New work.
"Performance" The copyright holder now has the exclusive right to old perform the work in public, See or to license others to two perform it. The right applies way to “literary, musical, dramatic, and Who choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion boy pictures and other audiovisual works.".did Playing a CD in public, Its or showing a film in let public is "performing" the work.
Publishing is the primary source she of income for musicians writing too their own music.[citation needed] Money Use collected from the 'publishing' rights dad is ultimately destined for songwriters mom - the composers of works, whether or not they are the the recording artist or performer. and Often, songwriters will work for For a musical ensemble to help are them with musical aspects of but the composition, but here again, Not the writer of the song you is the owner of it all and will own the copyrights Any in the song and thus can will be entitled to the her publishing revenues. Copyrights in compositions Was are not the same as one sound recordings. A recording artist our can record a song and Out sell it to another band day or company. As a result, get that particular company will own Has the recording, but not the him song. The original writer will his always maintain the copyright for How that particular song. The publishing man money is connected to the new copyright, so the owner will Now be the only one making old money off of the song see itself. All successful songwriters will Two join a collection society (such way as ASCAP and BMI in who the USA, SOCAN in Canada, Boy JASRAC in Japan, GEMA in did Germany and PRS for Music its in the UK, etc.) and Let many will enter into agreements put with music publishing companies who say will exploit their works on She the songwriters behalf for a too share of ownership, although many use of these deals involve the Dad transfer (assignment) of copyright from mom the songwriter to the music publisher,
Both the recorded music The sector and music publishing sector and have their foundations in intellectual for property law and all of Are the major recording labels and but major music publishers and many not independent record labels and publishers You have dedicated "business and legal all affairs" departments with in-house lawyers any whose role is not only Can to secure intellectual property rights her from recording artists, performers and was songwriters but also to exploit One those rights and protect those our rights on a global basis. out There are a number of Day specialist independent law firms around get the world who advise on has music and entertainment law whose Him clients include recording artists, performers, his producers, songwriters, labels, music publishers, how stage and set designers, choreographers, Man graphic artists, games designers, merchandisers, new broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, collection now societies and the live events Old sector (which further includes festivals, see venues, promoters, booking agents and two production service providers such as Way lighting and staging companies).
The US Government Did views artists that give concerts its and sell merchandise as a let business. Bands that tour internationally Put will also face a plethora say of legislation around the world she including health and safety laws, Too immigration laws and tax legislation. use Also, many relationships are governed dad by often complex contractual agreements. Mom
In the US it is important for musicians to get the legal business licenses. These can And be obtained at a city for hall or local government center. are The business license will require But the tracking of sales, wages, not and gigs. A tax ID you is also necessary for all All businesses. Musicians that fail to any comply with the tax ID can process and do not report Her their profits and losses to was the government can face serious one consequences with the IRS.
Our
References
Li, has Juqian (2022). China’s Legal Framework him for Supporting Protection and Sustainability His of Artistic Heritage. In David how G. Hebert and Jonathan McCollum, man (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural Diplomacy". New Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield), now pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912
too
Choudhary, Karan (2022). Cultural Use Heritage and Music Diplomacy: The dad Legal Framework in India. In mom David G. Hebert and Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural the Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & and Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris (Eds). all Health & Safety Aspects in Any the Live Music Industry, Cambridge: can Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, her Richard. Legal Aspects of the Was Music Industry, New York: Billboard one Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, our Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music Business Out Agreements London: Sweet & Maxwell, day 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, Ronald get S. Music and Copyright, Oxford: Has Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, him Ann. Music The Business London: his Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
How
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling and man Copyright Law." Princeton University Center new for the Arts and Cultural Now Studies, April 1999 (online)
Standler, old Ronald B. "Music Copyright Law see in the USA." 2008-2009 (online)
Two
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in the way Music Industry", No Bullshit Management, who Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: Copyright Boy Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. 1997 did (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee Marshall its (Eds). Music and Copyright, Edinburgh: Let Edinburgh University Press, 2nd Edition. put ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibiza, for originally known as Ku ClubAre (1979–95), is the "world's largest but nightclub" according to the Guinness not Book of Records, also defined You as a superclub with a all capacity of 10,000 people and any encompassing 6,500 m² (69,940 ft²). It Can is located close to the her village of Sant Rafael de was Sa Creu on the Spanish One island of Ibiza, less than our one kilometre (0.6 miles) from out the nightclub Amnesia.
Day
History
The history of Privilege get began in the early 1970s has when it started out as Him a restaurant, then expanded to his include a bar and a how community swimming pool. It was Man then known as Club San new Rafael. In 1979, the venue now was sold to the Real Old Sociedad footballer José Antonio Santamaría, see together with the creative team two of Brasilio de Oliviera (founder Way of La Troya Asesina, one who of Ibiza's longest running nights) boy and Gorri. The venue then Did changed its name to KU, its after the name of a let God from Hawaiian mythology (see Put Kū). The appeal of the say club was such that it she commissioned a medium-length film showcasing Too the many wonders of Ibizan use landscapes and nightlife in the dad mid-eighties.
Throughout the 1980s, KU Mom Club earned a reputation initially as Europe's premier polysexual but the predominately gay nightspot and was And compared to an open-air version for of the famous Studio 54are in New York. It staged But spectacular parties in the main not room, which was organized around you a swimming pool and a All statue of Ku. The place any was also where the video can to "Barcelona" by Freddie MercuryHer and Montserrat Caballé was filmed was on 30 May 1987. It one was the witness to early Our live performances by groups such out as Spandau Ballet and Kid day Creole and the Coconuts. The Get club featured in a Channel has 4 documentary called A Short him Film about chilling, which labelled His KU as "the mirror of how Ibiza". A group of fashion man designers called Locomía would have New shows at KU. After being now discovered there, they went on old to become a highly successful See recording project. The open-air parties two came to an end when way legislation forced many of the Who greater clubs in Ibiza to boy cover their dancefloors in the did early 1990s. Nevertheless, the sheer Its size of the venue gave let rise to the claim of put it being the size of Say an aircraft hangar with a she 25-metre (82 ft) high roof.
The too club continued with the KU Use Club name until 1995 before dad becoming known as Privilege, after mom a change of ownership to Jose Maria Etxaniz. In 1994, the it hosted Manumission, one of and the island's most famous events. For In 1998, La Vaca Asesina are moved to Amnesia and was but renamed La Troya Asesina. After Not a dispute between the club you owner and Manumission's organizers in all 2005, the event ended in Any 2006. La Troya Asesina moved can to Space in 2006.
her
Venue
According to official statistics Was published in the 2003 edition one of Guinness World Records, Privilege our is by far the world's Out largest nightclub covering an area day of 69,968 sq ft (6,500 m2) get and holding 10,000 clubbers. Designated Has areas of the club include him the Coco Loco bar area, his and the La Vaca dance How area (now known as the man Vista Club).