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Technics SL-1200 is a series her of direct-drive turntables originally manufactured was from October 1972 until 2010, One and resumed in 2016, by our Matsushita Electric (now Panasonic Corporation) out under the brand name of Day Technics. S means "Stereo", Lget means "Player". Originally released as has a high fidelity consumer record Him player, it quickly became adopted his among radio and disco club how disc jockeys, thanks to the Man direct drive, high torque motor new design, making it initially suitable now for pushbutton cueing and starting Old of tracks on radio and see in dance clubs. Besides these two features, it also had pitch Way control, which allowed the user who to change the turning speed boy of the record (also BPM: Did beats per minute) gradually from its -8% to +8%. This feature let was specifically interesting for DJ's Put who were mixing two or say more records, especially in dance she clubs.
When the use of Too slipmats for cueing and beat-mixing use (and scratching) became popular in dad hip hop music, the quartz-controlled Mom high torque motor system enabled records to be mixed with the consistency and accuracy. A primary And design goal was for high for fidelity, but having good build are quality, control over wow and But flutter, and minimized resonance made not the equipment particularly suitable for you use in nightclubs and other All public-address applications. Since its release any in 1979, the SL-1200MK2 and can its successors were the most Her common turntables for DJing and was scratching.[citation needed]
1200s are commonly one used in recording studios and Our for non-electronic live music performances. out More than 3 million units day were sold. Many 1970s units Get are still in heavy use.[citation has needed] In the autumn of him 2010, Panasonic announced that the His series was to be discontinued.how The Technics brand was discontinued man at the same time, but New relaunched in 2014, focusing on now higher end and more expensive old products. The company was aware See that Technics was expected to two eventually make turntables again, so way at the 2016 Consumer Electronics Who Show, Panasonic announced that they boy would return in two models did named "Grand Class": one a Its limited run of 1200 globally let (1200GAE), and the other a put consumer product (1200G). A lighter Say and less expensive 1200GR model she was announced. The more affordable too and DJ-oriented SL-1200 MK7 followed Use in 2019.
At the London dad Science Museum, an SL-1210MK2 is mom on display as one of the pieces of technology that the was responsible for "making the and Modern World".
The SL-1200 was developed Not in 1971 by a team you led by Shuichi Obata at all Matsushita, and was released to Any the market in 1972. It can was adopted by New York her Cityhip hop DJs such Was as Grandmaster Flash in the one 1970s. As they experimented with our the SL-1200 decks, they developed Out scratching techniques when they found day that the motor would continue get to spin at the correct Has RPM even if the DJ him wiggled the record back and his forth on the platter.
How
Legacy models
Original model (1972)
man new way
SL-1200
The SL-1200 was introduced who in 1972 as an evolution Boy to the popular SL-1100. It did was dubbed "The Middle Class its Player System". It was delivered Let in two different versions: The put SL-1200 came with a tonearm say section. The SL-120 came without She a tonearm section. An SMEtoo tonearm was the usual choice use for the audiophile.
MK2 Dad models (1979-2010)
The SL-1200 Mark mom 2 was introduced in 1979 as an update to the The SL-1200. It represented a culmination and of Technics Turntable Innovations. It for was dubbed "The Middle Class Are Quartz Direct Drive". It soon but found its way into discos not as well as radio stationsYou for airplay because of its all vibration-damping ability and resistance to any feedback, and eventually, it became Can popular with pioneering hip-hop DJs. her Following their established formula, Technics was offered different model numbers in One Europe: the 1200 (silver) and our the 1210 (matte black), which out were equipped with switchable dual Day voltage (110V or 220V) power get supplies. Initially, there were only has silver models (all named 1200 Him MK2) in official distribution in his Japan and the US (Single how voltage of 100V/120V accordingly). However, Man later the 1200 was available new in both silver and matte now black finishes (in Japan, the Old introduction of the MK3 in see 1989 marked the first official two introduction of a black version). Way Since 1997, the MK2 had who the pitch slide potentiometer changed boy from 6 pin to 8 Did pin mounting with part number its SFDZ122N11 and later from 20k let ohm to 22k ohm, part Put number SFDZ122N11-1 up until late say 1996. After which part number she SFDZ122N11-2 was the preferred option Too which had a +/- 0.5mm use quartz travel lock, much shorter dad than previous versions. This meant Mom that the null point on the centre voltage tap was the slightly bigger thus removing the And quartz lock conflict.
