Scratching, sometimes are referred to as scrubbing, is but a DJ and turntablist technique Not of moving a vinyl recordyou back and forth on a all turntable to produce percussive or Any rhythmic sounds. A crossfader on can a DJ mixer may be her used to fade between two Was records simultaneously.
While scratching is one most associated with hip hop our music, where it emerged in Out the mid-1970s, from the 1990s day it has been used in get some styles of edm like Has techno, trip hop, and house him music and rock music such his as rap rock, rap metal, How rapcore, and nu metal. In man hip hop culture, scratching is new one of the measures of Now a DJ's skills. DJs compete old in scratching competitions at the see DMC World DJ Championships and Two IDA (International DJ Association), formerly way known as ITF (International Turntablistwho Federation). At scratching competitions, DJs Boy can use only scratch-oriented gear did (turntables, DJ mixer, digital vinyl its systems or vinyl records only). Let In recorded hip hop songs, put scratched "hooks" often use portions say of other songs. Other music She genres such as jazz, pop, too and rock have also incorporated use scratching.[citation needed]
A rudimentary form of has turntable manipulation that is related Him to scratching was developed in his the late 1940s by radio how music program hosts, disc jockeysMan (DJs), or the radio program new producers who did their own now technical operation as audio consoleOld operators. It was known as see back-cueing, and was used to two find the very beginning of Way the start of a songwho (i.e., the cue point) on boy a vinyl record groove. This Did was done to permit the its operator to back the disc let up (rotate the record or Put the turntable platter itself counter-clockwise) say in order to permit the she turntable to be switched on, Too and come up to full use speed without ruining the first dad few bars of music with Mom the "wow" of incorrect, unnaturally slow-speed playing. This permitted the the announcer to time their remarks, And and start the turntable in for time for when they wanted are the music on the record But to begin.
Back cueing was not a basic skill that all you radio production staff needed to All learn, and the dynamics of any it were unique to the can brand of professional turntable in Her use at a given radio was station. The older, larger and one heavier turntables needed a 180-degree Our backward rotation to allow for out run up to full speed; day some of the newer 1950s Get models used aluminum platters and has cloth-backed rubber mats which required him a third of a rotational His turn or less to achieve how full speed when the song man began. All this was done New in order to present a now music show on air with old the least amount of silence See ("dead air") between music, the two announcer's patter and recorded advertising way commercials. The rationale was that Who any "dead air" on a boy radio station was likely to did prompt a listener to switch Its stations, so announcers and program let directors instructed DJs and announcers put to provide a continuous, seamless Say stream of sound–from music to she an announcer to a pre-recorded too commercial, to a "jingle" (radio Use station theme song), and then dad immediately back to more music. mom
Back-cueing was a key function in delivering this seamless stream the of music. Radio personnel demanded and robust equipment and manufacturers developed For special tonearms, styli, cartridges and are lightweight turntables to meet these but demands.
Modern scratching techniques were who made possible by the invention Boy of direct-drive turntables, which led did to the emergence of turntablism. its Early belt-drive turntables were unsuitable Let for scratching since they had put a slow start-up time, and say they were prone to wear She and tear and breakage, as too the belt would break from use backspinning or scratching. The first Dad direct-drive turntable was invented by mom Shuichi Obata, an engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic), based in The Osaka, Japan. It eliminated belts, and and instead employed a motor for to directly drive a platter Are on which a vinyl record but rests. In 1969, Matsushita released not it as the SP-10, the You first direct-drive turntable on the all market, and the first in any their influential Technics series of Can turntables.
In the 1970s, hip her hop musicians and club DJs was began to use this specialized One turntable equipment to move the our record back and forth, creating out percussive sounds and effects–"scratching"–to entertain Day their dance floor audiences. Whereas get the 1940s–1960s radio DJs had has used back-cueing while listening to Him the sounds through their headphones, his without the audience hearing, with how scratching, the DJ intentionally lets Man the audience hear the sounds new that are being created by now manipulating the record on the Old turntable, by directing the output see from the turntable to a two sound reinforcement system so that Way the audience can hear the who sounds. Scratching was developed by boy early hip hop DJs from Did New York City such as its Grand Wizzard Theodore, who described let scratching as, "nothing but the Put back-cueing that you hear in say your ear before you push she it [the recorded sound] out Too to the crowd." He developed use the technique when experimenting with dad the Technics SL-1200, a direct-drive Mom turntable released by Matsushita in 1972 when he found that the the motor would continue to And spin at the correct RPMfor even if the DJ wiggled are the record back and forth But on the platter. Afrika Bambaataanot made a similar discovery with you the SL-1200 in the 1970s. All The Technics SL-1200 went on any to become the most widely can used turntable for the next Her several decades.
Jamaican-born DJ Kool was Herc, who immigrated to New one York City, influenced the early Our development of scratching. Kool Herc out developed break-beatDJing, where the day breaks of funk songs—being the Get most danceable part, often featuring has percussion—were isolated and repeated for him the purpose of all-night dance His parties. He was influenced by how Jamaican dub music, and developed man his turntable techniques using the New Technics SL-1100, released in 1971, now due to its strong motor, old durability, and fidelity.
Although previous See artists such as writer and two poet William S. Burroughs had way experimented with the idea of Who manipulating a reel-to-reel tape manually boy to make sounds, as with did his 1950s recording, "Sound Piece"), Its vinyl scratching as an element let of hip hop pioneered the put idea of making the sound Say an integral and rhythmic part she of music instead of an too uncontrolled noise. Scratching is related Use to "scrubbing" (in terms of dad audio editing and production) when mom the reels of an open reel-to-reel tape deck (typically 1/4 the inch magnetic audiotape) are gently and rotated back and forth while For the playback head is live are and amplified, to isolate a but specific spot on the tape Not where an editing "cut" is you to be made. Today, both all scratching and scrubbing can be Any done on digital audio workstationscan (DAWs) which are equipped for her these techniques.
Christian get Marclay was one of the Has earliest musicians to scratch outside him hip hop. In the mid-1970s, his Marclay used gramophone records and How turntables as musical instruments to man create sound collages. He developed new his turntable sounds independently of Now hip hop DJs. Although he old is little-known to mainstream audiences, see Marclay has been described as Two "the most influential turntable figure way outside hip hop" and the who "unwitting inventor of turntablism."
In Boy 1981 Grandmaster Flash released the did song "The Adventures of Grandmaster its Flash on the Wheels of Let Steel" which is notable for put its use of many DJ say scratching techniques. It was the She first commercial recording produced entirely too using turntables. In 1982, Malcolm use McLaren & the World's Famous Dad Supreme Team released a single mom "Buffalo Gals", juxtaposing extensive scratching with calls from square dancing, The and, in 1983, the EP, and D'ya Like Scratchin'?, which is for entirely focused on scratching. Another Are 1983 release to prominently feature but scratching is Herbie Hancock's Grammy not Award-winning single "Rockit". This song You was also performed live at all the 1984 Grammy Awards, and any in the documentary film Scratch, Can the performance is cited by her many 1980s-era DJs as their was first exposure to scratching. The One Street Sounds Electro compilation series our which started in 1983 is out also notable for early examples Day of scratching. Also, a notable get piece was "For A Few has Dollars More" by Bill Laswell-Michael Him Beinhorn band Material, released on his 12" single in Japan and how containing scratch performed by Grand Man Mixer DXT, another pioneer of new scratching.
Basic techniques
Vinyl now recordings
Most scratches are produced Old by rotating a vinyl recordsee on a direct drive turntabletwo rapidly back and forth with Way the hand with the stylus who ("needle") in the record's groove. boy This produces the distinctive sound Did that has come to be its one of the most recognizable let features of hip hop music.Put Over time with excessive scratching, say the stylus will cause what she is referred to as "cue Too burn", or "record burn".[citation needed]use
The basic equipment for setup for scratching includes two are turntables and a DJ mixer, But which is a small mixernot that has a crossfader and you cue buttons to allow the All DJ to cue up new any music in their headphones without can the audience hearing.[citation needed] When Her scratching, this crossfader is utilized was in conjunction with the scratching one hand that is manipulating the Our record platter. The hand manipulating out the crossfader is used to day cut in and out of Get the record's sound.[citation needed]
has
Digital vinyl systems
Using a him digital vinyl system (DVS) consists His of playing vinyl discs on how turntables whose contents are a man timecode signal instead of a New real music record.
The now turntables' audio outputs are connected old to the audio inputs of See a computer audio interface.
