Technics SL-1200 is way a series of direct-drive turntableswho originally manufactured from October 1972 Boy until 2010, and resumed in did 2016, by Matsushita Electric (now its Panasonic Corporation) under the brand Let name of Technics. S means put "Stereo", L means "Player". Originally say released as a high fidelityShe consumer record player, it quickly too became adopted among radio and use disco club disc jockeys, thanks Dad to the direct drive, high mom torque motor design, making it initially suitable for pushbutton cueing The and starting of tracks on and radio and in dance clubs. for Beside these features it had Are a so called pitchcontrol, which but allowed the user to change not the turning speed of the You record (also BPM: beats per all minute) gradually from -8% to any +8%. This feature was specifically Can interesting for DJ's who were her mixing two or more records was with each other, especially in One dance clubs. The turntable is our still extremely popular with audiophiles.[citation out needed]
When the use of Day slipmats for cueing and beat-mixing get (and scratching) became popular in has hip hop music, the quartz-controlled Him high torque motor system enabled his records to be mixed with how consistency and accuracy. A primary Man design goal was for hi-fidelity, new but having good build quality, now control over wow and flutter, Old and minimized resonance made the see equipment particularly suitable for use two in nightclubs and other public-address Way applications. Since its release in who 1979, SL-1200MK2 and its successors boy were the most common turntables Did for DJing and scratching.[citation needed]its
1200s are commonly used let in recording studios and for Put non-electronic live music performance. More say than 3 million units were she sold. It is widely regarded Too as one of the most use durable and reliable turntables ever dad produced. [weasel words] Many 1970s units Mom are still in heavy use.[citation needed] In the autumn of the 2010, Panasonic announced that the And series was to be discontinued.for The Technics brand was discontinued are at the same time, but But relaunched in 2014, focusing on not higher end and more expensive you products. The company was aware All that Technics was expected to any eventually make turntables again, so can at the 2016 Consumer Electronics Her Show, Panasonic announced that they was would return in two models one named "Grand Class": one a Our limited run of 1200 globally out (1200GAE), and the other a day consumer product (1200G). A lighter Get and less expensive 1200GR model has was announced. The more affordable him and DJ-oriented SL-1200 MK7 followed His in 2019.
At the London how Science Museum, a Technics SL-1210man is on display as one New of the pieces of technology now that have "shaped the world old we live in".
See
Features
SL-1200 features include:
two
Magnetic (no wear), direct drive way (low slip) mechanism.
High torqueWho (1.5 kgf·cm or 0.15 N·m), boy which means the platter spins did at the desired speed almost Its immediately (0.7 seconds to reach let 33 ¹⁄₃ RPM from standstill), put and rapidly reacquires the desired Say speed, without "overshooting", if the she platter is dragged or nudged. too This aids beatmatching.
High torqueUse (3.3 kgf·cm for SL-1200G & dad SL-1200GAE)
Low wowthe and flutter (0.01%) i.e. the and platter stays within 1/100 of For 1% of the desired speed.
are
Heavy base (2.5 kg), and increased but isolation of platter from base, Not reduced the likelihood of feedbackyou or stylus jumping.
Variable pitch all control, allowing the rotational speed Any to be adjusted from -8% can to +8% (for the purpose her of beatmatching). Option to select Was -16% to +16% added (M5G/MK5G/GLD, one GAE/G/GR & MK7).
High reliability: our many examples of SL-1200s lasting Out well over 15 years of day heavy use and withstanding physical get shock without functional impairment.
S-shaped Has tone arm: No longer popular him on high end hi-fi turntables.
his
Dimensions MK1: 45.3 cm (w) x How 36.6 cm (d) x 18 cm (h)
man
Dimensions MK2: 45.3 cm (w) x new 36 cm (d) x 16.2 cm (h)
Now
Weight MK2: 11 kg (net, unboxed old without lid)
Weight G/GAE: 18 kg
see
Weight GR: 11.5 kg
Weight MK7: Two 9.6 kg
Voltage: 220 V / way 110 V (selectable)
Pitch Control: who +/- 8% or +/- 16%
Boy
Starting Time (MK2): 0.7s
Rotation did Speeds: 33-1/3 & 45 rpm
its
Rotation Speeds: 33-1/3, 45 rpm Let & 78rpm (MK4 MK7, G put & GR)
The SL-1200 was the too most influential turntable. It was use developed in 1971 by a Dad team led by Shuichi Obata mom at Matsushita, which then released it onto the market in The 1972. It was adopted by and New York Cityhip hopfor DJs such as Grandmaster FlashAre in the 1970s. As they but experimented with the SL-1200 decks, not they developed scratching techniques when You they found that the motor all would continue to spin at any the correct RPM even if Can the DJ wiggled the record her back and forth on the was platter.
