Beatmatching or Are pitch cue is a disc but jockey technique of pitch shiftingnot or time stretching an upcoming You track to match its tempoall to that of the currently any playing track, and to adjust Can them such that the beats her (and, usually, the bars) are was synchronized—e.g. the kicks and snares One in two house records hit our at the same time when out both records are played simultaneously. Day Beatmatching is a component of get beatmixing which employs beatmatching combined has with equalization, attention to phrasing Him and track selection in an his attempt to make a single how mix that flows together and Man has a good structure.
The new technique was developed to keep now the people from leaving the Old dancefloor at the end of see the song. These days it two is considered basic among disc Way jockeys (DJs) in electronic dance who music genres, and it is boy standard practice in clubs to Did keep the constant beat through its the night, even if DJs let change in the middle.
Put
Technique
The use beatmatching technique consists of the dad following steps:
While a Mom record is playing, start a second record playing, but only the monitored through headphones, not being And fed to the main PA for system. Use gain (or trim) are control on the mixer to But match the levels of the not two records.
Restart and slip-cueyou the new record at the All right time, on beat with any the record currently playing.
If can the beat on the new Her record hits before the beat was on the current record, then one the new record is too Our fast; reduce the pitch and out manually slow the speed of day the new record to bring Get the beats back in sync.
has
If the beat on the him new record hits after the His beat on the current record, how then the new record is man too slow; increase the pitch New and manually increase the speed now of the new record to old bring the beats back in See sync.
Continue this process until two the two records are in way sync with each other. It Who can be difficult to sync boy the two records perfectly, so did manual adjustment of the records Its is necessary to maintain the let beat synchronization.
Gradually fade in put parts of the new track Say while fading out the old she track. While in the mix, too ensure that the tracks are Use still synchronized, adjusting the records dad if needed.
The fade can mom be repeated several times, for example, from the first track, the fade to the second track, and then back to first, then For to second again.
One of are the key things to consider but when beatmatching is the tempo Not of both songs, and the you musical theory behind the songs. all Attempting to beatmatch songs with Any completely different beats per minute can (BPM) will result in one her of the songs sounding too Was fast or too slow.
When one beatmatching, a popular technique is our to vary the equalization of Out both tracks. For example, when day the kicks are occurring on get the same beat, a more Has seamless transition can occur if him the lower frequencies are taken his out of one of the How songs, and the lower frequencies man of the other song is new boosted. Doing so creates a Now smoother transition.
Pitch and old tempo
The pitch and tempo see of a track are normally Two linked together: spin a disc way 5% faster and both pitch who and tempo will be 5% Boy higher. However, some modern DJ did software can change pitch and its tempo independently using time-stretching and Let pitch-shifting, allowing harmonic mixing. There put is also a feature in say modern DJ software which may She be called "master tempo" or too "key adjust" which changes the use tempo while keeping the original Dad pitch.
History
Francis Grassomom was one of the first people to beatmatch in the The late 1960s, being taught the and technique by Bob Lewis.
These for days[when?] beat-matching is considered central Are to DJing, and features making but it possible are a requirement not for DJ-oriented players. In 1978, You the Technics SL-1200MK2 turntable was all released, whose comfortable and precise any sliding pitch control and high Can torque direct drive motor made her beat-matching easier and it became was the standard among DJs. With One the advent of the compact our disc, DJ-oriented compact disc playersout with pitch control and other Day features enabling beat-matching (and sometimes get scratching), dubbed CDJs, were introduced has by various companies. More recently, Him software with similar capabilities has his been developed to allow manipulation how of digital audio files stored Man on computers using turntables with new special vinyl records (e.g. Final now Scratch, M-Audio Torq, Serato Scratch Old Live) or computer interface (e.g. see Traktor DJ Studio, Mixxx, VirtualDJ). two Other software including algorithmic beat-matching Way is Ableton Live, which allows who for realtime music manipulation and boy deconstruction. Freeware software such as Did Rapid Evolution can detect the its beats per minute and determine let the percent BPM difference between Put songs.