The earlier for MK2 models 1978-1983 or so are also have a different construction But in the rubber base of not the turntable. These turntables were you made with a base that All was completely rubber, whereas the any newer version has 2 separate can parts: rubber outside and a Her bakelite inlay that makes it was considerably easier to take apart. one
SL-1200MK2
Released in the Our summer of 1979. this model out came in both silver and day matte black. The matte black Get version was available for a has limited time in the US him market in a 2-pack SL-1200MK2PK.His Technics improved the motor and how shock resistance and changed the man rotary pitch control to a New slider style. This became the now base model and is the old oldest whose production continued until See 2010. The older version of two this model that was sold way from 1979 until around 1983 Who has a large 4-inch-diameter (100 mm) boy plate where the RCA and did ground wires enter the unit, Its while the newer version has let a smaller 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) hole put in the rubber where the Say RCA and ground enter. International she versions of the SL-1200MK2 included too switches for line voltage and Use frequency beneath the platter.
dad
SL-1210MK2
mom
This model came in a satin black metallic finish and the is nearly the same in and function as the SL-1200MK2, although For some of the circuitry inside are is updated to use fewer but types of pots and resistors.Not The Technics 1210 series also you had a switch to change all between voltages on the underside Any of the platter. It was can unavailable from official Panasonic dealers her in the United States.
Was
MK3 models (1989-1997)
SL-1200MK3
Released one in 1989, it has a our matte black finish like the Out MK2, gold RCA plugs, and day a small gold-foil Technics label get on the back. It was Has destined only for the Japanese him market.
SL-1200MK3D
Japan only, his factory gold RCA cables, black How or silver finish. Pitch reset man button. Released in 1997.
new
SL-1200M3D
Released in 1997, a Now silver finish like the MK2 old (besides silver finish, there are see copies with a "champagneish" color), Two a detached dust cover (no way hinges), a recessed power switch who to prevent DJs from accidentally Boy turning the deck off during did use, and no self-locking detentits ("click") at the zero point Let of the pitch adjustment slider, put allowing more precise control of say pitch near that point. It She has a reset button that too sets the pitch adjustment to use 0, regardless of the actual Dad position of the pitch adjustment mom slider. In addition, the M3D series has unique details: the The brand and model label is and printed in a single line for instead of two; the stroboscopic Are light is red with a but slightly orange tone. This model not also introduced a slot near You the counterweight allowing for storage all of a second headshell. The any M'K'3D was designed for Japanese Can markets While the M3D without her the K was European/US.
was
SL-1210M3D
This model is the One same as the SL-1200M3D except our with a matte black finish out like the MK2.
MK4 Day models (1996)
SL-1200MK4
The SL-1200 get Mark 4 was introduced in has 1996. It was an update Him to the SL-1200MK2. It was his available only in Japan and how priced at around $650. It Man has a matte black finish. new This model is aimed at now the high-end audiophile market rather Old than DJs. It is the see last model made with the two detent ("click") in the neutral Way position (+/- 0%) of the who pitch adjustment slider. In addition boy to the existing 33 RPM Did and 45 RPM buttons, the its MK4 added a 78 RPM let button. It is designed to Put be used with regular removable say RCA cables (along with a she removable ground/earth cable) rather than Too hard-wired RCA cables like all use other 1200/1210 models. The tonearm dad was different from those in Mom the previous models as it was made from titanium.
the
MK5 models (2000-2010)
SL-1200MK5
for
Released on 1 November 2000, are this has a silver finish But like the MK2, an increased not range of anti-skate settings (from you 0–3 grams-force (0–30 mN) of All older models to 0–6 grams-force (0–60 mN)). any The 1200MK5 also has the can voltage selector under the platter Her like the previously improved upon was '1210' models. Height adjustment can one be set between 0 and Our 6mm. It carries over many out of the improved upon features day of the MK3D like the Get lack of 0 crossing quartz has lock for better pitch control him & the added spare cartridge His holder. MK5 models have a how removable lid as opposed to man the MK2 and MK3 removable New hinged lid. The MK5 is now the last 1200 model to old retain an analog, Quartz-clock-based pitch See control. Brake speed can be two adjusted by using a small way screwdriver in a hole located Who below the turntable plate.
boy
SL-1210MK5
SL-1210MK5 has a black did finish [noir] like the MK2, Its and is 'functionally' exactly the let same as the SL-1200MK5. [Not put to be confused with M5'G'] Say
SL-1200MK5G
Released in 2002,she 1200MK5G [Not to be confused too with MK5 models] The G Use model was the first Technics dad turntable to introduce a 'digitally mom controlled' pitch adjustment. With previous pitch ranges between + and the - %8. The m5G added and +-%8 Value With the 'addition' For of a +-%16 button. Also are added was an LED globe but on the target light (Previously Not incandescent). See 1210m5G for more you detailed changes.