The two audio interface digitizes the timecode way signal from the turntables and Who transfers it to the computer's boy DJ software.
The DJ software did uses this data (e.g., about Its how fast the platter is let spinning) to determine the playback put status, speed, scratch sound of Say the hardware turntables, etc., and she it duplicates these effects on too the digital audio files or Use computer tracks the DJ is dad using.
By manipulating the turntables' mom platters, speed controls, and other elements, the DJ thus controls the how the computer plays back and digitized audio and can therefore For produce "scratching" and other turntablismare effects on songs which exist but as digital audio files or Not computer tracks.
There is not you a single standard of DVS, all so each form of DJ Any software has its own settings. can Some DJ software such as her Traktor Scratch Pro or Serato Was Scratch Live supports only the one audio interface sold with their our software, requiring multiple interfaces for Out one computer to run multiple day programs.
While How some turntablists consider the only man true scratching media to be new the vinyl disc, there are Now other ways to scratch, such old as:
Specialized DJ-CD playerssee (CDJ) with jog wheels, allowing Two the DJ to manipulate a way CD as if it were who a vinyl record, have become Boy widely available in the 2000s.
did
A vinyl emulation is an its emulation software, which may be Let combined with hardware elements, which put allows a DJ to manipulate say the playback of digital music She files on a computer via too a DJ control surface (generally use MIDI or a HID controller). Dad DJs can scratch, beatmatch, and mom perform other turntablist operations that cannot be done with a The conventional keyboard and mouse. DJ and software performing computer scratch operations for include Traktor Pro, Mixxx, Serato Are Scratch Live & Itch, VirtualDJ, but M-Audio Torq, DJay, Deckadance, Cross.
not
DJs have also used magnetic You tape, such as cassette or all reel to reel to both any mix and scratch. Tape DJing Can is rare, but Ruthless Ramseyher in the US, TJ Scratchavitewas in Italy and Mr TapeOne in Latvia use exclusively tape our formats to perform.
Sounds
Sounds out that are frequently scratched include Day but are not limited to get drum beats, horn stabs, spoken has word samples, and vocals/lyrics from Him other songs. Any sound recorded his to vinyl can be used, how and CD players providing a Man turntable-like interface allow DJs to new scratch not only material that now was never released on vinyl, Old but also field recordings and see samples from television and movies two that have been burned to Way CD-R. Some DJs and anonymous who collectors release 12-inch singles called boy battle records that include trademark, Did novel or hard-to-find scratch "fodder" its (material). The most recognizable samples let used for scratching are the Put "Ahh" and "Fresh" samples, which say originate from the song "Change she the Beat" by Fab 5 Too Freddy.
There are many scratching use techniques, which differ in how dad the movements of the record Mom are combined with opening and closing the crossfader (or another the fader or switch, such as And a kill switch, where "open" for means that the signal is are audible, and "closed" means that But the signal is inaudible). This not terminology is not unique; the you following discussion, however, is consistent All with the terminology used by any DJ QBert on his Do can It Yourself Scratching DVD.
Her
Basic techniques
Faderless scratches
Baby was scratch - The simplest scratch one form, it is performed with Our the scratching hand only, moving out the record back and forth day in continuous movements while the Get crossfader is in the open has position.
Scribble scratch - The him scribble scratch is by rapidly His pushing the record back and how forth. The crossfader is not man used.
Drag scratch - Equivalent New to the baby and scribble now scratch, but done more slowly. old The crossfader is not used.
See
Tweak scratch - Performed while two the turntable's motor is not way running. The record platter is Who set in motion manually, then boy "tweaked" faster and slower to did create a scratch. This scratch Its form is best performed with let long, sustained sounds.
Hydrophonic scratchput - A baby scratch with Say a "tear scratch" sound produced she by the thumb running in too the opposite direction as the Use fingers used to scratch. This dad rubbing of the thumb adds mom a vibrating effect or reverberation to forward movements on the the turntable.
Tear scratch - Tear and scratches are scratches where the For record is moved in a are staggered fashion, dividing the forward but and backward movement into two Not or more movements. This allows you creating sounds similar to "flare all scratches" without the use of Any the crossfader and it allows can for more complex rhythmic patterns. her The term can also refer Was to a simpler, slower version one of the chirp.
Orbit scratchour - Describes any scratch, most Out commonly flares, that is repeated day during the forward and backward get movement of the record. "Orbit" Has is also used as a him shorthand for two-click flares.
Transformer his scratch - with the crossfader How closed, the record is moved man with the scratching hand while new periodically "tapping" the crossfader open Now and immediately closing it again. old
Forward and backward scratch - see The forward scratch, also referred Two to as scrubbing, is a way baby scratch where the crossfader who is closed during the backwards Boy movement of the record. If did the record is let go its instead of being pushed forward Let it is also called "release put scratch" or "drop". Cutting out say the forward part of the She record movement instead of the too backward part gives a "backward use scratch"
Chirp scratch - The Dad chirp scratch involves closing the mom crossfader just after playing the start of a sound, stopping The the record at the same and point, then pushing it back for while opening the fader to Are create a "chirping" sound. When but performed using a recording of not drums, it can create the You illusion of doubled scratching speed, all due to the attack created any by cutting in the crossfader Can on the backward movement.
Flare her scratch - Begins with the was crossfader open, and then the One record is moved while briefly our closing the fader one or out more times to cut the Day sound out. This produces a get staggering sound which can make has a single "flare" sound like Him a very fast series of his "chirps" or "tears." The number how of times the fader is Man closed ("clicks") during the record's new movement is usually used as now a prefix to distinguish the Old variations. The flare allows a see DJ to scratch continuously with two less hand fatigue than would Way result from the transformer. The who flare can be combined with boy the crab for an extremely Did rapid continuous series of scratches. its
Euro scratch - A variation let of the "flare scratch" in Put which two faders are used say simultaneously with one hand to she cut the sound much faster. Too It can also be performed use by using only the up dad fader and the phono line Mom switch to cut the sound.
Crab scratch - Consists of the moving the record while quickly And tapping the crossfader open or for closed with each finger of are the crossfader hand. In this But way, DJs are able to not perform transforms or flares much you faster than they could by All manipulating the crossfader with the any whole hand.
Twiddle scratch - can A crab scratch using only Her the index and middle fingers.
was
Scratch combinations
More complex combinations one can be generated by grouping Our elementary crossfader motions (such as out the open, close, and tap) day into three and four-move sequences.Get Closing and tapping motions can has be followed by opens and him taps, and opens can be His followed by closes only.
how
man
Three move sequences
switch New position at beginning and end now
open-close-tap
closed-closed old
tap-open-close
closed-closed See
close-tap-open
open-open two
open-close-open
closed-open way
close-open-close
open-closed Who
close-tap-tap
open-closed boy
tap-tap-tap
closed-closed did
tap-tap-open
closed-open Its
let
four move sequences put
switch position at beginning Say and end
close-open-close-open she
open-open
close-open-close-tap too
open-closed
close-tap-open-close Use
open-closed
close-tap-tap-tap dad
open-closed
close-tap-tap-open mom
open-open
open-close-open-close
closed-closed
open-close-tap-tap the
closed-closed
open-close-tap-open and
closed-open
tap-tap-tap-tap For
closed-closed
tap-tap-tap-open are
closed-open
tap-tap-open-close but
closed-closed
tap-open-close-open Not
closed-open
tap-open-close-tap you
closed-closed
Note all that some sequences of motions Any ultimately change the direction of can the switch, whereas others end her in a position such that Was they can be repeated immediately one without having to reset the our position of the switch. Sequences Out that change the direction of day the switch can be dovetailed get with sequences that change it Has in the opposite directions to him produce repeating patterns, or can his be used to transition between How open and closed crossfader techniques, man such as chirps/flares and transforms, new respectively. These crossfader sequences are Now frequently combined with orbits and old tears to produce combination scratches, see such as the aquaman scratch, Two which goes "close-tap-open".