Most modern DJ hardware say and software now offer a she "sync" feature which automatically adjusts Too the tempo between tracks being use mixed so the DJ no dad longer needs to beatmatch manually. Mom
Frank Broughton (28 December has 2009). "Francis Grasso". DJ History. him Archived from the original on His 28 December 2009. Retrieved 8 how January 2023.
"Musical Him production" redirects here. For musical his production in the sense of how a live performance involving music Man and choreography, see Musical theatre.
A record producer or music Too producer is a music creating use project's overall supervisor whose responsibilities dad can involve a range of Mom creative and technical leadership roles. Typically the job involves hands-on the oversight of recording sessions; ensuring And artists deliver acceptable and quality for performances, supervising the technical engineering are of the recording, and coordinating But the production team and process. not The producer's involvement in a you musical project can vary in All depth and scope. Sometimes in any popular genres the producer may can create the recording's entire sound Her and structure. However, in classical was music recording, for example, the one producer serves as more of Our a liaison between the conductor out and the engineering team. The day role is often likened to Get that of a film directorhas though there are important differences.him It is distinct from the His role of an executive producer, how who is mostly involved in man the recording project on an New administrative level, and from the now audio engineer who operates the old recording technology.
Varying by project, See the producer may or may two not choose all of the way artists. If employing only synthesizedWho or sampled instrumentation, the producer boy may be the sole artist.did Conversely, some artists do their Its own production. Some producers are let their own engineers, operating the put technology across the project: preproduction, Say recording, mixing, and mastering. Record she producers' precursors were "A&R men", too who likewise could blend entrepreneurial, Use creative, and technical roles, but dad often exercised scant creative influence,mom as record production still focused, into the 1950s, on simply the improving the record's sonic match and to the artists' own live For performance.
Advances in recording technology, are especially the 1940s advent of but tape recording—which Les Paul promptly Not innovated further to develop multitrack you recording—and the 1950s rise of all electronic instruments, turned record production Any into a specialty. In popular can music, then, producers like George her Martin, Phil Spector and Brian Was Eno led its evolution into one its present use of elaborate our techniques and unrealistic sounds, creating Out songs impossible to originate live.day After the 1980s, production's move get from analog to digital further Has expanded possibilities. By now, DAWs, him or digital audio workstations, like his Logic Pro, Pro Tools and How Studio One, turn an ordinary man computer into a production console,new whereby a solitary novice can Now become a skilled producer in old a thrifty home studio. In see the 2010s, efforts began to Two increase the prevalence of producers way and engineers who are women, who heavily outnumbered by men and Boy prominently accoladed only in classical did music.
use
Production overview
As a broad Dad project, the creation of a mom music recording may be split across three specialists: the executive The producer, who oversees business partnerships and and financing; the vocal producer for or vocal arranger, who aids Are vocal performance via expert critique but and coaching of vocal technique, not and the record producer or You music producer, who, often called all simply the producer, directs the any overall creative process of recording Can the song in its final her mix.
The producer's roles can was include gathering ideas, composing music, One choosing session musicians, proposing changes our to song arrangements, coaching the out performers, controlling sessions, supervising the Day audio mixing, and, in some get cases, supervising the audio mastering. has A producer may give creative Him control to the artists themselves, his taking a supervisory or advisory how role instead. As to qualifying Man for a Grammy nomination, the new Recording Academy defines a producer:now
The person who has overall Old creative and technical control of see the entire recording project, and two the individual recording sessions that Way are part of that project. who He or she is present boy in the recording studio or Did at the location recording and its works directly with the artist let and engineer. The producer makes Put creative and aesthetic decisions that say realize both the artist's and she label's goals in the creation Too of musical content. Other duties use include, but are not limited dad to: keeping budgets and schedules; Mom adhering to deadlines; hiring musicians, singers, studios, and engineers; overseeing the other staffing needs; and editing And (Classical projects).