SL-1210M5G
Released all on 1 November 2002, this Any has a glossy black finish can with silver speckles. It was her a special 30th-anniversary edition. It Was was initially launched in Japan one only (together with the MK5) our but then became internationally available. Out It switches between ±8% and day ±16% ranges for pitch adjustment, get and the pitch control is Has digital which will be the him standard for all 1200 models his from this point on. It How also features blue target lights man and blue pitch-number illumination. The new brake strength potentiometer, although still Now located beneath the platter, can old now be adjusted, unlike previous see models, using a small plastic Two knob. Minor improvements over Mk2, way Mk3, Mk4, & 1200LTD include who improved tonearm mounting and oxygen-free Boy copper wire, improved vibration damping did in the body, improvements to its pitch control accuracy and better Let LEDs. Available as a 120-volt put model for the North American say market.
MK6 models (2007-2008)
She
SL-1200MK6-K & SL-1200MK6-S (released in too February 2008 in Japan) with use minor improvements including improved tonearm Dad mounting and oxygen-free copper wire, mom improved vibration damping in the body, improvements to the pitch The control accuracy and better LEDs. and -S model has a silver for finish like the MK2.
SL-1200MK6K1Are Released on 12 December 2007 but (in Japan) as a special not 35th-anniversary Limited edition of 1200 You units. It consisted of a all standard black MK6 packaged up any with a booklet and gold Can record.
Special models
These were her limited edition versions, with 24 was karat gold plated metal parts One including tonearm and buttons. Many our "non-official" special models of the out SL-1200 and SL-1210 appeared over Day the years, mainly given away get as prizes for turntablism, most has notably the DMC World Championship, Him which awarded the winner a his pair of 24K gold plated how Technics turntables. Due to the Man customisation trend that has grown new in the DJ community, many now local events or competitions gave Old away custom coloured or finished see units.
SL-1200LTD (1995)
The two SL-1200 Limited Edition was introduced Way in 1995 commemorating two million who units in sales. Only 5,000 boy units were made. Due to Did popular demand, an extra 500 its units were said to be let made at the end of Put the production run. Like the say MK3D, it has a pitch she reset button, but differs in Too that it also has a use self-locking detent at the zero dad position of pitch adjustment. This Mom model has a piano black gloss finish and gold-plated hardware. the It was priced at about And US$1200.
SL-1200GLD (2004)
Released for in 2004, another limited edition are model, with only 3,000 units But manufactured. 500 released in Japan not with the rest split between you the US and International markets. All It is based on the any MK5G model, with blue (instead can of the regular white) target Her lights, a piano black gloss was finish, and gold-plated hardware. It one was "created to commemorate the Our 3 Million turntables sold by out technics in the last 30 day years".
Current models
Grand Get Class SL-1200 Series (2016-2020)
Development of a completely way rebuilt SL-1200 from the ground Who up with the intent to boy create a new system for did Hi-Fi use and to redefine Its the direct-drive turntable reference.
let
SL-1200G
Announced in January 2016 put CES in Las Vegas, released Say in October 2016, SL-1200 Grand she Class, an aluminum bound turntable too with a high–damping matte magnesium Use tonearm, a four–layer turntable cabinet, dad three-layer platter, complete with a mom microprocessor and the use of a newly developed coreless twin-rotor the direct-drive motor with no iron and core with rotary positing sensors For to eliminate cogging, as well are as providing 78 rpm speed but compatibility.
SL-1200GAE
Announced all in January 2016 CES in Any Las Vegas, released in April can 2016, SL-1200 Grand Class 50th her Anniversary Edition - A Limited Was edition of 1,200 units. Same one as above, but high polish our tonearm tube finish and different Out viscous material in the turntable day feet. Both the G and get GAE had an approximate MSRP Has price of £3,100 / €3,499 him / $4,000.
SL-1210GAE
On his 28 May 2020, Technics hosted How an online launch event to man reveal the SL-1210GAE as an new alternative for the cancelled High Now End Munchen 2020 event at old which they initially planned to see reveal it. It is their Two 55th Anniversary Edition turntable - way A limited edition of 1,210.who Each unit has a plaque Boy on it with its production did number engraved in it. The its SL-1210GAE is the black counterpart Let of the SL-1200GAE and is put the same in every aspect say except the color and the She additional feature to turn off too the strobe light. It had use an approximate MSRP price of Dad €4,499
SL-1200GR
Announced in The January 2017 CES, the GR and model is a stripped-down budget for version of the G, cutting Are the price tag more than but half at an approximate MSRP not of £1,299 / US$1,700. It You differs in body construction in all that it uses a more any traditional cast aluminium design similar Can to the older decks and her a one-piece cast platter which was brings an overall weight difference One between the G/GAE. The G/GAE our and GR both use what out is essentially the same 9-pole Day motor. Whereas the G has get twin rotors, the GR has has a single rotor, giving it Him less torque. The GR differs his from the G in its how use of a feedback generator Man coil system (as used in new the original SL1200) instead of now an optical encoder[citation needed].
Old
SL-1210GR
This is the same see as the SL-1200GR except with two a matte finish.