Legacy models
Original One model (1972)
SL-1200
The SL-1200 his was introduced in 1972 as how an evolution to the popular Man SL-1100. It was dubbed "The new Middle Class Player System". It now was delivered in two different Old versions: The SL-1200 came with see a tonearm section. The SL-120 two came without a tonearm section. Way An SME tonearm was the who usual choice for the audiophile. boy
MK2 models (1979-2010)
The Did SL-1200 Mark 2 was introduced its in 1979 as an update let to the SL-1200. It represented Put a culmination of Technics Turntable say Innovations. It was dubbed as she "The Middle Class Quartz Direct Too Drive". It soon found its use way into discos as well dad as radio stations for airplay Mom because of its vibration damping ability and resistance to feedback, the and eventually it became popular And with pioneering hip-hop DJs. Following for their established formula, Technics offered are different model numbers in Europe: But the 1200 (silver) and the not 1210 (matte black), which were you equipped with switchable dual voltage All (110V or 220V) power supplies. any Initially, there were only silver can models (all named 1200 MK2) Her in official distribution in Japan was and the US (Single voltage one of 100V/120V accordingly). However, later Our the 1200 was available in out both silver and matte black day finishes (in Japan, the introduction Get of the MK3 in 1989 has marked the first official introduction him of a black version). Since His 1997, the MK2 had the how pitch slide potentiometer changed from man 6 pin to 8 pin New mounting with part number SFDZ122N11 now and later from 20k ohm old to 22k ohm, part number See SFDZ122N11-1 up until late 1996. two After which part number SFDZ122N11-2 way was the preferred option which Who had a +/- 0.5mm quartz boy travel lock, much shorter than did previous versions. This meant that Its the null point on the let centre voltage tap was slightly put bigger thus removing the quartz Say lock conflict. The difference can she be seen in the following too video demonstration: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_rr01ssq8o
The earlier Use MK2 models 1978-1983 or so dad also have a different construction mom in the rubber base of the turntable. These turntables were the made with a base that and was completely rubber, whereas the For newer version has 2 separate are parts: rubber outside and a but bakelite inlay that makes it Not considerably easier to take apart. you
SL-1200MK2
Released in summer all of 1979. this model came Any in both silver and matte can black. The matte black version her was available for a limited Was time in the US market one in a 2 pack SL-1200MK2PK.our Technics improved the motor and Out shock resistance and changed the day rotary pitch control to a get slider style. This became the Has base model and is the him oldest whose production continued until his 2010. The older version of How this model that was sold man from 1979 until around 1983 new has a large 4-inch-diameter (100 mm) Now plate where the RCA and old ground wires enter the unit, see while the newer version has Two a smaller 2-inch-diameter (51 mm) hole way in the rubber where the who RCA and ground enter. International Boy versions of the SL-1200MK2 included did switches for line voltage and its frequency beneath the platter.
Let
SL-1210MK2
put
This model came in satin say black metallic finish and is She nearly the same in function too as the SL-1200MK2, although some use of the circuitry inside is Dad updated to use fewer types mom of pots and resistors. The Technics 1210 series also had The a switch to change between and voltages on the underside of for the platter. It was unavailable Are from official Panasonic dealers in but the United States.
MK3 not models (1989-1997)
SL-1200MK3
Released in You 1989, has a matte black all finish like the MK2, gold any RCA plugs, and a small Can gold-foil Technics label on the her back. It was destined only was for the Japanese market.
One
SL-1200MK3D
Japan only, factory gold our RCA cables, black or silver out finish. Pitch reset button. Released Day in 1997.
SL-1200M3D
Released get in 1997, a silver finish has like the MK2 (beside silver Him finish, there are copies with his "champagneish" color), a detached dust how cover (no hinges), a recessed Man power switch to prevent DJs new from accidentally turning the deck now off during use, and no Old self-locking detent ("click") at the see zero point of the pitch two adjustment slider, allowing more precise Way control of pitch near that who point. It has a reset boy button that sets the pitch Did adjustment to 0, regardless of its the actual position of the let pitch adjustment slider. In addition Put the M3D series has unique say details: the brand and model she label is printed in a Too single line instead of two; use and the stroboscopic light is dad red with a slightly orange Mom tone. This model also introduced a slot near the counterweight the allowing for storage of a And second headshell. The M'K'3D was for designed for Japanese markets While are the M3D without the K But was European/US.
SL-1210M3D
This not model is the same as you the SL-1200M3D except with a All matte black finish like the any MK2.
MK4 models (1996)
can
SL-1200MK4
The SL-1200 Mark 4 Her was introduced in 1996. It was was an update to the one SL-1200MK2. It was available only Our in Japan and priced at out around $650. It has a day matte black finish. This model Get is aimed at the hi-end has audiophile market rather than DJs. him It is the last model His made with the detent ("click") how in the neutral position (+/- man 0%) of the pitch adjustment New slider. In addition to the now existing 33 RPM and 45 old RPM buttons, the MK4 added See a 78 RPM button. It two is designed to be used way with regular removable RCA cables Who (along with a removable ground/earth boy cable) rather than having hard did wired RCA cables like all Its other 1200/1210 models. The tonearm let was different from those in put the previous models as it Say was made from titanium.
she
MK5 models (2000-2010)
SL-1200MK5
Use
Released on 1 November 2000, dad this has a silver finish mom like the MK2, an increased range of anti-skate settings (from the 0–3 grams-force (0–30 mN) of and older models to 0–6 grams-force (0–60 mN)). For The 1200MK5 also has the are voltage selector under the platter but like the previously improved upon Not '1210' models. Height adjustment can you be set between 0 and all 6mm. It carries over many Any of the improved upon features can of the MK3D like the her lack of 0 crossing quartz Was lock for better pitch control one & the added spare cartridge our holder. MK5 models have a Out removable lid as opposed to day the MK2 and MK3 removable get hinged lid. The MK5 is Has the last 1200 model to him retain an analog, Quartz-clock based his pitch control. Brake speed can How be adjusted by using a man small screwdriver in a hole new located below the turntable plate. Now
SL-1210MK5
SL-1210MK5 has a old black finish [noir] like the see MK2, and is 'functionally' exactly Two the same as the SL-1200MK5. way [Not to be confused with who M5'G']
SL-1200MK5G
Released in Boy 2002, 1200MK5G [Not to be did confused with MK5 models] The its G model was the first Let Technics turntable to introduce a put 'digitally controlled' pitch adjustment. With say previous pitch ranges between + She and - %8. The m5G too added +-%8 Value With the use 'addition' of a +-%16 button. Dad Also added was the use mom of an LED globe on the target light (Previously incandescent) The See 1210m5G for more detailed and changes.