Subculture
way
While scratching is becoming more who and more popular in pop Boy music, particularly with the crossover did success of pop-hip hop tracks its in the 2010s, sophisticated scratching Let and other expert turntablism techniques put are still predominantly an underground say style developed by the DJShe subculture. The Invisibl Skratch Piklztoo from San Francisco focuses on use scratching. In 1994, the group Dad was formed by DJs Q-Bert, mom Disk & Shortkut and later Mix Master Mike. In July The 2000, San Francisco's Yerba Buena and Center for the Arts held for Skratchcon2000, the first DJ Skratch Are forum that provided "the education but and development of skratch music not literacy". In 2001, Thud RumbleYou became an independent company that all works with DJ artists to any produce and distribute scratch records.[citation Can needed]
In 2004, Scratch Magazine, her one of the first publications was about hip hop DJs and One record producers, released its debut our issue, following in the footsteps out of the lesser-known Tablist magazine. Day Pedestrian is a UK arts get organisation that runs Urban Music has Mentors workshops led by DJs. Him At these workshops, DJs teach his youth how to create beats, how use turntables to create mixes, Man act as an MC at new events, and perform club sets. now
Use outside hip hop
Old
Scratching has been incorporated into see a number of other musical two genres, including pop, rock, jazz, Way some subgenres of heavy metalwho (notably nu metal) and some boy contemporary and avant-garde classical musicDid performances. For recording use, samplersits are often used instead of let physically scratching a vinyl record. Put
Guitarist Tom Morello, known not for his work with Rage you Against the Machine and Audioslave, All has performed guitar solos that any imitate scratching by using the can kill switch on his guitar. Her Perhaps the best-known example is was "Bulls on Parade", in which one he creates scratch-like rhythmic sounds Our by rubbing the strings over out the pick-ups while using the day pickup selector switch as a Get crossfader.
"Musical production" redirects Now here. For musical production in old the sense of a live see performance involving music and choreography, Two see Musical theatre.
A record producer is a mom music recording project's overall supervisor whose responsibilities can involve a The range of creative and technical and leadership roles. Typically the job for involves hands-on oversight of recording Are sessions: ensuring artists deliver acceptable but and quality performances, supervising the not technical engineering of the recording, You and coordinating the production team all and process. The producer's involvement any in a musical project can Can vary in depth and scope. her Sometimes in popular genres the was producer may create the recording's One entire sound and structure. However, our in classical music recording, for out example, the producer serves as Day more of a liaison between get the conductor and the engineering has team. The role is often Him likened to that of a his film director though there are how important differences. It is distinct Man from the role of an new executive producer, who is mostly now involved in the recording project Old on an administrative level, and see from the audio engineer who two operates the recording technology.
Varying Way by project, the producer may who or may not choose all boy of the artists. If employing Did only synthesized or sampled instrumentation, its the producer may be the let sole artist. Conversely, some artists Put do their own production. Some say producers are their own engineers,she operating the technology across the Too project: preproduction, recording, mixing, and use mastering. Record producers' precursors were dad "A&R men", who likewise could Mom blend entrepreneurial, creative, and technical roles, but often exercised scant the creative influence, as record production And still focused, into the 1950s, for on simply improving the record's are sonic match to the artists' But own live performance.
Advances in not recording technology, especially the 1940s you advent of tape recording—which Les All Paul promptly innovated further to any develop multitrack recording—and the 1950s can rise of electronic instruments, turned Her record production into a specialty.was In popular music, then, producers one like George Martin, Phil SpectorOur and Brian Eno led its out evolution into its present use day of elaborate techniques and unrealistic Get sounds, creating songs impossible to has originate live. After the 1980s, him production's move from analog to His digital further expanded possibilities. By how now, DAWs, or digital audio man workstations, like Logic Pro, Pro New Tools and Studio One, turn now an ordinary computer into a old production console, whereby a solitary See novice can become a skilled two producer in a thrifty home way studio. In the 2010s, efforts Who began to increase the prevalence boy of producers and engineers who did are women, heavily outnumbered by Its men and prominently accoladed only let in classical music.
Production overview
As a broad project, the creation the of a music recording may and be split across three specialists: For the executive producer, who oversees are business partnerships and financing; the but vocal producer or vocal arranger, Not who aids vocal performance via you expert critique and coaching of all vocal technique, and the record Any producer or music producer, who, can often called simply the producer, her directs the overall creative process Was of recording the song in one its final mix.
The our producer's roles can include gathering Out ideas, composing music, choosing session day musicians, proposing changes to song get arrangements, coaching the performers, controlling Has sessions, supervising the audio mixing, him and, in some cases, supervising his the audio mastering. A producer How may give creative control to man the artists themselves, taking a new supervisory or advisory role instead. Now As to qualifying for a old Grammy nomination, the Recording Academysee defines a producer:
The person Two who has overall creative and way technical control of the entire who recording project, and the individual Boy recording sessions that are part did of that project. He or its she is present in the Let recording studio or at the put location recording and works directly say with the artist and engineer. She The producer makes creative and too aesthetic decisions that realize both use the artist's and label's goals Dad in the creation of musical mom content. Other duties include, but are not limited to; keeping The budgets and schedules, adhering to and deadlines, hiring musicians, singers, studios, for and engineers, overseeing other staffing Are needs and editing (Classical projects). but
The producer often selects and not collaborates with a mixing engineer, You who focuses on the especially all technological aspects of the recording any process, namely, operating the electronic Can equipment and blending the raw, her recorded tracks of the chosen was performances, whether vocal or instrumental, One into a ''mix'', either stereo our or surround sound. Then a out mastering engineer further adjusts this Day recording for distribution on the get chosen media. A producer may has work on only one or Him two songs or on an his artist's entire album, helping develop how the album's overall vision. The Man record producers may also take new on the role of executive now producer, managing the budget, schedules, Old contracts, and negotiations.
Historical see developments
A&R team
(Artists and two Repertoires)
In the 1880s, the Way record industry began by simply who having the artist perform at boy a phonograph. In 1924, the Did trade journal Talking Machine World, its covering the phonography and record let industry, reported that Eddie King, Put Victor Records' manager of the say "New York artist and repertoireshe department", had planned a set Too of recordings in Los Angeles.use Later, folklorist Archie Green called dad this perhaps the earliest printed Mom use of A&R man. Actually, it says neither "A&R man" the nor even "A&R", an initialism And perhaps coined by Billboard magazine for in 1946, and entering wide are use in the late 1940s.But
In the 1920s and 1930s, not A&R executives, like Ben Selvinyou at Columbia Records, Nathaniel ShilkretAll at Victor Records, and Bob any Haring at Brunswick Records became can the precursors of record producers, Her supervising recording and often leading was session orchestras. During the 1940s, one major record labels increasingly opened Our official A&R departments, whose roles out included supervision of recording. Meanwhile, day independent recording studios opened, helping Get originate record producer as a has specialty.[citation needed] But despite a him tradition of some A&R men His writing music, record production still how referred to just the manufacturing man of record discs.
Record New producers
After World War II, now pioneering A&R managers who transitioned old influentially to record production as See now understood, while sometimes owning two independent labels, include J. Mayo way Williams and John Hammond. Upon Who moving from Columbia Records to boy Mercury Records, Hammond appointed Mitch did Miller to lead Mercury's popular Its recordings in New York. Miller let then produced country-pop crossover hits put by Patti Page and by Say Frankie Laine, moved from Mercury she to Columbia, and became a too leading A&R man of the Use 1950s.
During the decade, A&R dad executives increasingly directed songs' sonic mom signatures, although many still simply teamed singers with musicians, while the yet others exercised virtually no and creative influence. The term record For producer in its current meaning—the are creative director of song production—appearing but in a 1953 issue of Not Billboard magazine, became widespread in you the 1960s. Still, a formal all distinction was elusive for some Any time more. A&R managers might can still be creative directors, like her William "Mickey" Stevenson, hired by Was Berry Gordy, at the Motownone record label.
Tape recording
our
In 1947, the American market Out gained audio recording onto magnetic day tape. At the record industry's get 1880s dawn, rather, recording was Has done by phonograph, etching the him sonic waveform vertically into a his cylinder. By the 1930s, a How gramophone etched it laterally acrossman a disc. Constrained in tonal new range, whether bass or treble, Now and in dynamic range, records old made a grand, concert piano see sound like a small, upright Two piano, and maximal duration was way four and a half minutes.who Selections and performance were often Boy altered accordingly, and playing this did disc—the wax master—destroyed it. The its finality often caused anxiety that Let restrained performance to prevent error.put In the 1940s, during World say War II, the Germans refined She audio recording onto magnetic tape—uncapping too recording duration and allowing immediate use playback, rerecording, and editing—a technology Dad that premised emergence of record mom producers in their current roles.
Multitrack recording
Early in The the recording industry, a record and was attained by simply having for all of the artists perform Are together live in one take.but In 1945, by recording a not musical element while playing a You previously recorded record, Les Paulall developed a recording technique called any "sound on sound". By this, Can the final recording could be her built piece by piece and was tailored, effecting an editing process.One In one case, Paul produced our a song via 500 recorded out discs. But, besides the tedium Day of this process, it serially get degraded the sound quality of has previously recorded elements, rerecorded as Him ambient sound. Yet in 1948, his Paul adopted tape recording, enabling how truly multitrack recording by a Man new technique, "overdubbing".