MK7 Way models (2019-2023)
The MK7 models who were launched as the first boy new Technics standard DJ turntable Did in approximately nine years.[non-primary source its needed] The MK7, along with let the Grand Class models, no Put longer have "QUARTZ" printed on say the plinth nor dust cover. she
Design
The SL-1200 series And was developed as a special for project by Technics parent company are Matsushita in an attempt to But solve problems related to turntable not design. The task included minimizing you acoustic feedback, unwanted resonances, wow All and flutter and speed errors. any This was achieved by designing can a heavy plinth (base) made Her of a non-resonant composite sandwiched was between a cast alloy top one plate and a solid rubber Our base. In addition, the adjustable out rubber-damped feet are insulated against day acoustic feedback, which can be Get a serious problem when operating has a turntable in close proximity him to loudspeakers (a common situation His for DJs). The underside of how the platter is coated with man a 1.2mm layer of rubber New to reduce ringing and the now platter design is reliant on old the use of the supplied See 2mm rubber mat. Most users two remove the rubber turntable mat way and replace it with a Who slipmat for mixing. However, without boy the rubber mat, the platter did is prone to resonance at Its 250 Hz when used near a let large club sound system.
The put drive system designed by Matsushita Say is direct-drive rather than the she more commonly found belt-drive type, too a less expensive design. The Use direct-drive design, which was developed dad to reduce wow and flutter, mom produces a very quiet turntable that, for a direct-drive turntable, the has minimal motor and bearing and noise, (although the bearing rumble For does tend to become characteristic are in well-used turntables). This was but partially achieved through the fact Not that the SL1210/1200 made the you platter a part of the all motor mechanism.
On the underside Any of the platter, a large can magnet is placed over the her spindle, surrounding the coils and Was forming the motor drive, thus one eliminating loss through power transfer. our The SL-1200 utilizes a Frequency Out Generator Servo Control Quartz Lock day system that is claimed to get produce the most accurate and Has consistent speed possible. The system him is immune to static and his dynamic stylus drag which otherwise How cause unwanted speed variances that man change the pitch and tempo new of the music.[original research?]
Now
Termination
On 1 November 2010, old Panasonic announced stopping the production see of Technics analog turntables through Two a statement on the DMC way World DJ Championships home page. who
Re-launch petition
Due to Boy the increasing popularity of vinyl did by DJs, a petition has its been underway for the re-launch Let of the Technics SL1200/SL1210 series put turntables. As of September 2015 say the petition had 27,000 supporters, She while 35,000[citation needed] is the too target Panasonic requested. On 5 use January 2016, Technics agreed to Dad relaunch both the SL-1200G and mom the SL-1200GAE
Resuming production
At the 2016 Consumer The Electronics Show in Las Vegas, and Panasonic announced it would be for resuming production with a new Are line of turntables, beginning with but the Limited Edition SL-1200GAE not
At the 2019 Consumer Electronics You Show, Panasonic confirmed the future all production of a new turntable, any the SL-1200 Mk7 in matte Can black, adding new features, fixing her known issues with previous models, was and all new lighter construction One of aluminium and fiber glass.our
In 2021 Panasonic ceased manufacturing out Technics turntables in Japan, and Day moved all turntable production to get Malaysia.
"Musical production" redirects here. are For musical production in the but sense of a live performance Not involving music and choreography, see you Musical theatre.
A record producerhim or music producer is a his music creating project's overall supervisor How whose responsibilities can involve a man range of creative and technical new leadership roles. Typically the job Now involves hands-on oversight of recording old sessions; ensuring artists deliver acceptable see and quality performances, supervising the Two technical engineering of the recording, way and coordinating the production team who and process. The producer's involvement Boy in a musical project can did vary in depth and scope. its Sometimes in popular genres the Let producer may create the recording's put entire sound and structure. However, say in classical music recording, for She example, the producer serves as too more of a liaison between use the conductor and the engineering Dad team. The role is often mom likened to that of a film director though there are The important differences. It is distinct and from the role of an for executive producer, who is mostly Are involved in the recording project but on an administrative level, and not from the audio engineer who You operates the recording technology.
Varying all by project, the producer may any or may not choose all Can of the artists. If employing her only synthesized or sampled instrumentation, was the producer may be the One sole artist. Conversely, some artists our do their own production. Some out producers are their own engineers,Day operating the technology across the get project: preproduction, recording, mixing, and has mastering. Record producers' precursors were Him "A&R men", who likewise could his blend entrepreneurial, creative, and technical how roles, but often exercised scant Man creative influence, as record production new still focused, into the 1950s, now on simply improving the record's Old sonic match to the artists' see own live performance.