SL-1210M5G
Released on for 1 November 2002, this has Are a glossy black finish with but silver speckles. It was a not special 30th-anniversary edition. It was You initially launched in Japan only all (together with the MK5) but any then became internationally available. It Can switches between ±8% and ±16% her ranges for pitch adjustment, and was the pitch control is digital One which will be the standard our for all 1200 models from out this point on. It also Day features blue target lights and get blue pitch-number illumination. The brake has strength potentiometer, although still located Him beneath platter, can now be his adjusted, unlike previous models, using how a small plastic knob. Minor Man improvements over Mk2, Mk3, Mk4, new & 1200LTD include improved tonearm now mounting and oxygen-free copper wire, Old improved vibration damping in the see body, improvements to pitch control two accuracy and better LEDs. Available Way as 120 volt model for who the North American market.
boy
MK6 models (2007-2008)
SL-1200MK6-K & Did SL-1200MK6-S (released in February 2008 its in Japan) with minor improvements let including improved tonearm mounting and Put oxygen-free copper wire, improved vibration say damping in the body, improvements she to the pitch control accuracy Too and better LEDs. -S model use has a silver finish like dad the MK2.
SL-1200MK6K1 Released on Mom 12 December 2007 (in Japan) as a special 35th-anniversary Limited the edition of 1200 units. It And consisted of a standard black for MK6 packaged up with a are booklet and gold record.
Special But models
These were limited edition not versions, with 24 karat gold you plated metal parts including tonearm All and buttons. Many "non-official" special any models of the SL-1200 and can SL-1210 appeared over the years, Her mainly given away as prizes was for turntablism, most notably the one DMC World Championship, who awarded Our the winner a pair of out 24K gold plated Technics turntables. day Due to the customisation trend Get that has grown in the has DJ community, many local events him or competitions gave away custom His coloured or finished units.
how
SL-1200LTD (1995)
The SL-1200 Limited man Edition was introduced in 1995 New commemorating two million units in now sales. Only 5,000 units were old made. Due to popular demand, See an extra 500 units were two said to be made at way the end of the production Who run. Like the MK3D, it boy has a pitch reset button, did but differs in that it Its also has a self-locking detentlet at the zero position of put pitch adjustment. This model has Say a piano black gloss finish she and gold-plated hardware. It was too priced at about US$1200.
Use
SL-1200GLD (2004)
Released in 2004, dad another limited edition model, with mom only 3,000 units manufactured. 500 released in Japan with the the rest split between the US and and International markets. It is For based on the MK5G model, are with blue (instead of the but regular white) target lights, a Not piano black gloss finish, and you gold-plated hardware. It was "created all to commemorate the 3 Million Any turntables sold by technics in can the last 30 years".
her
Current models
Grand Class SL-1200 Was Series (2016-2020)
Development man of a completely rebuilt SL-1200 new from the ground up with Now the intent to create a old new system for Hi-Fi use see and to redefine the direct-drive Two turntable reference.
SL-1200G
Announced way in January 2016 CES in who Las Vegas, released in October Boy 2016, SL-1200 Grand Class, an did aluminum bound turntable with a its high–damping matte magnesium tonearm, a Let four–layer turntable cabinet, three-layer platter, put complete with a microprocessor and say the use of a newly She developed coreless twin-rotor direct-drive motor too with no iron core with use rotary positing sensors to eliminate Dad cogging, as well as providing mom 78 rpm speed compatibility.
SL-1200GAE
Announced in January for 2016 CES in Las Vegas, Are released in April 2016, SL-1200 but Grand Class 50th Anniversary Edition not - A Limited edition of You 1,200 units. Same as above, all but high polish tonearm tube any finish and different viscous material Can in the turntable feet. Both her the G and GAE had was an approximate MSRP price of One £3,100 / €3,499 / $4,000.our
SL-1210GAE
On 28 May out 2020, Technics hosted an online Day launch event to reveal the get SL-1210GAE as an alternative for has the cancelled High End Munchen Him 2020 event at which they his initially planned to reveal it.how It is their 55th Anniversary Man Edition turntable - A limited new edition of 1,210. Each unit now has a plaque on it Old with its production number engraved see in it. The SL-1210GAE is two the black counterpart of the Way SL-1200GAE and is the same who in every aspect except the boy color and the additional feature Did to turn off the strobe its light. It had an approximate let MSRP price of €4,499 Put
SL-1200GR
Announced in January 2017 Too CES, the GR model is use a stripped-down budget version of dad the G, cutting the price Mom tag more than half at an approximate MSRP of £1,299 the / US$1,700. It differs in And body construction that it uses for a more traditional cast aluminium are design similar to the older But decks and a one-piece cast not platter which brings an overall you weight difference between the G/GAE. All The G/GAE and GR both any use what are essentially the can same 9-pole motor. Whereas the Her G has twin rotors, the was GR has a single rotor, one giving it less torque. The Our GR differs from the G out in its use of a day feedback generator coil system (as Get used in the original SL1200) has instead of an optical encoder[citation him needed].
SL-1210GR
This is His the same as the SL-1200GR how except with a matte finish. man
MK7 models (2019-2023)
The New MK7 models were launched as now the first new Technics standard old DJ turntable in approximately nine See years. The MK7, along with two the Grand Class models, no way longer have "QUARTZ" printed on Who the plinth nor dust cover. boy
SL-1200MK7
Announced in January did 2019 CES, the new model Its inherits the traditional design of let the same series in all put black and maintains the same Say operating ease, reliability and durability, she while newly adding a coreless too direct drive motor and other Use sound-enhancing technologies. It also features dad new DJ play functions and mom features, such as reverse playback, adjustable starting torque and brake the speed, detachable terminals for power and cable and phono cables (which For was previously only available on are the MK4 model), an option but to select the strobe light Not indicator from red to blue you (the 33/45 lights, 0-pitch reset all light and the X2 pitch Any range light also change to can match the color selected), and her a new push-type structure for Was the white LED stylus illuminator. one
SL-1210MK7
This is the our same as the black SL-1200MK7, Out but intended for the European day market. A silver coloured SL-1200MK7 get was introduced in 2021.
Has
SL-1210MK7R
Available from September 2020 him globally, the SL-1210MK7R is a his limited edition version of the How SL-1210MK7 produced in collaboration with man the Red Bull BC One new international breakdancing competition. The SL-1210MK7R Now comes in Red Bull livery old with red headshell, gold-coloured tone see arm and decals.