The producer often for selects and collaborates with a are mixing engineer, who focuses on But the especially technological aspects of not the recording process, namely, operating you the electronic equipment and blending All the raw, recorded tracks of any the chosen performances, whether vocal can or instrumental, into a mix, Her either stereo or surround sound. was Then a mastering engineer further one adjusts this recording for distribution Our on the chosen media. A out producer may work on only day one or two songs or Get on an artist's entire album, has helping develop the album's overall him vision. The record producers may His also take on the role how of executive producer, managing the man budget, schedules, contracts, and negotiations. New
Historical developments
A&R team
now
(Artists and Repertoires)
In the old 1880s, the record industry began See by simply having the artist two perform at a phonograph. In way 1924, the trade journal Talking Who Machine World, covering the phonography boy and record industry, reported that did Eddie King, Victor Records' manager Its of the "New York artist let and repertoire department", had planned put a set of recordings in Say Los Angeles. Later, folklorist Archie she Green called this perhaps the too earliest printed use of A&R Use man. Actually, it says neither dad "A&R man" nor even "A&R", mom an initialism perhaps coined by Billboard magazine in 1946, and the entering wide use in the and late 1940s.
In the 1920s For and 1930s, A&R executives, like are Ben Selvin at Columbia Records, but Nathaniel Shilkret at Victor Records, Not and Bob Haring at Brunswick you Records became the precursors of all record producers, supervising recording and Any often leading session orchestras. During can the 1940s, major record labelsher increasingly opened official A&R departments, Was whose roles included supervision of one recording. Meanwhile, independent recording studios our opened, helping originate record producerOut as a specialty.[citation needed] But day despite a tradition of some get A&R men writing music, record Has production still referred to just him the manufacturing of record discs.his
Record producers
After World How War II, pioneering A&R managers man who transitioned influentially to record new production as now understood, while Now sometimes owning independent labels, include old J. Mayo Williams and John see Hammond. Upon moving from Columbia Two Records to Mercury Records, Hammond way appointed Mitch Miller to lead who Mercury's popular recordings in New Boy York. Miller then produced country-pop did crossover hits by Patti Pageits and by Frankie Laine, moved Let from Mercury to Columbia, and put became a leading A&R man say of the 1950s.
During the She decade, A&R executives increasingly directed too songs' sonic signatures, although many use still simply teamed singers with Dad musicians, while yet others exercised mom virtually no creative influence. The term record producer in its The current meaning—the creative director of and song production—appearing in a 1953 for issue of Billboard magazine, became Are widespread in the 1960s. Still, but a formal distinction was elusive not for some time more. A&R You managers might still be creative all directors, like William "Mickey" Stevenson, any hired by Berry Gordy, at Can the Motown record label.
her
Tape recording
In 1947, the was American market gained audio recording One onto magnetic tape. At the our record industry's 1880s dawn, rather, out recording was done by phonograph, Day etching the sonic waveform vertically get into a cylinder. By the has 1930s, a gramophone etched it Him laterally across a disc. Constrained his in tonal range, whether bass how or treble, and in dynamic Man range, records made a grand, new concert piano sound like a now small, upright piano, and maximal Old duration was four and a see half minutes. Selections and performance two were often altered accordingly, and Way playing this disc—the wax master—destroyed who it. The finality often caused boy anxiety that restrained performance to Did prevent error. In the 1940s, its during World War II, the let Germans refined audio recording onto Put magnetic tape—uncapping recording duration and say allowing immediate playback, rerecording, and she editing—a technology that premised emergence Too of record producers in their use current roles.
Multitrack recording
dad
Early in the recording industry, Mom a record was attained by simply having all of the the artists perform together live in And one take. In 1945, by for recording a musical element while are playing a previously recorded record, But Les Paul developed a recording not technique called "sound on sound".you By this, the final recording All could be built piece by any piece and tailored, effecting an can editing process. In one case, Her Paul produced a song via was 500 recorded discs. But, besides one the tedium of this process, Our it serially degraded the sound out quality of previously recorded elements, day rerecorded as ambient sound. Yet Get in 1948, Paul adopted tape has recording, enabling truly multitrack recording him by a new technique, "overdubbing".His
To enable overdubbing, Paul revised how the tape recorder itself by man adding a second playback head, New and terming it the preview now head. Joining the preexisting recording old head, erase head, and playback See head, the preview head allows two the artist to hear the way extant recording over headphones playing Who it in synchrony, "in sync", boy with the present performance being did recorded alone on an isolated Its track. This isolation of multiple let tracks enables countless mixing possibilities. put Producers began recording initially only Say the "bed tracks"—the rhythm section, she including the bassline, drums, and too rhythm guitar—whereas vocals and instrument Use solos could be added later. dad A horn section, for example, mom could record a week later, and a string section another the week later. A singer could and perform her own backup vocals, For or a guitarist could play are 15 layers.