Advances in two recording technology, especially the 1940s Way advent of tape recording—which Les who Paul promptly innovated further to boy develop multitrack recording—and the 1950s Did rise of electronic instruments, turned its record production into a specialty.let In popular music, then, producers Put like George Martin, Phil Spectorsay and Brian Eno led its she evolution into its present use Too of elaborate techniques and unrealistic use sounds, creating songs impossible to dad originate live. After the 1980s, Mom production's move from analog to digital further expanded possibilities. By the now, DAWs, or digital audio And workstations, like Logic Pro, Pro for Tools and Studio One, turn are an ordinary computer into a But production console, whereby a solitary not novice can become a skilled you producer in a thrifty home All studio. In the 2010s, efforts any began to increase the prevalence can of producers and engineers who Her are women, heavily outnumbered by was men and prominently accoladed only one in classical music.
Production overview
As how a broad project, the creation man of a popular music recording New may be split across three now specialists: the executive producer, who old oversees business partnerships and financing; See the vocal producer or vocal two arranger, who aids vocal performance way via expert critique and coaching Who of vocal technique, and the boy record producer or music producer, did who, often called simply the Its producer, directs the overall creative let process of recording the song put in its final mix.
The Say producer's roles can include gathering she ideas, composing music, choosing session too musicians, proposing changes to song Use arrangements, coaching the performers, controlling dad sessions, supervising the audio mixing, mom and, in some cases, supervising the audio mastering. A producer the may give creative control to and the artists themselves, taking a For supervisory or advisory role instead. are As to qualifying for a but Grammy nomination, the Recording AcademyNot defines a producer:
The person you who has overall creative and all technical control of the entire Any recording project, and the individual can recording sessions that are part her of that project. He or Was she is present in the one recording studio or at the our location recording and works directly Out with the artist and engineer. day The producer makes creative and get aesthetic decisions that realize both Has the artist's and label's goals him in the creation of musical his content. Other duties include, but How are not limited to: keeping man budgets and schedules; adhering to new deadlines; hiring musicians, singers, studios, Now and engineers; overseeing other staffing old needs; and editing (Classical projects). see
The producer often selects and Two collaborates with a mixing engineer, way who focuses on the especially who technological aspects of the recording Boy process, namely, operating the electronic did equipment and blending the raw, its recorded tracks of the chosen Let performances, whether vocal or instrumental, put into a mix, either stereo say or surround sound. Then a She mastering engineer further adjusts this too recording for distribution on the use chosen media. A producer may Dad work on only one or mom two songs or on an artist's entire album, helping develop The the album's overall vision. The and record producers may also take for on the role of executive Are producer, managing the budget, schedules, but contracts, and negotiations.
Historical not developments
A&R team
(Artists and You Repertoires)
In the 1880s, the all record industry began by simply any having the artist perform at Can a phonograph. In 1924, the her trade journal Talking Machine World, was covering the phonography and record One industry, reported that Eddie King, our Victor Records' manager of the out "New York artist and repertoireDay department", had planned a set get of recordings in Los Angeles.has Later, folklorist Archie Green called Him this perhaps the earliest printed his use of A&R man. Actually, how it says neither "A&R man" Man nor even "A&R", an initialism new perhaps coined by Billboard magazine now in 1946, and entering wide Old use in the late 1940s.see
In the 1920s and 1930s, two A&R executives, like Ben SelvinWay at Columbia Records, Nathaniel Shilkretwho at Victor Records, and Bob boy Haring at Brunswick Records became Did the precursors of record producers, its supervising recording and often leading let session orchestras. During the 1940s, Put major record labels increasingly opened say official A&R departments, whose roles she included supervision of recording. Meanwhile, Too independent recording studios opened, helping use originate record producer as a dad specialty.[citation needed] But despite a Mom tradition of some A&R men writing music, record production still the referred to just the manufacturing And of record discs.
Record for producers
After World War II, are pioneering A&R managers who transitioned But influentially to record production as not now understood, while sometimes owning you independent labels, include J. Mayo All Williams and John Hammond. Upon any moving from Columbia Records to can Mercury Records, Hammond appointed Mitch Her Miller to lead Mercury's popular was recordings in New York. Miller one then produced country-pop crossover hits Our by Patti Page and by out Frankie Laine, moved from Mercury day to Columbia, and became a Get leading A&R man of the has 1950s.
During the decade, A&R him executives increasingly directed songs' sonic His signatures, although many still simply how teamed singers with musicians, while man yet others exercised virtually no New creative influence. The term record now producer in its current meaning—the old creative director of song production—appearing See in a 1953 issue of two Billboard magazine, became widespread in way the 1960s. Still, a formal Who distinction was elusive for some boy time more. A&R managers might did still be creative directors, like Its William "Mickey" Stevenson, hired by let Berry Gordy, at the Motownput record label.