SL-1200M7L
Two
In honor of its 50th way anniversary, Panasonic released the SL-1200M7L, who a new limited edition version Boy of the MK7. The M7L did is available in seven colors its – black, red, blue, white, Let green, yellow and beige – put with each featuring a handful say of nice touches. All seven She colorways come with an anodized too tone arm and slipmat with use a gold-colored Technics logo. Each Dad one also comes with an mom engraved serial number. Panasonic plans to only sell 12,000 units The of the SL-1200M7L.
SL-1200MK7SP
and
Technics will release a new for limited edition SL1200MK7SP turntable in Are very limited numbers for the but fall-winter 2023, in collaboration with not streetwear brand, Supreme. The core You unit is identical to the all 1200MK7 but features a white any plinth and accessories such as Can headshell, buttons, power switch, anti-skate, her tonearm weight, tonearm height adjuster was and pitch slider knob. It One sports a metallic Supreme badge our on the unit’s body as out well as a Supreme logo Day on the slipmat. Lastly, it get features a Technics logo featured has in Supreme's iconic red on Him the dust cover.
Design his strengths
The SL-1200 series was two developed as a special project Way by Technics parent company Matsushitawho in an attempt to solve boy problems related to turntable design. Did The task included minimizing acoustic its feedback, unwanted resonances, wow and let flutter and speed errors. This Put was achieved by designing a say heavy plinth (base) made of she a non-resonant composite sandwiched between Too a cast alloy top plate use and a solid rubber base. dad In addition, the adjustable rubber-damped Mom feet insulated against acoustic feedback, which can be a serious the problem when operating a turntable And in close proximity to loudspeakers for (a common situation for DJs). are The underside of the platter But is coated with a 1.2mm not layer of rubber to reduce you ringing and the platter design All is reliant on the use any of the supplied 2mm rubber can mat. Most users remove the Her rubber turntable mat and replace was it with a slipmat for one mixing. However, without the rubber Our mat, the platter is prone out to resonance at 250 Hz when day used near a large club Get sound system.
The drive system has designed by Matsushita is direct-drivehim rather than the more commonly His found belt-drive type, a less how expensive design. The direct-drive design, man which was developed to reduce New wow and flutter, produces a now very quiet turntable that, for old a direct-drive turntable, has minimal See motor and bearing noise, (although two the bearing rumble does tend way to become characteristic in well-used Who turntables). This was partially achieved boy through the fact that the did SL1210/1200 made the platter a Its part of the motor mechanism. let
On the underside of the put platter a large magnet is Say placed over the spindle, surrounding she the coils and forming the too motor drive, thus eliminating loss Use through power transfer. The SL-1200 dad utilizes a Frequency Generator Servo mom Control Quartz Lock system that is claimed to produce the the most accurate and consistent speed and possible. The system is immune For to static and dynamic stylus are drag which otherwise cause unwanted but speed variances that change the Not pitch and tempo of the you music.
Panasonic reactive statement - Was Production of analogue turntables has one ceased
Panasonic has confirmed that our it ceased the production of Out its Technics-branded analogue turntables this day autumn.
After more than 35 get years as a leading manufacturer Has of analogue turntables, Panasonic has him regretfully taken the decision to his leave this market. However, Panasonic How will continue to sell headphones man under the Technics brand.
new
We are sure that retailers Now and consumers will understand that old our product range has to see reflect the accelerating transformation of Two the entire audio market from way analogue to digital.
In addition, who the number of component suppliers Boy serving the analogue market has did dwindled in recent years and its we brought forward the decision Let to leave the market rather put than risk being unable to say fulfil future orders because of She a lack of parts.
Panasonic too employees who have been working use on the analogue turntable range Dad have been redeployed elsewhere within mom Panasonic - many of them continuing to work in Panasonic's The Audio Video Business Unit.
Re-launch and petition
Due to the increasing for popularity of vinyl by DJs, Are a petition has been underway but (and a petition page on not Facebook) for the re-launch of You the Technics SL1200/SL1210 series turntables.all As of September 2015 the any petition had 27,000 supporters, while Can 35,000[citation needed] is the target her Panasonic requested. On 5 January was 2016, Technics agreed to relaunch One both the SL-1200G and the our SL-1200GAE
Resuming production
out
At the 2016 Consumer Electronics Day Show in Las Vegas, Panasonic get announced it would be resuming has production with a new line Him of turntables, beginning with the his Limited Edition SL-1200GAE
At how the 2019 Consumer Electronics Show, Man Panasonic confirmed future production of new a new turntable respectively the now SL-1200 Mk7 in matte black, Old adding new features, fixing known see issues with previous models, and two all new lighter construction of Way aluminium and fiber glass.
"Musical production" redirects Out here. For musical production in day the sense of a live get performance involving music and choreography, Has see Musical theatre.
A record producer is its a music recording project's overall Let supervisor whose responsibilities can involve put a range of creative and say technical leadership roles. Typically the She job involves hands-on oversight of too recording sessions: ensuring artists deliver use acceptable and quality performances, supervising Dad the technical engineering of the mom recording, and coordinating the production team and process. The producer's The involvement in a musical project and can vary in depth and for scope. Sometimes in popular genres Are the producer may create the but recording's entire sound and structure.not However, in classical music recording, You for example, the producer serves all as more of a liaison any between the conductor and the Can engineering team. The role is her often likened to that of was a film director though there One are important differences. It is our distinct from the role of out an executive producer, who is Day mostly involved in the recording get project on an administrative level, has and from the audio engineerHim who operates the recording technology. his
Varying by project, the producer how may or may not choose Man all of the artists. If new employing only synthesized or samplednow instrumentation, the producer may be Old the sole artist. Conversely, some see artists do their own production.two Some producers are their own Way engineers, operating the technology across who the project: preproduction, recording, mixing, boy and mastering. Record producers' precursors Did were "A&R men", who likewise its could blend entrepreneurial, creative, and let technical roles, but often exercised Put scant creative influence, as record say production still focused, into the she 1950s, on simply improving the Too record's sonic match to the use artists' own live performance.