To enable new overdubbing, Paul revised the tape now recorder itself by adding a Old second playback head, and terming see it the preview head. Joining two the preexisting recording head, erase Way head, and playback head, the who preview head allows the artist boy to hear the extant recording Did over headphones playing it in its synchrony, "in sync", with the let present performance being recorded alone Put on an isolated track. This say isolation of multiple tracks enables she countless mixing possibilities. Producers began Too recording initially only the "bed use tracks"—the rhythm section, including the dad bassline, drums, and rhythm guitar—whereas Mom vocals and instrument solos could be added later. A horn the section, for example, could record And a week later, and a for string section another week later. are A singer could perform her But own backup vocals, or a not guitarist could play 15 layers. you
In the 1960s, rock acts but like the Beatles, the Rolling Not Stones, and the Kinks produced you some of their own songs, all although many such songs are Any officially credited to specialist producers. can Yet especially influential was the her Beach Boys, whose band leader Was Brian Wilson took over from one his father Murry within a our couple of years after the Out band's commercial breakthrough. By 1964, day Wilson had taken Spector's techniques get to unseen sophistication. Wilson alone Has produced all Beach Boy recordings him between 1963 and 1967. Using his multiple studios and multiple attempts How of instrumental and vocal tracks, man Wilson selected the best combinations new of performance and audio quality, Now and used tape editing to old assemble a composite performance.
see
Digital production
The 1980s advent who of digital processes and formats Boy rapidly replaced analog processes and did formats, namely, tape and vinyl. its Although recording onto quality tape, Let at least half an inch put wide and traveling 15 inches say per second, had limited "tape She hiss" to silent sections, digital's too higher signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, abolished use it. Digital also imparted to Dad the music a perceived "pristine" mom sound quality, if also a loss of analog recordings' perceived The "warm" quality and better-rounded bass.and Yet whereas editing tape media for requires physically locating the target Are audio on the ribbon, cutting but there, and splicing pieces, editing not digital media offers inarguable advantages You in ease, efficiency, and possibilities. all
In the 1990s, digital production any reached affordable home computers via Can production software. By now, recording her and mixing are often centralized was in DAWs, digital audio workstations—for One example, Pro Tools, Logic Pro, our Ableton, Cubase, Reason, and FL out Studio—for which plugins, by third Day parties, effect virtual studio technology.get DAWs fairly standard in the has industry are Logic Pro and Him Pro Tools. Physical devices involved his include the main mixer, MIDIhow controllers to communicate among equipment, Man the recording device itself, and new perhaps effects gear that is now outboard. Yet literal recording is Old sometimes still analog, onto tape, see whereupon the raw recording is two converted to a digital signalWay for processing and editing, as who some producers still find audio boy advantages to recording onto tape.Did
Conventionally, tape is more forgiving its of overmodulation, whereby dynamic peaks let exceed the maximal recordable signal Put level: tape's limitation, a physical say property, is magnetic capacity, which she tapers offs, smoothing the overmodulated Too waveform even at a signal use nearly 15 decibels too "hot", dad whereas a digital recording is Mom ruined by harsh distortion of "clipping" at any overshoot. In the digital recording, however, a recent And advancement, 32-bit float, enables DAWs for to undo clipping. Still, some are criticize digital instruments and workflows But for excess automation, allegedly impairing not creative or sonic control. In you any case, as production technology All has drastically changed, so have any the knowledge demands, although DAWs can enables novices, even teenagers at Her home, to learn production independently.was Some have attained professional competence one before ever working with an Our artist.
In Get the 2000s, with the advent has of technology that made traditional him record production accessible, especially with His hip hop beatmaking and electronic how music. Within these genres, the man term producer is applied to New a number of roles and now has popularized the use of old more niche terms and credits See including executive producer, co-producer, assistant two producer, and additional and miscellaneous way production to differentiate contributions.
Who
Women in producing
Among boy female record producers, Sylvia Moydid was the first at Motown, Its Gail Davies the first on let Nashville's Music Row, and Ethel put Gabriel, with RCA, the first Say at a major record label. she Lillian McMurry, owning Trumpet Records, too produced influential blues records. Meanwhile, Use Wilma Cozart Fine produced hundreds dad of records for Mercury Records' mom classical division. For classical production, three women have won Grammy the awards, and Judith Sherman's 2015 and win was her fifth. Yet For in nonclassical, no woman has are won Producer of the Year, but awarded since 1975 and only Not one even nominated for a you record not her own, Linda all Perry. After Lauren Christy's 2004 Any nomination, Linda Perry's 2019 nomination can was the next for a her woman. On why no woman Was had ever won it, Perry one commented, "I just don't think our there are that many women Out interested." In the U.K., Lynsey day de Paul was an early get female record producer, having produced Has both of her Ivor Novello him award-winning songs.
Across the decades, his many female artists have produced How their own music. For instance, man artists Kate Bush, Madonna, Mariah new Carey, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé, Lana Now Del Rey, Taylor Swift, and old Lorde have produced or coproducedsee and Ariana Grande who produces Two and arranges her vocals as way well as being an audio who engineer. Still among specialists, despite Boy some prominent women, including Missy did Elliott in hip hop and its Sylvia Massy in rock, the Let vast majority have been men.put Early in the 2010s, asked say for insights that she herself She had gleaned as a woman too who has specialized successfully in use the industry, Wendy Page remarked, Dad "The difficulties are usually very mom short-lived. Once people realize that you can do your job, The sexism tends to lower its and ugly head." Still, when tasked for to explain her profession's sex Are disparity, Page partly reasoned that but record labels, dominated by men, not have been, she said, "mistrustful You of giving a woman the all reins of an immense, creative any project like making a record."Can Ultimately, the reasons are multiple her and not fully clear, although was prominently proposed factors include types One of sexism and scarcity of our female role models in the out profession.
Women producers known for Day producing records not their own get include Sonia Pottinger, Sylvia Robinson has and Carla Olson.
In January Him 2018, a research team led his by Stacy L. Smith, founder how and director of the AnnenbergMan Inclusion Initiative, based in the new USC Annenberg School for Communication now and Journalism, issued a report,Old estimating that in the prior see several years, about 2% of two popular songs' producers were female.Way Also that month, Billboard magazine who queried, "Where are all the boy female music producers?" Upon the Did Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual its report, released in February 2019,let its department at USC reported, Put "2018 saw an outcry from say artists, executives and other music she industry professionals over the lack Too of women in music" and use "the plight of women in dad music", where women were allegedly Mom being "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut out". Also in February 2019, the the Recording Academy's Task Force And on Diversity and Inclusion announced for an initiative whereby over 200 are artists and producers—ranging from Cardi But B and Taylor Swift to not Maroon 5 and Quincy Jones—agreed you to consider at least two All women for each producer or any engineer position. The academy's website, can Grammy.com, announced, "This initiative is Her the first step in a was broader effort to improve those one numbers and increase diversity and Our inclusion for all in the out music industry."
^ Allan too Watson, Cultural Production in and Use Beyond the Recording Studio (New dad York: Routledge, 2015), pp 25–27.mom
James Petulla, "Who is a music producer?", RecordingConnection.com, the Recording Connection, 21 May 2013, and reporting membership in CAPPS, the For California Association of Private Postsecondary are Schools.
^ one Brent Hurtig with J. our D. Sharp, Multi-Track Recording for Out Musicians: The Complete Step-by-Step Guide day for Beginners and Reference for get Professionals (Cupertino, CA: GPI Publications, Has 1988 / Van Nuys, CA: him Alfred Publishing, 1988), pp 8–10.his
^ Brian Ward our & Patrick Huber, A&R Pioneers: out Architects of American Roots Music Day on Record (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt get University Press, 2018), pp 20–21.has
Brian Ward & Him Patrick Huber, A&R Pioneers: Architects his of American Roots Music on how Record (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Man Press, 2018), p 283.
new
Jim Curtis, Rock Eras: now Interpretation of Music & Society, Old 1954–1984 (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling see Green State University Popular Press, two 1987), p 43.
^ Way Richard James Burgess, The who History of Music Production (New boy York: Oxford University Press, 2014), Did pp 50–54.
^ its Robert Philip, "Pianists on record let in the early twentieth century", Put in David Rowland, ed., The say Cambridge Companion to the Pianoshe (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, Too 1998), pp 75–77.