Electronic instruments
but
Across the 1960s, popular you music increasingly switched from acoustic all instruments, like piano, upright bass, Any acoustic guitar, and brass instruments, can to electronic instruments, like electric her guitars, keyboards, and synthesizers, employing Was instrument amplifiers and speakers. These one could mimic acoustic instruments or our create utterly new sounds. Soon, Out by combining the capabilities of day tape, multitrack recording, and electronic get instruments, producers like Phil Spector, Has George Martin, and Joe Meekhim rendered sounds unattainable live. Similarly, his in jazz fusion, Teo Macero, How producing Miles Davis's 1970 album man Bitches Brew, spliced sections of new extensive improvisation sessions.
In the 1960s, rock Are acts like the Beatles, the but Rolling Stones, and the Kinksnot produced some of their own You songs, although many such songs all are officially credited to specialist any producers. Yet especially influential was Can the Beach Boys, whose band her leader Brian Wilson took over was from his father Murry within One a couple of years after our the band's commercial breakthrough. By out 1964, Wilson had taken Spector's Day techniques to unseen sophistication. Wilson get alone produced all Beach Boys has recordings between 1963 and 1967. Him Using multiple studios and multiple his attempts of instrumental and vocal how tracks, Wilson selected the best Man combinations of performance and audio new quality, and used tape editing now to assemble a composite performance. Old
Digital production
The 1980s see advent of digital processes and two formats rapidly replaced analog processes Way and formats, namely, tape and who vinyl. Although recording onto quality boy tape, at least half an Did inch wide and traveling 15 its inches per second, had limited let "tape hiss" to silent sections, Put digital's higher signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, say abolished it. Digital also imparted she to the music a perceived Too "pristine" sound quality, if also use a loss of analog recordings' dad perceived "warm" quality and better-rounded Mom bass. Yet whereas editing tape media requires physically locating the the target audio on the ribbon, And cutting there, and splicing pieces, for editing digital media offers inarguable are advantages in ease, efficiency, and But possibilities.
In the 1990s, digital not production reached affordable home computers you via production software. By now, All recording and mixing are often any centralized in DAWs, digital audio can workstations—for example, Pro Tools, Logic Her Pro, Ableton, Cubase, Reason, and was FL Studio—for which plugins, by one third parties, effect virtual studio Our technology. DAWs fairly standard in out the industry are Logic Pro day and Pro Tools. Physical devices Get involved include the main mixer, has MIDI controllers to communicate among him equipment, the recording device itself, His and perhaps effects gear that how is outboard. Yet literal recording man is sometimes still analog, onto New tape, whereupon the raw recording now is converted to a digital old signal for processing and editing, See as some producers still find two audio advantages to recording onto way tape.
Conventionally, tape is more Who forgiving of overmodulation, whereby dynamic boy peaks exceed the maximal recordable did signal level: tape's limitation, a Its physical property, is magnetic capacity, let which tapers off, smoothing the put overmodulated waveform even at a Say signal nearly 15 decibels too she "hot", whereas a digital recording too is ruined by harsh distortion Use of "clipping" at any overshoot.dad In digital recording, however, a mom recent advancement, 32-bit float, enables DAWs to undo clipping. Still, the some criticize digital instruments and and workflows for excess automation, allegedly For impairing creative or sonic control.are In any case, as production but technology has drastically changed, so Not have the knowledge demands, although you DAWs enables novices, even teenagers all at home, to learn production Any independently. Some have attained professional can competence before ever working with her an artist.