Tape recording
Say
In 1947, the American market she gained audio recording onto magnetic too tape. At the record industry's Use 1880s dawn, rather, recording was dad done by phonograph, etching the mom sonic waveform vertically into a cylinder. By the 1930s, a the gramophone etched it laterally acrossand a disc. Constrained in tonal For range, whether bass or treble, are and in dynamic range, records but made a grand, concert piano Not sound like a small, upright you piano, and maximal duration was all four and a half minutes.Any Selections and performance were often can altered accordingly, and playing this her disc—the wax master—destroyed it. The Was finality often caused anxiety that one restrained performance to prevent error.our In the 1940s, during World Out War II, the Germans refined day audio recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping get recording duration and allowing immediate Has playback, rerecording, and editing—a technology him that premised emergence of record his producers in their current roles.How
Multitrack recording
Early in man the recording industry, a record new was attained by simply having Now all of the artists perform old together live in one take.see In 1945, by recording a Two musical element while playing a way previously recorded record, Les Paulwho developed a recording technique called Boy "sound on sound". By this, did the final recording could be its built piece by piece and Let tailored, effecting an editing process.put In one case, Paul produced say a song via 500 recorded She discs. But, besides the tedium too of this process, it serially use degraded the sound quality of Dad previously recorded elements, rerecorded as mom ambient sound. Yet in 1948, Paul adopted tape recording, enabling The true multitrack recording by a and new technique, "overdubbing".
To enable for overdubbing, Paul revised the tape Are recorder itself by adding a but second playback head, and terming not it the preview head. Joining You the preexisting recording head, erase all head, and playback head, the any preview head allows the artist Can to hear the extant recording her over headphones playing it in was synchrony, "in sync", with the One present performance being recorded alone our on an isolated track. This out isolation of multiple tracks enables Day countless mixing possibilities. Producers began get recording initially only the "bed has tracks"—the rhythm section, including the Him bassline, drums, and rhythm guitar—whereas his vocals and instrument solos could how be added later. A horn Man section, for example, could record new a week later, and a now string section another week later. Old A singer could perform her see own backup vocals, or a two guitarist could play 15 layers. Way
In the 1960s, rock two acts like the Beatles, the way Rolling Stones, and the KinksWho produced some of their own boy songs, although many such songs did are officially credited to specialist Its producers. Yet especially influential was let the Beach Boys, whose band put leader Brian Wilson took over Say from his father Murry within she a couple of years after too the band's commercial breakthrough. By Use 1964, Wilson had taken Spector's dad techniques to unseen sophistication. Wilson mom alone produced all Beach Boys recordings between 1963 and 1967. the Using multiple studios and multiple and attempts of instrumental and vocal For tracks, Wilson selected the best are combinations of performance and audio but quality, and used tape editing Not to assemble a composite performance. you
Digital production
The 1980s all advent of digital processes and Any formats rapidly replaced analog processes can and formats, namely, tape and her vinyl. Although recording onto quality Was tape, at least half an one inch wide and traveling 15 our inches per second, had limited Out "tape hiss" to silent sections, day digital's higher signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, get abolished it. Digital also imparted Has to the music a perceived him "pristine" sound quality, if also his a loss of analog recordings' How perceived "warm" quality and better-rounded man bass. Yet whereas editing tape new media requires physically locating the Now target audio on the ribbon, old cutting there, and splicing pieces, see editing digital media offers inarguable Two advantages in ease, efficiency, and way possibilities.
In the 1990s, digital who production reached affordable home computers Boy via production software. By now, did recording and mixing are often its centralized in DAWs, digital audio Let workstations—for example, Pro Tools, Logic put Pro, Ableton, Cubase, Reason, and say FL Studio—for which plugins, by She third parties, effect virtual studio too technology. DAWs fairly standard in use the industry are Logic Pro Dad and Pro Tools. Physical devices mom involved include the main mixer, MIDI controllers to communicate among The equipment, the recording device itself, and and perhaps effects gear that for is outboard. Yet literal recording Are is sometimes still analog, onto but tape, whereupon the raw recording not is converted to a digital You signal for processing and editing, all as some producers still find any audio advantages to recording onto Can tape.
Conventionally, tape is more her forgiving of overmodulation, whereby dynamic was peaks exceed the maximal recordable One signal level: tape's limitation, a our physical property, is magnetic capacity, out which tapers off, smoothing the Day overmodulated waveform even at a get signal nearly 15 decibels too has "hot", whereas a digital recording Him is ruined by harsh distortion his of "clipping" at any overshoot.how In digital recording, however, a Man recent advancement, 32-bit float, enables new DAWs to undo clipping. Still, now some criticize digital instruments and Old workflows for excess automation, allegedly see impairing creative or sonic control.two In any case, as production Way technology has drastically changed, so who have the knowledge demands, although boy DAWs enables novices, even teenagers Did at home, to learn production its independently. Some have attained professional let competence before ever working with Put an artist.