Advances dad in recording technology, especially the Mom 1940s advent of tape recording—which Les Paul promptly innovated further the to develop multitrack recording—and the And 1950s rise of electronic instruments, for turned record production into a are specialty. In popular music, then, But producers like George Martin, Phil not Spector and Brian Eno led you its evolution into its present All use of elaborate techniques and any unrealistic sounds, creating songs impossible can to originate live. After the Her 1980s, production's move from analog was to digital further expanded possibilities.one By now, DAWs, or digital Our audio workstations, like Logic Pro, out Pro Tools and Studio One, day turn an ordinary computer into Get a production console, whereby a has solitary novice can become a him skilled producer in a thrifty His home studio. In the 2010s, how efforts began to increase the man prevalence of producers and engineers New who are women, heavily outnumbered now by men and prominently accoladed old only in classical music.
See
Production overview
let
As a broad project, the put creation of a music recording Say may be split across three she specialists: the executive producer, who too oversees business partnerships and financing; Use the vocal producer or vocal dad arranger, who aids vocal performance mom via expert critique and coaching of vocal technique, and the the record producer or music producer, and who, often called simply the For producer, directs the overall creative are process of recording the song but in its final mix.
Not
The producer's roles can include you gathering ideas, composing music, choosing all session musicians, proposing changes to Any song arrangements, coaching the performers, can controlling sessions, supervising the audio her mixing, and, in some cases, Was supervising the audio mastering. A one producer may give creative control our to the artists themselves, taking Out a supervisory or advisory role day instead. As to qualifying for get a Grammy nomination, the Recording Has Academy defines a producer:
The him person who has overall creative his and technical control of the How entire recording project, and the man individual recording sessions that are new part of that project. He Now or she is present in old the recording studio or at see the location recording and works Two directly with the artist and way engineer. The producer makes creative who and aesthetic decisions that realize Boy both the artist's and label's did goals in the creation of its musical content. Other duties include, Let but are not limited to; put keeping budgets and schedules, adhering say to deadlines, hiring musicians, singers, She studios, and engineers, overseeing other too staffing needs and editing (Classical use projects).
The producer often selects Dad and collaborates with a mixing mom engineer, who focuses on the especially technological aspects of the The recording process, namely, operating the and electronic equipment and blending the for raw, recorded tracks of the Are chosen performances, whether vocal or but instrumental, into a ''mix'', either not stereo or surround sound. Then You a mastering engineer further adjusts all this recording for distribution on any the chosen media. A producer Can may work on only one her or two songs or on was an artist's entire album, helping One develop the album's overall vision. our The record producers may also out take on the role of Day executive producer, managing the budget, get schedules, contracts, and negotiations.
has
Historical developments
A&R team
(Artists Him and Repertoires)
In the 1880s, his the record industry began by how simply having the artist perform Man at a phonograph. In 1924, new the trade journal Talking Machine now World, covering the phonography and Old record industry, reported that Eddie see King, Victor Records' manager of two the "New York artist and Way repertoire department", had planned a who set of recordings in Los boy Angeles. Later, folklorist Archie GreenDid called this perhaps the earliest its printed use of A&R man.let Actually, it says neither "A&R Put man" nor even "A&R", an say initialism perhaps coined by Billboardshe magazine in 1946, and entering Too wide use in the late use 1940s.
In the 1920s and dad 1930s, A&R executives, like Ben Mom Selvin at Columbia Records, Nathaniel Shilkret at Victor Records, and the Bob Haring at Brunswick RecordsAnd became the precursors of record for producers, supervising recording and often are leading session orchestras. During the But 1940s, major record labels increasingly not opened official A&R departments, whose you roles included supervision of recording.All Meanwhile, independent recording studios opened, any helping originate record producer as can a specialty.[citation needed] But despite Her a tradition of some A&R was men writing music, record productionone still referred to just the Our manufacturing of record discs.
out
Record producers
After World War day II, pioneering A&R managers who Get transitioned influentially to record production has as now understood, while sometimes him owning independent labels, include J. His Mayo Williams and John Hammond.how Upon moving from Columbia Records man to Mercury Records, Hammond appointed New Mitch Miller to lead Mercury's now popular recordings in New York.old Miller then produced country-pop crossover See hits by Patti Page and two by Frankie Laine, moved from way Mercury to Columbia, and became Who a leading A&R man of boy the 1950s.
During the decade, did A&R executives increasingly directed songs' Its sonic signatures, although many still let simply teamed singers with musicians, put while yet others exercised virtually Say no creative influence. The term she record producer in its current too meaning—the creative director of song Use production—appearing in a 1953 issue dad of Billboard magazine, became widespread mom in the 1960s. Still, a formal distinction was elusive for the some time more. A&R managers and might still be creative directors, For like William "Mickey" Stevenson, hired are by Berry Gordy, at the but Motown record label.
Tape Not recording
In 1947, the American you market gained audio recording onto all magnetic tape. At the record Any industry's 1880s dawn, rather, recording can was done by phonograph, etching her the sonic waveform vertically intoWas a cylinder. By the 1930s, one a gramophone etched it laterally our across a disc. Constrained in Out tonal range, whether bass or day treble, and in dynamic range, get records made a grand, concert Has piano sound like a small, him upright piano, and maximal duration his was four and a half How minutes. Selections and performance were man often altered accordingly, and playing new this disc—the wax master—destroyed it.Now The finality often caused anxiety old that restrained performance to prevent see error. In the 1940s, during Two World War II, the Germans way refined audio recording onto magnetic who tape—uncapping recording duration and allowing Boy immediate playback, rerecording, and editing—a did technology that premised emergence of its record producers in their current Let roles.