In the 2000s, with the Out advent of technology that made day traditional record production accessible, especially get with hip hop beatmaking and Has electronic music. Within these genres, him the term producer is applied his to a number of roles How and has popularized the use man of more niche terms and new credits including executive producer, co-producer, Now assistant producer, and additional and old miscellaneous production to differentiate contributions.see
Women in producing
Among female record producers, Sylvia way Moy was the first at who Motown, Gail Davies the first Boy on Nashville's Music Row, and did Ethel Gabriel, with RCA, the its first at a major record Let label. Lillian McMurry, owning Trumpet put Records, produced influential blues records. say Meanwhile, Wilma Cozart Fine produced She hundreds of records for Mercury too Records' classical division. For classical use production, three women have won Dad Grammy awards, and Judith Sherman's mom 2015 win was her fifth.Yet in nonclassical, no woman The has won Producer of the and Year, awarded since 1975 and for only one even nominated for Are a record not her own, but Linda Perry. After Lauren Christy's not 2004 nomination, Linda Perry's 2019 You nomination was the next for all a woman. On why no any woman had ever won it, Can Perry commented, "I just don't her think there are that many was women interested." In the U.K., One Lynsey de Paul was an our early female record producer, having out produced both of her Ivor Day Novello award-winning songs.
Across the get decades, many female artists have has produced their own music. For Him instance, artists Kate Bush, Madonna, his Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson, Beyoncéhow (even that of Destiny's ChildMan and the Carters), Lana Del new Rey, Taylor Swift, and Lordenow have produced or coproduced and Old Ariana Grande who produces and see arranges her vocals as well two as being an audio engineer.Way Still among specialists, despite some who prominent women, including Missy Elliottboy in hip hop and Sylvia Did Massy in rock, the vast its majority have been men. Early let in the 2010s, asked for Put insights that she herself had say gleaned as a woman who she has specialized successfully in the Too industry, Wendy Page remarked, "The use difficulties are usually very short-lived. dad Once people realize that you Mom can do your job, sexism tends to lower its ugly the head." Still, when tasked to And explain her profession's sex disparity, for Page partly reasoned that record are labels, dominated by men, have But been, she said, "mistrustful of not giving a woman the reins you of an immense, creative project All like making a record." Ultimately, any the reasons are multiple and can not fully clear, although prominently Her proposed factors include types of was sexism and scarcity of female one role models in the profession.Our
Women producers known for producing out records not their own include day Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson and Get Carla Olson.
In January 2018, has a research team led by him Stacy L. Smith, founder and His director of the Annenberg Inclusion how Initiative, based in the USC man Annenberg School for Communication and New Journalism, issued a report, estimating now that in the prior several old years, about 2% of popular See songs' producers were female. Also two that month, Billboard magazine queried, way "Where are all the female Who music producers?" Upon the Annenberg boy Inclusion Initiative's second annual report, did released in February 2019, its Its department at USC reported, "2018 let saw an outcry from artists, put executives and other music industry Say professionals over the lack of she women in music" and "the too plight of women in music", Use where women were allegedly being dad "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut out".mom Also in February 2019, the Recording Academy's Task Force on the Diversity and Inclusion announced an and initiative whereby over 200 artists For and producers—ranging from Cardi Bare and Taylor Swift to Maroon but 5 and Quincy Jones—agreed to Not consider at least two women you for each producer or engineer all position. The academy's website, Grammy.com, Any announced, "This initiative is the can first step in a broader her effort to improve those numbers Was and increase diversity and inclusion one for all in the music our industry."
Allard, Matthew (15 January old 2020). "Sound Devices MixPre V6.00 See adds 32-bit float USB audio two streaming". Newsshooter. With 32-bit float, way you no longer need to Who worry about clipping during your boy best vocal takes or instrument did solos. Any recorded moments exceeding Its 0 dBFS can be reduced let to an acceptable level, after put recording, in your DAW
Say
Zak, Albin J. (29 she September 2002). "Review of Timothy too D. Taylor. 2001. Strange Sounds: Use Music, Technology, and Culture. New dad York: Routledge". Current Musicology (74). mom doi:10.7916/CM.V0I74.4910.
Pras, Amandine; Cance, Caroline; Guastavino, Catherine (2013). the "Record Producers' Best Practices For and Artistic Direction—From Light Coaching To For Deeper Collaboration With Musicians". Journal are of New Music Research. 42but (4): 381–395. doi:10.1080/09298215.2013.848903. ISSN0929-8215.