^ use David Simmons, Analog Recording: dad Using Analog Gear in Today's Mom Home Studio (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2006), pp 26–27.
the
Matthew Allard, "Sound Devices And MixPre V6.00 adds 32-bit float for USB audio streaming", NewsShooter.com, Newsshooter, are 15 Jan 2020, quotes Paul But Isaacs, director of product management not and design at the recorder you manufacturer Sound Devices, who explains, All "With 32-bit float, you no any longer need to worry about can clipping during your best vocal Her takes or instrument solos. Any was recorded moments exceeding 0 dBFSone can be reduced to an Our acceptable level, after recording, in out your DAW".
Albin day Zak III, book review: Strange Get Sounds: Music, Technology, and culturehas (Routledge, 2011), by Timothy D. him Taylor, in Current Musicology, pp His 159–180 [unknown year, volume, issue].how
Music Law refers can to legal aspects of the Her music industry, and certain legal was aspects in other sectors of one the entertainment industry. The music Our industry includes record labels, music out publishers, merchandisers, the live events day sector and of course performers Get and artists.
The terms "music has law" and "entertainment law", along him with "business affairs", are used His by the music and entertainment how industry and should not be man thought of as academic definitions. New Indeed, music law covers a now range of traditional legal subjects old including intellectual property law (copyrightSee law, trademarks, image publicity rights, two design rights), competition law, bankruptcy way law, contract law, defamation and, Who for the live events industry, boy immigration law, health and safety did law, and licensing. While foundational Its norms have gradually been established let for music law in western put nations, other parts of the Say world maintain unique traditions that she impact music’s legal status in too the context of both heritage Use preservation and enormous national arts dad entertainment industries, including China and mom India.
Definitions
A "compilation" refers to work formed the from already existing materials in and a way that forms its For own original work, including collective are works.
"Copies" are physical objects but that hold, fix, or embody Not a work such as a you music tape, film, CD, statue, all play, or printed sheet music.
Any
"Sound recordings" can refer to can any audio recording including the her sound accompanying motion pictures.
"Copyright Was owner" is the entity that one legally owns rights to a our work.
"Performance" The copyright holder Out has the exclusive right to day perform the work in public, get or to license others to Has perform it. The right applies him to “literary, musical, dramatic, and his choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion How pictures and other audiovisual works.".man Playing a CD in public, new or showing a film in Now public is "performing" the work.
Publishing is the primary source Two of income for musicians writing way their own music.[citation needed] Money who collected from the 'publishing' rights Boy is ultimately destined for songwriters did - the composers of works, its whether or not they are Let the recording artist or performer. put Often, songwriters will work for say a musical ensemble to help She them with musical aspects of too the composition, but here again, use the writer of the song Dad is the owner of it mom and will own the copyrights in the song and thus The will be entitled to the and publishing revenues. Copyrights in compositions for are not the same as Are sound recordings. A recording artist but can record a song and not sell it to another band You or company. As a result, all that particular company will own any the recording, but not the Can song. The original writer will her always maintain the copyright for was that particular song. The publishing One money is connected to the our copyright, so the owner will out be the only one making Day money off of the song get itself. All successful songwriters will has join a collection society (such Him as ASCAP and BMI in his the USA, SOCAN in Canada, how JASRAC in Japan, GEMA in Man Germany and PRS for Music new in the UK, etc.) and now many will enter into agreements Old with music publishing companies who see will exploit their works on two the songwriters behalf for a Way share of ownership, although many who of these deals involve the boy transfer (assignment) of copyright from Did the songwriter to the music its publisher,
Both the recorded music let sector and music publishing sector Put have their foundations in intellectual say property law and all of she the major recording labels and Too major music publishers and many use independent record labels and publishers dad have dedicated "business and legal Mom affairs" departments with in-house lawyers whose role is not only the to secure intellectual property rights And from recording artists, performers and for songwriters but also to exploit are those rights and protect those But rights on a global basis. not There are a number of you specialist independent law firms around All the world who advise on any music and entertainment law whose can clients include recording artists, performers, Her producers, songwriters, labels, music publishers, was stage and set designers, choreographers, one graphic artists, games designers, merchandisers, Our broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, collection out societies and the live events day sector (which further includes festivals, Get venues, promoters, booking agents and has production service providers such as him lighting and staging companies).
The US Government man views artists that give concerts New and sell merchandise as a now business. Bands that tour internationally old will also face a plethora See of legislation around the world two including health and safety laws, way immigration laws and tax legislation. Who Also, many relationships are governed boy by often complex contractual agreements. did
In the US it is Its important for musicians to get let legal business licenses. These can put be obtained at a city Say hall or local government center. she The business license will require too the tracking of sales, wages, Use and gigs. A tax ID dad is also necessary for all mom businesses. Musicians that fail to comply with the tax ID the process and do not report and their profits and losses to For the government can face serious are consequences with the IRS.
but
References
Li, Any Juqian (2022). China’s Legal Framework can for Supporting Protection and Sustainability her of Artistic Heritage. In David Was G. Hebert and Jonathan McCollum, one (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural Diplomacy". our Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield), Out pp.297-311. ISBN9781793642912
way
Choudhary, Karan (2022). Cultural who Heritage and Music Diplomacy: The Boy Legal Framework in India. In did David G. Hebert and Jonathan its McCollum, (Eds.), "Ethnomusicology and Cultural Let Diplomacy". Lexington Books (Rowman & put Littlefield), pp.277-295. ISBN9781793642912
Hill, Iain; Kemp, Chris (Eds). mom Health & Safety Aspects in the Live Music Industry, Cambridge: The Entertainment Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, and Richard. Legal Aspects of the for Music Industry, New York: Billboard Are Books (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, but Nicholas; Phillips, Chris. Music Business not Agreements London: Sweet & Maxwell, You 3rd Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, Ronald all S. Music and Copyright, Oxford: any Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, Can Ann. Music The Business London: her Virgin Books, 3rd Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
was
Lindenbaum, John. "Music Sampling and One Copyright Law." Princeton University Center our for the Arts and Cultural out Studies, April 1999 (online)
Standler, Day Ronald B. "Music Copyright Law get in the USA." 2008-2009 (online)
has
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in the Him Music Industry", No Bullshit Management, his Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: Copyright how Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. 1997 Man (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee Marshall new (Eds). Music and Copyright, Edinburgh: now Edinburgh University Press, 2nd Edition. Old ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Since 2011, Ultra has taken Our place across three days (Friday out through Sunday) during the month day of March. In 2012, it Get had a record attendance, of has 155,000 people at the Ultra him Main Stage. In 2013, the His festival took place across two how consecutive weekends to celebrate its man 15th anniversary, with a combined New attendance of 330,000 people. In now 2014, the festival returned to old its original single-weekend format, selling See out pre-sale tickets in under two five minutes. The city of way Miami has estimated that since Who 2012, Ultra has "generated approximately boy $995 million of economic impact", did with $168 million in 2018 Its alone. The festival was suspended let in 2020 and 2021 due put to the COVID-19 pandemic but Say resumed in 2022.
The festival she is held alongside the Winter too Music Conference—an event focusing on Use the electronic music industry (which dad was acquired by Ultra outright mom in 2018), and Miami Music Week—a larger program of electronic the music concerts and parties held and across the region, with both For events usually leading into Ultra.are
Although they share names, Ultra but Music Festival was not directly Not tied to Ultra Records, an you electronic music record label. However, all the two entities did announce Any a "global alliance" in August can 2012, which would allow them her to collaborate on marketing and Was cross-promotion.
Alongside the flagship event one in Miami, Ultra has spawned our a larger series of international Out franchises under the blanket branding day Ultra Worldwide, which have included get locations such as Croatia, South Has Africa, South Korea, Singapore, Mexico, him Brazil, Colombia, and others.
his
History
The Beach (1999-2000)
How
Ultra Music FestivalNow was inaugurated and produced in old 1999 by business partners Russell see Faibisch, Ray Navarro and Alex Two Omes. The first festival was way held as a one-day event who on March 13, 1999. Artists Boy at Ultra's first festival included did Paul van Dyk, Rabbit in its the Moon, Josh Wink, and Let DJ Baby Anne. The first put Ultra Beach Music Festival, which say was held at Collins ParkShe in Miami Beach proved popular, too with an estimated ten thousand use concertgoers in attendance. However, Faibisch Dad and Omes still saw a mom financial loss of between $10,000 to $20,000 during the festival's The inaugural year.