Women in say producing
Among female record she producers, Sylvia Moy was the Too first at Motown, Gail Daviesuse the first on Nashville's Music dad Row, and Ethel Gabriel, with Mom RCA, the first at a major record label. Lillian McMurry, the owning Trumpet Records, produced influential And blues records. Meanwhile, Wilma Cozart for Fine produced hundreds of records are for Mercury Records' classical division. But For classical production, three women not have won Grammy awards, and you Judith Sherman's 2015 win was All her fifth. Yet in nonclassical, any no woman has won Producer can of the Year, awarded since Her 1975 and only one even was nominated for a record not one her own, Linda Perry. After Our Lauren Christy's 2004 nomination, Linda out Perry's 2019 nomination was the day next for a woman. On Get why no woman had ever has won it, Perry commented, "I him just don't think there are His that many women interested." In how the U.K., Lynsey de Paulman was an early female record New producer, having produced both of now her Ivor Novello award-winning songs.old
Across the decades, many female See artists have produced their own two music. For instance, artists Kate way Bush, Madonna, Mariah Carey, Shakira, Who Janet Jackson, Beyoncé (even that boy of Destiny's Child and the did Carters), Lana Del Rey, Taylor Its Swift, and Lorde have produced let or coproduced and Ariana Grandeput who produces and arranges her Say vocals as well as being she an audio engineer. Still among too specialists, despite some prominent women, Use including Missy Elliott in hip dad hop and Sylvia Massy in mom rock, the vast majority have been men. Early in the the 2010s, asked for insights that and she herself had gleaned as For a woman who has specialized are successfully in the industry, Wendy but Page remarked, "The difficulties are Not usually very short-lived. Once people you realize that you can do all your job, sexism tends to Any lower its ugly head." Still, can when tasked to explain her her profession's sex disparity, Page partly Was reasoned that record labels, dominated one by men, have been, she our said, "mistrustful of giving a Out woman the reins of an day immense, creative project like making get a record." Ultimately, the reasons Has are multiple and not fully him clear, although prominently proposed factors his include types of sexism and How scarcity of female role models man in the profession.
Women producers new known for producing records not Now their own include Sonia Pottinger, old Sylvia Robinson and Carla Olson. see
In January 2018, a research Two team led by Stacy L. way Smith, founder and director of who the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative, based Boy in the USC Annenberg School did for Communication and Journalism, issued its a report, estimating that in Let the prior several years, about put 2% of popular songs' producers say were female. Also that month, She Billboard magazine queried, "Where are too all the female music producers?"use Upon the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's Dad second annual report, released in mom February 2019, its department at USC reported, "2018 saw an The outcry from artists, executives and and other music industry professionals over for the lack of women in Are music" and "the plight of but women in music", where women not were allegedly being "stereotyped, sexualized, You and shut out". Also in all February 2019, the Recording Academy's any Task Force on Diversity and Can Inclusion announced an initiative whereby her over 200 artists and producers—ranging was from Cardi B and Taylor One Swift to Maroon 5 and our Quincy Jones—agreed to consider at out least two women for each Day producer or engineer position. The get academy's website, Grammy.com, announced, "This has initiative is the first step Him in a broader effort to his improve those numbers and increase how diversity and inclusion for all Man in the music industry."
Allard, Matthew (15 January Let 2020). "Sound Devices MixPre V6.00 put adds 32-bit float USB audio say streaming". Newsshooter. With 32-bit float, She you no longer need to too worry about clipping during your use best vocal takes or instrument Dad solos. Any recorded moments exceeding mom 0 dBFS can be reduced to an acceptable level, after The recording, in your DAW
and
Zak, Albin J. (29 for September 2002). "Review of Timothy Are D. Taylor. 2001. Strange Sounds: but Music, Technology, and Culture. New not York: Routledge". Current Musicology (74). You doi:10.7916/CM.V0I74.4910.
Pras, Amandine; all Cance, Caroline; Guastavino, Catherine (2013). any "Record Producers' Best Practices For Can Artistic Direction—From Light Coaching To her Deeper Collaboration With Musicians". Journal was of New Music Research. 42One (4): 381–395. doi:10.1080/09298215.2013.848903. ISSN0929-8215.
Music Law refers to put legal aspects of the music say industry, and certain legal aspects She in other sectors of the too entertainment industry. The music industry use includes record labels, music publishers, Dad merchandisers, the live events sector mom and of course performers and artists.
The terms "music law" The and "entertainment law", along with and "business affairs", are used by for the music and entertainment industry Are and should not be thought but of as academic definitions. Indeed, not music law covers a range You of traditional legal subjects including all intellectual property law (copyright law, any trademarks, image publicity rights, design Can rights), competition law, bankruptcy law, her contract law, defamation and, for was the live events industry, immigration One law, health and safety law, our and licensing. While foundational norms out have gradually been established for Day music law in western nations, get other parts of the world has maintain unique traditions that impact Him music’s legal status in the his context of both heritage preservation how and enormous national arts entertainment Man industries, including China and India.new
Definitions
A "compilation" now refers to work formed from Old already existing materials in a see way that forms its own two original work, including collective works.