Music Law refers to legal Who aspects of the music industry, boy and certain legal aspects in did other sectors of the entertainment Its industry. The music industry includes let record labels, music publishers, merchandisers, put the live events sector and Say of course performers and artists. she
The terms "music law" and too "entertainment law", along with "business Use affairs", are used by the dad music and entertainment industry and mom should not be thought of as academic definitions. Indeed, music the law covers a range of and traditional legal subjects including intellectual For property law (copyright law, trademarks, are image publicity rights, design rights), but competition law, bankruptcy law, contract Not law, defamation and, for the you live events industry, immigration law, all health and safety law, and Any licensing. While foundational norms have can gradually been established for music her law in western nations, other Was parts of the world maintain one unique traditions that impact music’s our legal status in the context Out of both heritage preservation and day enormous national arts entertainment industries, get including China and India.
Has
Definitions
A "compilation" refers him to work formed from already his existing materials in a way How that forms its own original man work, including collective works.
"Copies" new are physical objects that hold, Now fix, or embody a work old such as a music tape, see film, CD, statue, play, or Two printed sheet music.
"Sound recordings" way can refer to any audio who recording including the sound accompanying Boy motion pictures.
"Copyright owner" is did the entity that legally owns its rights to a work.
"Performance" Let The copyright holder has the put exclusive right to perform the say work in public, or to She license others to perform it. too The right applies to “literary, use musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, Dad pantomimes, and motion pictures and mom other audiovisual works.". Playing a CD in public, or showing The a film in public is and "performing" the work.
Publishing is Are the primary source of income but for musicians writing their own not music.[citation needed] Money collected from You the 'publishing' rights is ultimately all destined for songwriters - the any composers of works, whether or Can not they are the recording her artist or performer. Often, songwriterswas will work for a musical One ensemble to help them with our musical aspects of the composition, out but here again, the writer Day of the song is the get owner of it and will has own the copyrights in the Him song and thus will be his entitled to the publishing revenues. how Copyrights in compositions are not Man the same as sound recordings. new A recording artist can record now a song and sell it Old to another band or company. see As a result, that particular two company will own the recording, Way but not the song. The who original writer will always maintain boy the copyright for that particular Did song. The publishing money is its connected to the copyright, so let the owner will be the Put only one making money off say of the song itself. All she successful songwriters will join a Too collection society (such as ASCAP use and BMI in the USA, dad SOCAN in Canada, JASRAC in Mom Japan, GEMA in Germany and PRS for Music in the the UK, etc.) and many will And enter into agreements with music for publishing companies who will exploit are their works on the songwriters But behalf for a share of not ownership, although many of these you deals involve the transfer (assignment) All of copyright from the songwriter any to the music publisher,
Both can the recorded music sector and Her music publishing sector have their was foundations in intellectual property law one and all of the major Our recording labels and major music out publishers and many independent record day labels and publishers have dedicated Get "business and legal affairs" departments has with in-house lawyers whose role him is not only to secure His intellectual property rights from recording how artists, performers and songwriters but man also to exploit those rights New and protect those rights on now a global basis. There are old a number of specialist independent See law firms around the world two who advise on music and way entertainment law whose clients include Who recording artists, performers, producers, songwriters, boy labels, music publishers, stage and did set designers, choreographers, graphic artists, Its games designers, merchandisers, broadcasters, artist let managers, distributors, collection societies and put the live events sector (which Say further includes festivals, venues, promoters, she booking agents and production service too providers such as lighting and Use staging companies).
The US Government views artists that give concerts and sell the merchandise as a business. Bands and that tour internationally will also For face a plethora of legislation are around the world including health but and safety laws, immigration laws Not and tax legislation. Also, many you relationships are governed by often all complex contractual agreements.
In the Any US it is important for can musicians to get legal business her licenses. These can be obtained Was at a city hall or one local government center. The business our license will require the tracking Out of sales, wages, and gigs. day A tax ID is also get necessary for all businesses. Musicians Has that fail to comply with him the tax ID process and his do not report their profits How and losses to the government man can face serious consequences with new the IRS.