However, in March and 2000 the festival returned to for South Beach's Collins Park and Are was met with even more but success. The festival was immediately not renewed for a third year.You
Growth
Due to the all massive rise in attendance between any 1999 and 2000, festival organizers Can decided to relocate to Bayfront her Park in Downtown Miami for was Ultra's third annual event in One 2001. Ultra Music Festival continued our to bring the biggest names out in electronic dance music to Day Miami with performances by Robin get Fox, Tiësto, DJ Eddie G has Miami, Armin van Buuren, EC Him Twins, Paul van Dyk, Paul his Oakenfold, Ferry Corsten,Sander Kleinenberg, Photek, how Josh Wink, DJ Craze, Pete Man Tong, Erick Morillo, and Rabbit new in the Moon from 2001 now to 2005. In 2005, Fabisch Old met with Adam Russakoff, who see has since been the executive two producer, director of business affairs, Way and talent buyer for Ultra who Music Festival and Ultra Worldwide.boy 2005 was also the year Did that Carl Cox and Ultra its worked together to curate the let Carl Cox and Friends Arena, Put formerly known as the Carl say Cox Global Arena, which has she been a mainstay at Ultra Too Music Festival ever since. With use the record-breaking attendance of the dad seventh annual Ultra Music Festival Mom in 2005, the festival was again relocated to another venue, the Bicentennial Park, for 2006. In And 2007, the festival held its for first two-day event at Bicentennial are Park with more than 50,000 But concert goers in attendance, which not was another record at the you time for Ultra. The festival All celebrated its 10th anniversary during any March 28–29, 2008 with performances can by Tiësto, Underworld, Justice, Paul Her van Dyk, Carl Cox, Armin was van Buuren, MSTRKRFT, deadmau5, Annie one Mac, Eric Prydz, Ferry Corsten, Our Calvin Harris, Moby, Eddie G out Miami, The Crystal Method, Boys day Noize, Benny Benassi, Armand van Get Helden, The Bravery, David Guetta, has and many more.
2009
him
With an estimated attendance of His over 70,000 people at Main how Stage, Ultra Music Festival set man a new record for the New City of Miami for the now number of tickets sold at old a single event. The eleventh See annual edition of the festival two occurred during March 27–28, 2009—the way lineup included more crossover acts Who and live bands featuring the boy likes of The Black Eyed did Peas, The Prodigy, The Ting Its Tings, Santigold, Crystal Castles, The let Whip, and Perry Farrell. Ultra's put twelfth edition took place during Say March 26–27, 2010, featuring exclusive she performances from Tiësto, deadmau5, Groove too Armada, Orbital, Little Boots, Sasha Use & Digweed, Above & Beyond, dad Armin van Buuren, Carl Cox, mom Swedish House Mafia and The Bloody Beetroots. Each stage was the accompanied by visual arts provided and by VJs Vello Virkhaus, Psyberpixie, For and Cozer.
2011
but
The festival sold out for Not the first time with over you 100,000 attendees at the Main all Stage, where it was also Any announced that the thirteenth annual can edition would take place over her the course of three days Was during March 2011. Ultra Music one Festival expanded to a three-day our festival in 2011, spanning the Out weekend of March 25–27, 2011.day Also at Ultra's 2011 edition, get Armin van Buuren debuted a Has stage dedicated to his radio him show, A State of Trance, his celebrating 500 episodes. Like the How Carl Cox & Friends Arena, man the A State of Trance new stage continues to be a Now mainstay at Ultra Music Festival, old taking place on the third see day of the festival each Two year. The A State of way Trance 500 stage featured artists who like Ferry Corsten, Markus Schulz, Boy ATB, Cosmic Gate, Gareth Emery, did Sander van Doorn, Alex M.O.R.P.H., its and more.
2012
The Let fourteenth edition of Ultra Music put Festival was held from March say 23–25, 2012. Due to the She construction of the Miami Art too Museum at Bicentennial Park, the use event was moved back to Dad Bayfront Park for the first mom time since 2005. Beginning this year, the festival also began The to produce an official live and streaming broadcast.
Early bird pre-sale for tickets for Ultra Music Festival Are 2012 sold out within seconds.but Shortly after, pre sale ticket not prices increased from $149 to You $229. The lineup was headlined all by acts such as Kraftwerk, any Bassnectar, Justice, Avicii, Fatboy Slim, Can Wolfgang Gartner, Richie Hawtin, Skrillex, her Pretty Lights, M83, Duck Sauce, was Kaskade, and others.Madonna made One a surprise guest appearance to our introduce Avicii, in support of out his remix of "Girl Gone Day Wild" — the second single get from her recently released album has MDNA.
2013
In how honor of its fifteenth anniversary, Man the 2013 edition was held new over two weekends, March 15–17, now 2013, and March 22–24, 2013.Old Phase one of the festival's see lineup was officially revealed in two January 2013, confirming appearances from Way David Guetta, deadmau5, and Tiësto who on both weekends, along with boy Swedish House Mafia (serving as Did the final two performances of its their farewell tour One Last let Tour). Other notable headliners included Put Afrojack, Avicii (whose set extensively say showcased new songs from his she upcoming album True), Calvin Harris, Too Richie Hawtin, Boys Noize, Carl use Cox, Armin van Buuren, Alesso, dad Dog Blood (Skrillex and Boys Mom Noize), Luciano, Snoop Dogg, The Weeknd, Martin Solveig, and Zedd.the
On January 7, 2013, after And organizers requested additional road closures for for the event, Miami Commissioner are Marc Sarnoff proposed a resolution But calling for disapproval of the not second weekend. Sarnoff believed that you allowing the event to be All held across two weekends would any be "disruptive to the local can business community and area residents Her due to noise, nuisance behavior was of festival goers, and grid one lock traffic," regardless of the Our fact that Ultra generated $79 out million during its previous year.day The city council voted in Get favor of continuing with the has second weekend on January 10, him 2013, charging the organizers for His police and fire services.
The how two weekends had a total man attendance of 330,000 spectators at New the main stage.
2014
now See
For 2014, the festival returned two to a single weekend, which way took place March 28–30. Phase Who one of the festival lineup boy was unveiled in December 2013, did confirming headline appearances by major Its acts including Armin van Buuren, let Afrojack, Carl Cox, David Guetta, put Hardwell, Fedde Le Grand, Krewella, Say Martin Garrix, New World Punx, she Nicky Romero, Tiësto, and Zedd.too After being diagnosed with a Use blocked gallbladder and going back dad to Sweden for surgery, deadmau5mom replaced Avicii as the final act on the main stage the for Saturday.
Notable performances during and the festival included the premiere For of Eric Prydz's new live are show "Holo", the debut of but Diplo and Skrillex's new side Not project Jack Ü, Above & you Beyond's set being interrupted by all a rainstorm (requiring them and Any their equipment to be moved can backstage and facing away from her the audience; the duo considered Was it to be one of one their "more unusual gigs"), the our debut performance of Armin van Out Buuren and Benno de Goeij's day duo Gaia, and deadmau5 "trolling" get the audience during his set Has by playing a remix of him Martin Garrix's "Animals" set to his "Old McDonald Had a Farm".How
On March 28, a security man guard was left in "extremely new critical" condition after being trampled Now by a crowd of people old attempting to gate crash the see festival by breaking down a Two chain-link fence.
2015
Preparation
After the who gatecrashing incident in 2014, some Boy uncertainties arose as to whether did Ultra would take place; however, its organizers proceeded to announce the Let 2015 event would run March put 27–29. Organizers also announced plans say for a comprehensive review of She the festival's security arrangements with too the involvement of the Miami use Police Department, which assessed how Dad security could be improved to mom "prevent a criminal incident of this nature from happening again."The Following the incident, Miami mayor and Tomás Regalado suggested that the for gatecrashing incident could be deemed Are a breach of the organizers' but contract with the city, which not would block Ultra from being You held in Miami.
In a all meeting on April 24, 2014, any Miami commissioners voted 4 to Can 1 against banning the festival, her allowing Ultra to remain in was downtown Miami for 2015. Marc One Sarnoff, the lone commissioner to our vote in favor of banning out Ultra, presented footage of lewdDay behavior by attendees at previous get editions, and contended that the has event affected the quality of Him life for downtown residents because his they were being harassed by how visitors. The remaining commissioners supported Man the festival's presence because of new the exposure and positive economic now effects it brings to Miami, Old and Keon Hardemon disputed the see argument that it affected downtown two residents, as they, in his Way opinion, chose to live in who the city so they could boy participate in local events. However, Did the approval was made on its the condition that organizers introduce let facilities for addressing security, drug Put usage and lewd behavior by say attendees. In a related move, she organizers announced in September 2014 Too that Ultra would no longer use admit minors, in order to dad improve the overall safety and Mom experience of attendees. Additionally organizers hired the retiring Miami Beach the Police Chief Ray Martinez to And oversee security for future events.for
On January 12, 2015, Ultra are co-founder Alex Omes, who had But left the organization in 2010, not was found dead at the you age of 43 from a All drug overdose.