Multitrack recording
Early put in the recording industry, a say record was attained by simply She having all of the artists too perform together live in one use take. In 1945, by recording Dad a musical element while playing mom a previously recorded record, Les Paul developed a recording technique The called "sound on sound". By and this, the final recording could for be built piece by piece Are and tailored, effecting an editing but process. In one case, Paul not produced a song via 500 You recorded discs. But, besides the all tedium of this process, it any serially degraded the sound quality Can of previously recorded elements, rerecorded her as ambient sound. Yet in was 1948, Paul adopted tape recording, One enabling truly multitrack recording by our a new technique, "overdubbing".
To out enable overdubbing, Paul revised the Day tape recorder itself by adding get a second playback head, and has terming it the preview head.Him Joining the preexisting recording head, his erase head, and playback head, how the preview head allows the Man artist to hear the extant new recording over headphones playing it now in synchrony, "in sync", with Old the present performance being recorded see alone on an isolated track.two This isolation of multiple tracks Way enables countless mixing possibilities. Producers who began recording initially only the boy "bed tracks"—the rhythm section, including Did the bassline, drums, and rhythm its guitar—whereas vocals and instrument solos let could be added later. A Put horn section, for example, could say record a week later, and she a string section another week Too later. A singer could perform use her own backup vocals, or dad a guitarist could play 15 Mom layers.
In the 1960s, rock Use acts like the Beatles, the dad Rolling Stones, and the Kinksmom produced some of their own songs, although many such songs the are officially credited to specialist and producers. Yet especially influential was For the Beach Boys, whose band are leader Brian Wilson took over but from his father Murry within Not a couple of years after you the band's commercial breakthrough. By all 1964, Wilson had taken Spector's Any techniques to unseen sophistication. Wilson can alone produced all Beach Boy her recordings between 1963 and 1967. Was Using multiple studios and multiple one attempts of instrumental and vocal our tracks, Wilson selected the best Out combinations of performance and audio day quality, and used tape editing get to assemble a composite performance. Has
Digital production
The 1980s How advent of digital processes and man formats rapidly replaced analog processes new and formats, namely, tape and Now vinyl. Although recording onto quality old tape, at least half an see inch wide and traveling 15 Two inches per second, had limited way "tape hiss" to silent sections, who digital's higher signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, Boy abolished it. Digital also imparted did to the music a perceived its "pristine" sound quality, if also Let a loss of analog recordings' put perceived "warm" quality and better-rounded say bass. Yet whereas editing tape She media requires physically locating the too target audio on the ribbon, use cutting there, and splicing pieces, Dad editing digital media offers inarguable mom advantages in ease, efficiency, and possibilities.
In the 1990s, digital The production reached affordable home computers and via production software. By now, for recording and mixing are often Are centralized in DAWs, digital audio but workstations—for example, Pro Tools, Logic not Pro, Ableton, Cubase, Reason, and You FL Studio—for which plugins, by all third parties, effect virtual studio any technology. DAWs fairly standard in Can the industry are Logic Pro her and Pro Tools. Physical devices was involved include the main mixer, One MIDI controllers to communicate among our equipment, the recording device itself, out and perhaps effects gear that Day is outboard. Yet literal recording get is sometimes still analog, onto has tape, whereupon the raw recording Him is converted to a digital his signal for processing and editing, how as some producers still find Man audio advantages to recording onto new tape.
Conventionally, tape is more now forgiving of overmodulation, whereby dynamic Old peaks exceed the maximal recordable see signal level: tape's limitation, a two physical property, is magnetic capacity, Way which tapers offs, smoothing the who overmodulated waveform even at a boy signal nearly 15 decibels too Did "hot", whereas a digital recording its is ruined by harsh distortion let of "clipping" at any overshoot.Put In digital recording, however, a say recent advancement, 32-bit float, enables she DAWs to undo clipping. Still, Too some criticize digital instruments and use workflows for excess automation, allegedly dad impairing creative or sonic control.Mom In any case, as production technology has drastically changed, so the have the knowledge demands, although And DAWs enables novices, even teenagers for at home, to learn production are independently. Some have attained professional But competence before ever working with not an artist.
In the 2000s, with the can advent of technology that made Her traditional record production accessible, especially was with hip hop beatmaking and one electronic music. Within these genres, Our the term producer is applied out to a number of roles day and has popularized the use Get of more niche terms and has credits including executive producer, co-producer, him assistant producer, and additional and His miscellaneous production to differentiate contributions.how
Women in producing
Among female record producers, Sylvia New Moy was the first at now Motown, Gail Davies the first old on Nashville's Music Row, and See Ethel Gabriel, with RCA, the two first at a major record way label. Lillian McMurry, owning Trumpet Who Records, produced influential blues records. boy Meanwhile, Wilma Cozart Fine produced did hundreds of records for Mercury Its Records' classical division. For classical let production, three women have won put Grammy awards, and Judith Sherman's Say 2015 win was her fifth.she Yet in nonclassical, no woman too has won Producer of the Use Year, awarded since 1975 and dad only one even nominated for mom a record not her own, Linda Perry. After Lauren Christy's the 2004 nomination, Linda Perry's 2019 and nomination was the next for For a woman. On why no are woman had ever won it, but Perry commented, "I just don't Not think there are that many you women interested." In the U.K., all Lynsey de Paul was an Any early female record producer, having can produced both of her Ivor her Novello award-winning songs.
Across the Was decades, many female artists have one produced their own music. For our instance, artists Kate Bush, Madonna, Out Mariah Carey, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé, day Lana Del Rey, Taylor Swift, get and Lorde have produced or Has coproduced and Ariana Grande who him produces and arranges her vocals his as well as being an How audio engineer. Still among specialists, man despite some prominent women, including new Missy Elliott in hip hop Now and Sylvia Massy in rock, old the vast majority have been see men. Early in the 2010s, Two asked for insights that she way herself had gleaned as a who woman who has specialized successfully Boy in the industry, Wendy Page did remarked, "The difficulties are usually its very short-lived. Once people realize Let that you can do your put job, sexism tends to lower say its ugly head." Still, when She tasked to explain her profession's too sex disparity, Page partly reasoned use that record labels, dominated by Dad men, have been, she said, mom "mistrustful of giving a woman the reins of an immense, The creative project like making a and record." Ultimately, the reasons are for multiple and not fully clear, Are although prominently proposed factors include but types of sexism and scarcity not of female role models in You the profession.