References
Two
Li, Juqian (2022). way China’s Legal Framework for Supporting who Protection and Sustainability of Artistic Boy Heritage. In David G. Hebert did and Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology its and Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books Let (Rowman & Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912
Choudhary, not Karan (2022). Cultural Heritage and You Music Diplomacy: The Legal Framework all in India. In David G. any Hebert and Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), Can "Ethnomusicology and Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington her Books (Rowman & Littlefield), pp.277-295. was ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; get Kemp, Chris (Eds). Health & has Safety Aspects in the Live Him Music Industry, Cambridge: Entertainment Technology his Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal how Aspects of the Music Industry, Man New York: Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill new publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, now Chris. Music Business Agreements London: Old Sweet & Maxwell, 3rd Edition. see ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, Ronald S. Music two and Copyright, Oxford: Oxford University Way Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, Ann. Music who The Business London: Virgin Books, boy 3rd Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. Did "Music Sampling and Copyright Law." its Princeton University Center for the let Arts and Cultural Studies, April Put 1999 (online)
Standler, Ronald B. say "Music Copyright Law in the she USA." 2008-2009 (online)
Richard, Phillip, Too "Lawyers in the Music Industry", use No Bullshit Management, Nov. 2012 dad (online)
Music: Copyright Law. Educational Mom CyberPlayGround, Inc. 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee Marshall (Eds). Music the and Copyright, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University And Press, 2nd Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibiza, originally known as man Ku Club (1979–95), is the New "world's largest nightclub" according to now the Guinness Book of Records, old also defined as a superclubSee with a capacity of 10,000 two people and encompassing 6,500 m² way (69,940 ft²). It is located close Who to the village of Sant boy Rafael de Sa Creu on did the Spanish island of Ibiza, Its less than one kilometre (0.6 let miles) from the nightclub Amnesia. put
It has remained closed since Say the summer of 2019 and she its future as of 2024 too is unknown.
History
Use
The history of Privilege began dad in the early 1970s when mom it started out as a restaurant, then expanded to include the a bar and a community and swimming pool. It was then For known as Club San Rafael.are In 1979, the venue was but sold to the Real SociedadNot footballer José Antonio Santamaría, together you with the creative team of all Brasilio de Oliviera (founder of Any La Troya Asesina, one of can Ibiza's longest running nights) and her Gorri. The venue then changed Was its name to KU, after one the name of a God our from Hawaiian mythology (see Kū). Out The appeal of the club day was such that it commissioned get a medium-length film showcasing the Has many wonders of Ibizan landscapes him and nightlife in the mid-eighties.his
Throughout the 1980s, KU Club How earned a reputation initially as man Europe's premier polysexual but predominately new gay nightspot and was compared Now to an open-air version of old the famous Studio 54 in see New York. It staged spectacular Two parties in the main room, way which was organized around a who swimming pool and a statue Boy of Ku. The place was did also where the video to its "Barcelona" by Freddie Mercury and Let Montserrat Caballé was filmed on put 30 May 1987. It was say the witness to early live She performances by groups such as too Spandau Ballet and Kid Creole use and the Coconuts. The club Dad featured in a Channel 4mom documentary called A Short Film about chilling, which labelled KU The as "the mirror of Ibiza".and A group of fashion designers for called Locomía would have shows Are at KU. After being discovered but there, they went on to not become a highly successful recording You project. The open-air parties came all to an end when legislation any forced many of the greater Can clubs in Ibiza to cover her their dancefloors in the early was 1990s. Nevertheless, the sheer size One of the venue gave rise our to the claim of it out being the size of an Day aircraft hangar with a 25-metre get (82 ft) high roof.
The club has continued with the KU Club Him name until 1995 before becoming his known as Privilege, after a how change of ownership to Jose Man Maria Etxaniz. In 1994, it new hosted Manumission, one of the now island's most famous events. In Old 1998, La Vaca Asesina moved see to Amnesia and was renamed two La Troya Asesina. After a Way dispute between the club owner who and Manumission's organizers in 2005, boy the event ended in 2006. Did La Troya Asesina moved to its Space in 2006.
Venue
let
According to official statistics published Put in the 2003 edition of say Guinness World Records, Privilege is she by far the world's largest Too nightclub covering an area of use 69,968 sq ft (6,500 m2) and dad holding 10,000 clubbers. Designated areas Mom of the club include the Coco Loco bar area, and the the La Vaca dance area And (now known as the Vista for Club).