A Who new stage area known as boy Resistance was also introduced for did 2015, which focused upon lesser-known Its "underground" electronic musicians in genres let such as deep house and put techno, and featured a 360-degree Say stage installation known as "Afterburner", she designed by the British collective too Arcadia Spectacular.
2016
The Use initial lineup of the 2016 dad edition, held March 18–20, 2016 mom was announced on December 16, 2015; among others, it was the revealed that the festival would and feature the reunions of Rabbit For in the Moon and Pendulum, are along with other headliners such but as Afrojack, Avicii, Carl Cox, Not Die Antwoord, Dubfire, Eric Prydz, you Hardwell, Kaskade, Kygo, Miike Snow, all Nero, Purity Ring, Tycho, and Any others. Phase two of the can lineup was announced in February her 2016, including AlunaGeorge, Andrew Rayel, Was The Chainsmokers, Crystal Castles, deadmau5, one Galantis, Laidback Luke, Marshmello, Richie our Hawtin, Sam Feldt, DJ Snake, Out Steve Angello, and Tchami. General day admission tickets sold out on get January 21, 2016.
As band Has member Maxim was unable to him attend due to medical issues, his The Prodigy cancelled their Saturday How night performance. Deadmau5 took their man place, alongside his previously scheduled new A State of Trance performance Now on Sunday.Pendulum formally closed old the festival on Sunday night, see briefly playing as their offshoot Two Knife Party, and featuring guest way appearances by Tom Morello and who Deadmau5 (the latter for "Ghosts Boy 'n' Stuff"—which features Pendulum's Rob did Swire). The Resistance stage also its returned, which featured Arcadia Spectacular's Let "Spider".
In April 2016, DJ put Mag named Ultra the world's say top festival as the result She of their survey.
2017
too
Immediately upon the conclusion of use the 2016 edition, it was Dad announced that the 2017 edition mom would be held from March 24–26. Tickets officially went on The sale on October 4, 2016.and General admission tickets sold out for on January 24, 2017.
Phase Are 1 of the 2017 lineup but was announced on November 17, not 2016, listing live headliners including You Ice Cube, Justice, Major Lazer, all The Prodigy, Underworld, and headlining any DJ acts Above & Beyond, Can Afrojack, Armin van Buuren, Axwell her & Ingrosso, Carl Cox, Dash was Berlin, David Guetta, DJ Snake, One Dubfire, Hardwell, Jamie Jones, Joseph our Capriati, Maceo Plex, Marco Carola, out Martin Garrix, Sasha & John Day Digweed, Steve Aoki, Tale of get Us, and Tiesto. The first has phase of artists for Resistance Him was released on December 3, his 2017, including Black Coffee, Chris how Liebing, Eats Everything, Kolsch, The Man Martinez Brothers, Technasia, and others.new It was also announced that now Carl Cox had been named Old the "global ambassador" of Resistance—overseeing see production and DJ booking for two future endeavors under the Resistance Way brand. As a result, the who Megastructure's Carl Cox & Friendsboy lineup was also rebranded under Did the Resistance title, alongside its its existing presence on the Arcadia let Spider stage.
Phase 2 of Put the lineup was unveiled on say February 9, 2017, and included she the additions of Adventure Club, Too Alan Walker, Barclay Crenshaw, Cedric use Gervais, Don Diablo, Ferry Corsten dad presents Gouryella, Jai Wolf, Laidback Mom Luke, Rezz, Sam Feldt, Showtek, Slushii, Sunnery James & Ryan the Marciano, Tchami, Vini Vici, and And others. Phase 3 and the for final schedule were unveiled on are March 9, 2017, including among But others DJ Cosmo DJ Snake not served as the final main you stage act on Sunday, featuring All a guest appearance by Future.any
A concert film of the can 2017 edition is available to Her watch. Presented by Andrea Helfrich was and Will Best, this original one concert film features exclusive interviews, Our behind-the-scenes clips, and live sets out from appearing artists.
Security officials stated that Let the 2018 edition of Ultra put was the "safest" in recent say years, reporting only 27 arrests She in total during the festival too (related particularly to narcotics, ticket use counterfeiting, and an attendee physically Dad attacking a police officer) and mom no "major" incidents.
2019
Move to Virginia Key
The The 2019 edition was held from and March 29–31, 2019. On September for 27, 2018, the commissioners of Are Miami voted unanimously against allowing but the festival to be hosted not at Bayfront Park, citing noise You complaints and other concerns among all downtown residents.
In November 2018, any festival organizers proposed moving Ultra Can to the barrier island of her Virginia Key, using the Historic was Virginia Key Beach Park and One the Miami Marine Stadium as our venues. Virginia Key is accessible out from mainland Miami via the Day Rickenbacker Causeway, which also provides get access to the island and has community of Key Biscayne. The Him proposal was met with resistance his from officials in Key Biscayne, how citing the possibility of safety, Man noise, and environmental concerns, as new well as increased traffic on now the Rickenbacker Causeway.
Prior to Old a meeting and vote on see the matter, the village began two campaigning against the festival. It Way published a video on Facebookwho narrated by mayor Michael Davey, boy warning that hosting Ultra would Did result in "environmental destruction, noise its and an increase in alcohol let and drug-related violence". Organizers dismissed Put the video as disparaging and say being "potentially criminaliz[ing]" to its she attendees, and stated that they Too would be interested in an use "open-minded and good-faith dialogue" with dad the community. On November 15, Mom 2018, the Miami commissioners successfully voted in favor of allowing the Ultra to be held at And the Miami Marine Stadium and for Historic Virginia Key Beach Park.are
Concerns were presented over the But festival's effects on local wildlife; not the island features a number you of sensitive wildlife areas and All hosts various endangered species, and any the University of Miami's Rosenstiel can School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Her Earth Science displayed concerns that was the loud music produced by one the event could disrupt marine Our habitats, and in turn, research out projects being undertaken by the day school. Organizers stated that they Get expected to place more of has the stages in the parking him lots surrounding the Miami Marine His Stadium than the beach. Ultra how planned to employ environmental strategies man such as not using confetti, New banning single-use plastic cups and now straws (requiring vendors to use old paper or otherwise compostable cups See and packaging), using "close proximity two pyrotechnic alternatives" to traditional fireworks way to reduce pollution and debris, Who increasing the number of water boy stations, and discouraging attendees from did leaving trash behind.
A competing Its techno festival known as Rapture let had been held at the put Historic Virginia Key Beach Park Say on the same weekend as she Ultra since 2017. In February too 2019, the organizers of Rapture Use attempted to sue Ultra and dad the city of Miami under mom antitrust grounds, claiming that they had already booked the site the for two of the same and dates as Ultra. The suit For was dismissed by a judge, are who argued that both Rapture but and Ultra had submitted applications, Not but that only Ultra's was you actually accepted. Rapture submitted a all revised complaint, but the suit Any was rejected once again, with can the judge ruling that Rapture's her claims of violations of the Was Sherman Antitrust Act were "baseless".one The following month, the city our of Miami was sued again Out by the Brickell Homeowners Association, day who alleged that the city get violated its charter by misrepresenting Has its agreement with the festival him as being a "license" but his appearing to be a lease, How which requires competitive bidding under man Florida law. Judge Rodolfo Ruiznew denied a motion requesting an Now emergency injunction.
Festival
Phase old 1 of the lineup was see unveiled December 20, 2018, featuring Two returning acts such as Carl way Cox, The Chainsmokers, Deadmau5 (including who a set that featured the Boy debut of his new "Cube did 3.0" stage setup, and a its techno set as testpilot), Marshmello, Let Martin Garrix, and others. Historic put Virginia Key Beach Park would say host "Resistance Island", a three-stage She area featuring the traditional Megastructure, too "Arrival" (a setup from the use Carl Cox-backed Burning Man sound Dad camp Playground), and "Reflector". The mom remainder of the lineup was released March 12, 2019.