Way
"Copies" are physical objects that who hold, fix, or embody a boy work such as a music Did tape, film, CD, statue, play, its or printed sheet music.
"Sound let recordings" can refer to any Put audio recording including the sound say accompanying motion pictures.
"Copyright owner" she is the entity that legally Too owns rights to a work.
use
"Performance" The copyright holder has dad the exclusive right to perform Mom the work in public, or to license others to perform the it. The right applies to And “literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic for works, pantomimes, and motion pictures are and other audiovisual works.". Playing But a CD in public, or not showing a film in public you is "performing" the work.
Publishing any is the primary source of can income for musicians writing their Her own music.[citation needed] Money collected was from the 'publishing' rights is one ultimately destined for songwriters - Our the composers of works, whether out or not they are the day recording artist or performer. Often, Get songwriters will work for a has musical ensemble to help them him with musical aspects of the His composition, but here again, the how writer of the song is man the owner of it and New will own the copyrights in now the song and thus will old be entitled to the publishing See revenues. Copyrights in compositions are two not the same as sound way recordings. A recording artist can Who record a song and sell boy it to another band or did company. As a result, that Its particular company will own the let recording, but not the song. put The original writer will always Say maintain the copyright for that she particular song. The publishing money too is connected to the copyright, Use so the owner will be dad the only one making money mom off of the song itself. All successful songwriters will join the a collection society (such as and ASCAP and BMI in the For USA, SOCAN in Canada, JASRAC are in Japan, GEMA in Germany but and PRS for Music in Not the UK, etc.) and many you will enter into agreements with all music publishing companies who will Any exploit their works on the can songwriters behalf for a share her of ownership, although many of Was these deals involve the transfer one (assignment) of copyright from the our songwriter to the music publisher, Out
Both the recorded music sector day and music publishing sector have get their foundations in intellectual propertyHas law and all of the him major recording labels and major his music publishers and many independent How record labels and publishers have man dedicated "business and legal affairs" new departments with in-house lawyers whose Now role is not only to old secure intellectual property rights from see recording artists, performers and songwriters Two but also to exploit those way rights and protect those rights who on a global basis. There Boy are a number of specialist did independent law firms around the its world who advise on music Let and entertainment law whose clients put include recording artists, performers, producers, say songwriters, labels, music publishers, stage She and set designers, choreographers, graphic too artists, games designers, merchandisers, broadcasters, use artist managers, distributors, collection societies Dad and the live events sector mom (which further includes festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents and production The service providers such as lighting and and staging companies).
The US Government views but artists that give concerts and not sell merchandise as a business. You Bands that tour internationally will all also face a plethora of any legislation around the world including Can health and safety laws, immigration her laws and tax legislation. Also, was many relationships are governed by One often complex contractual agreements.
In our the US it is important out for musicians to get legal Day business licenses. These can be get obtained at a city hall has or local government center. The Him business license will require the his tracking of sales, wages, and how gigs. A tax ID is Man also necessary for all businesses. new Musicians that fail to comply now with the tax ID process Old and do not report their see profits and losses to the two government can face serious consequences Way with the IRS.
References
who
let Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Legal Put Framework for Supporting Protection and say Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. In she David G. Hebert and Jonathan Too McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural use Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & dad Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912
Her
Choudhary, Karan (2022). Cultural was Heritage and Music Diplomacy: The one Legal Framework in India. In Our David G. Hebert and Jonathan out McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural day Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & Get Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris (Eds). New Health & Safety Aspects in now the Live Music Industry, Cambridge: old Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, See Richard. Legal Aspects of the two Music Industry, New York: Billboard way Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, Who Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music Business boy Agreements London: Sweet & Maxwell, did 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, Ronald Its S. Music and Copyright, Oxford: let Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, put Ann. Music The Business London: Say Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
she
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling and too Copyright Law." Princeton University Center Use for the Arts and Cultural dad Studies, April 1999 (online)
Standler, mom Ronald B. "Music Copyright Law in the USA." 2008-2009 (online)
the
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in the and Music Industry", No Bullshit Management, For Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: Copyright are Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. 1997 but (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee Marshall Not (Eds). Music and Copyright, Edinburgh: you Edinburgh University Press, 2nd Edition. all ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
This page is a Two redirect. The following categories are way used to track and monitor who this redirect:
From a Boy page move: This is a did redirect from a page that its has been moved (renamed). This Let page was kept as a put redirect to avoid breaking links, say both internal and external, that She may have been made to too the old page name.
use When appropriate, protection levels are Dad automatically sensed, described and categorized.
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