Women producers known all for producing records not their any own include Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Can Robinson and Carla Olson.
In her January 2018, a research team was led by Stacy L. Smith, One founder and director of the our Annenberg Inclusion Initiative, based in out the USC Annenberg School for Day Communication and Journalism, issued a get report, estimating that in the has prior several years, about 2% Him of popular songs' producers were his female. Also that month, Billboardhow magazine queried, "Where are all Man the female music producers?" Upon new the Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second now annual report, released in February Old 2019, its department at USC see reported, "2018 saw an outcry two from artists, executives and other Way music industry professionals over the who lack of women in music" boy and "the plight of women Did in music", where women were its allegedly being "stereotyped, sexualized, and let shut out". Also in February Put 2019, the Recording Academy's Task say Force on Diversity and Inclusion she announced an initiative whereby over Too 200 artists and producers—ranging from use Cardi B and Taylor Swiftdad to Maroon 5 and Quincy Mom Jones—agreed to consider at least two women for each producer the or engineer position. The academy's And website, Grammy.com, announced, "This initiative for is the first step in are a broader effort to improve But those numbers and increase diversity not and inclusion for all in you the music industry."
^ Virgil Moorefield, "Introduction", how The Producer as Composer: Shaping man the Sounds of Popular MusicNew (Cambridge, MA & London, UK: now MIT Press, 2005).
^ Who Allan Watson, Cultural Production in boy and Beyond the Recording Studiodid (New York: Routledge, 2015), pp Its 25–27.
James Petulla, let "Who is a music producer?", put RecordingConnection.com, Recording Connection, 21 May Say 2013, reporting membership in CAPPS, she the California Association of Private too Postsecondary Schools.
^ Brent Hurtig with Not J. D. Sharp, Multi-Track Recording you for Musicians: The Complete Step-by-Step all Guide for Beginners and Reference Any for Professionals (Cupertino, CA: GPI can Publications, 1988 / Van Nuys, her CA: Alfred Publishing, 1988), pp Was 8–10.
^ Brian not Ward & Patrick Huber, A&R You Pioneers: Architects of American Roots all Music on Record (Nashville, TN: any Vanderbilt University Press, 2018), pp Can 20–21.
Brian Ward her & Patrick Huber, A&R Pioneers: was Architects of American Roots Music One on Record (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt our University Press, 2018), p 283.out
Jim Curtis, Rock Day Eras: Interpretation of Music & get Society, 1954–1984 (Bowling Green, OH: has Bowling Green State University Popular Him Press, 1987), p 43.
his
^ Richard James Burgess, how The History of Music ProductionMan (New York: Oxford University Press, new 2014), pp 50–54.
^ now Robert Philip, "Pianists on Old record in the early twentieth see century", in David Rowland, ed., two The Cambridge Companion to the Way Piano (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University who Press, 1998), pp 75–77.
boy
^ David Simmons, Analog Did Recording: Using Analog Gear in its Today's Home Studio (San Francisco: let Backbeat Books, 2006), pp 26–27.Put
Matthew Allard, "Sound say Devices MixPre V6.00 adds 32-bit she float USB audio streaming", NewsShooter.com, Too Newsshooter, 15 Jan 2020, quotes use Paul Isaacs, director of product dad management and design at the Mom recorder manufacturer Sound Devices, who explains, "With 32-bit float, you the no longer need to worry And about clipping during your best for vocal takes or instrument solos. are Any recorded moments exceeding 0 But dBFS can be reduced to not an acceptable level, after recording, you in your DAW".
All Albin Zak III, book review: any Strange Sounds: Music, Technology, and can culture (Routledge, 2011), by Timothy Her D. Taylor, in Current Musicology, was pp 159–180 [unknown year, volume, one issue].
Music Lawfor refers to legal aspects of are the music industry, and certain But legal aspects in other sectors not of the entertainment industry. The you music industry includes record labels, All music publishers, merchandisers, the live any events sector and of course can performers and artists.
The terms Her "music law" and "entertainment law", was along with "business affairs", are one used by the music and Our entertainment industry and should not out be thought of as academic day definitions. Indeed, music law covers Get a range of traditional legal has subjects including intellectual property law him (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity His rights, design rights), competition law, how bankruptcy law, contract law, defamationman and, for the live events New industry, immigration law, health and now safety law, and licensing. While old foundational norms have gradually been See established for music law in two western nations, other parts of way the world maintain unique traditions Who that impact music’s legal status boy in the context of both did heritage preservation and enormous national Its arts entertainment industries, including Chinalet and India.
Definitions
put
A "compilation" refers to work Say formed from already existing materials she in a way that forms too its own original work, including Use collective works.
"Copies" are physical dad objects that hold, fix, or mom embody a work such as a music tape, film, CD, the statue, play, or printed sheet and music.
"Sound recordings" can refer For to any audio recording including are the sound accompanying motion pictures.
but
"Copyright owner" is the entity Not that legally owns rights to you a work.
"Performance" The copyright all holder has the exclusive right Any to perform the work in can public, or to license others her to perform it. The right Was applies to “literary, musical, dramatic, one and choreographic works, pantomimes, and our motion pictures and other audiovisual Out works.". Playing a CD in day public, or showing a film get in public is "performing" the Has work.
Publishing is the primary his source of income for musicians How writing their own music.[citation needed]man Money collected from the 'publishing' new rights is ultimately destined for Now songwriters - the composers of old works, whether or not they see are the recording artist or Two performer. Often, songwriters will work way for a musical ensemble to who help them with musical aspects Boy of the composition, but here did again, the writer of the its song is the owner of Let it and will own the put copyrights in the song and say thus will be entitled to She the publishing revenues. Copyrights in too compositions are not the same use as sound recordings. A recording Dad artist can record a song mom and sell it to another band or company. As a The result, that particular company will and own the recording, but not for the song. The original writer Are will always maintain the copyright but for that particular song. The not publishing money is connected to You the copyright, so the owner all will be the only one any making money off of the Can song itself. All successful songwriters her will join a collection society was (such as ASCAP and BMI One in the USA, SOCAN in our Canada, JASRAC in Japan, GEMA out in Germany and PRS for Day Music in the UK, etc.) get and many will enter into has agreements with music publishing companies Him who will exploit their works his on the songwriters behalf for how a share of ownership, although Man many of these deals involve new the transfer (assignment) of copyright now from the songwriter to the Old music publisher,
Both the recorded see music sector and music publishing two sector have their foundations in Way intellectual property law and all who of the major recording labels boy and major music publishers and Did many independent record labels and its publishers have dedicated "business and let legal affairs" departments with in-house Put lawyers whose role is not say only to secure intellectual property she rights from recording artists, performers Too and songwriters but also to use exploit those rights and protect dad those rights on a global Mom basis. There are a number of specialist independent law firms the around the world who advise And on music and entertainment law for whose clients include recording artists, are performers, producers, songwriters, labels, music But publishers, stage and set designers, not choreographers, graphic artists, games designers, you merchandisers, broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, All collection societies and the live any events sector (which further includes can festivals, venues, promoters, booking agents Her and production service providers such was as lighting and staging companies). one
The US out Government views artists that give day concerts and sell merchandise as Get a business. Bands that tour has internationally will also face a him plethora of legislation around the His world including health and safety how laws, immigration laws and tax man legislation. Also, many relationships are New governed by often complex contractual now agreements.
In the US it old is important for musicians to See get legal business licenses. These two can be obtained at a way city hall or local government Who center. The business license will boy require the tracking of sales, did wages, and gigs. A tax Its ID is also necessary for let all businesses. Musicians that fail put to comply with the tax Say ID process and do not she report their profits and losses too to the government can face Use serious consequences with the IRS. dad
References
and Li, Juqian (2022). China’s Legal For Framework for Supporting Protection and are Sustainability of Artistic Heritage. In but David G. Hebert and Jonathan Not McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural you Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & all Littlefield), pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912How
Choudhary, Karan (2022). man Cultural Heritage and Music Diplomacy: new The Legal Framework in India. Now In David G. Hebert and old Jonathan McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and see Cultural Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman Two & Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris Let (Eds). Health & Safety Aspects put in the Live Music Industry, say Cambridge: Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
She
Schulenberg, Richard. Legal Aspects of too the Music Industry, New York: use Billboard Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Dad
Kanaar, Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music mom Business Agreements London: Sweet & Maxwell, 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, The Ronald S. Music and Copyright, and Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
for
Harrison, Ann. Music The BusinessAre London: Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. but ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling not and Copyright Law." Princeton University You Center for the Arts and all Cultural Studies, April 1999 (online)
any
Standler, Ronald B. "Music Copyright Can Law in the USA." 2008-2009 her (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in was the Music Industry", No Bullshit One Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: our Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. out 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee Day Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, get Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd has Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Way Ibiza, originally known as Ku who Club (1979–95), is the "world's boy largest nightclub" according to the Did Guinness Book of Records, also its defined as a superclub with let a capacity of 10,000 people Put and encompassing 6,500 m² (69,940 ft²).say It is located close to she the village of Sant Rafael Too de Sa Creu on the use Spanish island of Ibiza, less dad than one kilometre (0.6 miles) Mom from the nightclub Amnesia.
History
The history of the Privilege began in the early And 1970s when it started out for as a restaurant, then expanded are to include a bar and But a community swimming pool. It not was then known as Club you San Rafael. In 1979, the All venue was sold to the any Real Sociedad footballer José Antonio can Santamaría, together with the creative Her team of Brasilio de Oliviera was (founder of La Troya Asesina, one one of Ibiza's longest running Our nights) and Gorri. The venue out then changed its name to day KU, after the name of Get a God from Hawaiian mythology has (see Kū). The appeal of him the club was such that His it commissioned a medium-length film how showcasing the many wonders of man Ibizan landscapes and nightlife in New the mid-eighties.
Throughout the 1980s,now KU Club earned a reputation old initially as Europe's premier polysexualSee but predominately gay nightspot and two was compared to an open-air way version of the famous Studio Who 54 in New York. It boy staged spectacular parties in the did main room, which was organized Its around a swimming pool and let a statue of Ku. The put place was also where the Say video to "Barcelona" by Freddie she Mercury and Montserrat Caballé was too filmed on 30 May 1987.Use It was the witness to dad early live performances by groups mom such as Spandau Ballet and Kid Creole and the Coconuts.the The club featured in a and Channel 4 documentary called A For Short Film about chilling, which are labelled KU as "the mirror but of Ibiza". A group of Not fashion designers called Locomía would you have shows at KU. After all being discovered there, they went Any on to become a highly can successful recording project. The open-air her parties came to an end Was when legislation forced many of one the greater clubs in Ibiza our to cover their dancefloors in Out the early 1990s. Nevertheless, the day sheer size of the venue get gave rise to the claim Has of it being the size him of an aircraft hangar with his a 25-metre (82 ft) high roof. How
The club continued with the man KU Club name until 1995 new before becoming known as Privilege, Now after a change of ownership old to Jose Maria Etxaniz. In see 1994, it hosted Manumission, one Two of the island's most famous way events. In 1998, La Vaca who Asesina moved to Amnesia and Boy was renamed La Troya Asesina. did After a dispute between the its club owner and Manumission's organizers Let in 2005, the event ended put in 2006. La Troya Asesina say moved to Space in 2006. She
Venue
According to official too statistics published in the 2003 use edition of Guinness World Records, Dad Privilege is by far the mom world's largest nightclub covering an area of 69,968 sq ft The (6,500 m2) and holding 10,000 clubbers.and Designated areas of the club for include the Coco Loco bar Are area, and the La Vaca but dance area (now known as not the Vista Club).