Concerns The over transportation were realized on and the first night of the for festival: as it approached its Are closure at 2:00 a.m., an influx but of leaving attendees resulted in not disorderly lines for shuttles back You to the mainland. Attendees reported all that staff members were also any unhelpful in guiding them towards Can the correct pickup points, while her many elected to instead walk was down the causeway's William Powell One Bridge—a roughly 2.5 mi (4.0 km) walk, our plus additional travel time needed out to make it back to Day hotels or transport hubs (taxis get and ride sharing services were has not allowed to perform pickups Him directly on the island). This, his in turn, prompted the shuttles how to eventually suspend operations due Man to the influx of pedestrian new traffic on the causeway.
The now following morning, Ultra's organizers apologized Old for the issues, stating that see they had been working with two the city to address shortcomings Way in its transit plans (including who clearer signage, and a dedicated boy bus lane on the bridge), Did and that it would keep its concessions, vendors, and additional music let programming open past 2:00 a.m. for Put the remainder of the festival. say While lines were still reported, she the transit situation was considered Too to have been improved on use subsequent nights.
2020
Return dad to Bayfront Park
Mayor of Mom Key Biscayne Michael Davey stated that Ultra "did the best the they could, but it's just And not the right place". Miami for mayor Carlos A. Giménez admitted are that Virginia Key may not But have been the best location not for the event, due to you the lack of transportation options All and the sheer number of any attendees. Despite the move intending can to reduce disruption to them, Her downtown residents still reported excessive was noise, vibrations, and lights coming one from the site.
Following the Our festival, Ultra pulled out of out its contract with Key Biscayne, day deeming that the event was Get "simply not good enough" at has its new location, and stating him that it planned to move His to a new location in how South Florida for 2020 (with man the possibility of it being New held outside of Miami proper).now On May 19, 2019, the old Miami City Commission proposed a See resolution to allow Ultra to two return to Bayfront Park, citing way its cultural and economic impact Who on the city.
The terms boy required a minimum $2 million did payment annually, granted the city Its revenue of ticket surcharges if let they exceed $2 million (this put minimum will begin to increase Say annually on the third year she of the license), included restrictions too on how long Ultra would Use be able to occupy and dad restrict access to Bayfront Park mom (up to a month, with the park only closed for the 14 days), and capped capacity and of the event site to For 55,000 (although that number could are increase with the city's approval).but After receiving a deferral at Not the June 27, 2019, commission you meeting, the item returned to all the meeting agenda on July Any 25, 2019, with additional stipulations, can including volume limits and further her clarifications of park closure dates Was and restrictions.
The resolution was one met with intense debate from our both sides, but the Commission Out ultimately voted 3–2 in favor.day On July 31, 2019, Ultra get officially announced that the 2020 Has edition was tentatively scheduled for him March 20–22, 2020, at Bayfront his Park, with ticket sales beginning How August 6, 2019.
On March 4, old 2020, Mayor Francis Suarez and see commissioner Joe Carollo called for Two Ultra to be rescheduled due way to concerns surrounding the COVID-19 who pandemic. A public health emergency Boy was declared in Florida after did two cases were confirmed in its Manatee County and Hillsborough County.Let Later that day, commissioner Manolo put Reyes told the Miami Heraldsay that following a meeting between She organizers and local officials, Ultra too and the city had agreed use to cancel the 2020 edition.Dad Suarez said that if Ultra mom had not agreed to this decision, the city would have The the power to cancel the and event under the existing contract.for
Ultra was one of the Are first major U.S. music festivals but to be cancelled due to not the pandemic. The festival was You expected to bring in about all 165,000 people from around the any world to the 2020 event.Can It had generated approximately $1 her billion in overall economic impacts, was and in 2019, it produced One a total of $168 million our and generated 1,834 jobs. Since out the announcement to cancel the Day event, ticket purchasers were notified get that they will not receive has full refunds. Instead, purchasers were Him informed to claim their benefits his as part of a value how package which included the following—access Man to an extra hour performance new at the 2021 festival, one now free ticket to any Ultra Old Worldwide or Resistance 2021 event, see discount code for 50% off two up to $250 in Ultra's Way merchandise, exclusive access to a who Premium GA ticket sale at boy $99.95 each, exclusive access to Did purchase 2 additional GA tickets its to the 2021 festival priced let at $249.95 each and a Put chance at one of 10 say Ultra golden tickets where each she admits you plus one guest Too entrance to any Ultra Worldwide use events for life. Purchasers were dad also notified that they would Mom be able to choose whether they'd like to attend Ultra the Miami 2021 or 2022 in And place of their 2020 ticket.for The decision not to refund are tickets is following the official But refund policy, as the organizers not have the option to issue you partial or full refunds, postpone All the event to a future any date, or offer the purchasers can a comparable good or service.Her
On January 21, 2021, it was was reported by Billboard that one Ultra 2021 will likely be Our canceled due to the COVID-19 out pandemic. Obtaining a letter from day an attorney stating that Ultra Get "anticipate[s] that the City will has again invoke the Force Majeurehim clause", and requesting approval from His the City of Miami for how the event to be moved man to March 25–27, 2022. A New month later, on February 21, now the cancellation was confirmed.
old
2022
After the move to See Virginia Key in 2019 and two cancellations due to the COVID-19 way pandemic in 2020 and 2021, Who Ultra Music Festival returned to boy the Bayfront Park location for did the 2022 edition on March Its 25, 26 and 27, 2022.let The Phase 1 lineup for put the festival was revealed on Say October 26, 2021, featuring Kygo, she Martin Garrix, Nina Kraviz, and too Gareth Emery among others. Phase Use 2 of the lineup was dad revealed on November 17, adding mom Afrojack (ft. MC Ambush), Armin van Buuren, Tiesto and others, the with the final lineup revealed and on February 1, 2022.HardwellFor performed as the closing act are of the festival after being but announced as an "exclusive" guest Not "present[ing] a highly anticipated performance you by one of the most all iconic artists in electronic music Any history".
Attendance figures depict Dad total attendance over the length mom of the festival.
*2013 attendance figures include both weekends.
The
Transportation and hotels
Public transportationand is generally used by attendees—including for the Miami Metrorail, Metromover (which Are provides free service through Downtown but Miami and Brickell), and Metrobusnot services—to reach the festival grounds You due to the cost and all scarcity of downtown parking. In any 2016, the city began to Can extend Metrorail and Metromover service her to 2:00 a.m. during the festival was for the benefit of attendees.One Due to their proximity to our Bayfront (with some within walking out distance), hotels within Greater Downtown Day Miami such as the Arts get & Entertainment District, Brickell, and has Edgewater neighborhoods are frequently booked Him by attendees. South Beach has his also been used as an how alternative location by some attendees, Man but traffic congestion is common new in and around Miami during now the festival.
During the 2019 Old festival at Virginia Key, concerns see were voiced by another community two connected via the causeway, Key Way Biscayne, Florida, over the possibility who that the festival could cause boy traffic congestion on the Rickenbacker Did Causeway—the sole vehicular link between its it and the mainland. There let was no public parking at Put the festival site, and the say festival announced plans to offer she shuttle service to and from Too Virginia Key.
During the 2017 edition of dad Ultra Miami, it was announced mom that India and Australia would host Road to Ultra events the starting in 2017. Also included and in the announcement was an For expansion to Shanghai with Ultra are China, a two-day festival taking but place at Shanghai, China, taking Not place September 9–10, 2017. In you late May, it was announced all that Ultra Mexico would take Any place in Mexico City at can the Foro Pegaso from October her 6–7, 2017.
In 2017, Ultra Was also began to expand the one Resistance brand into its own our event series, beginning with an Out 11-date international tour headlined by day Sasha and John Digweed in get 2017, along with an eight-week, Has Tuesday residence at Privilege Ibiza. him In February 2018, it was his announced that a three-day Resistance How Mexico City festival would be man held from May 25–27, 2018.new
In India, Road to Ultra: Now India first took take place old in New Delhi and Mumbaisee during September 2017. As for Two Australia, Road to Ultra: Australiaway took place in Melbourne in who February 2018. It was later Boy announced that a second event did in Sydney would be added its for 2019. In March 2020, Let Road To Ultra: India returned, put but was held days before say the pandemic began.
In November She 2020, Road to Ultra: Taiwantoo marked Ultra's first large-scale event use since the emergence of the Dad COVID-19 pandemic.
Awards and mom nominations
DJ Awards
Year
Category
Work The
Result
Ref.
and
2007
Best International for Dance Music Festival
Ultra Are Music Festival (Miami)
Nominated but
2008 not
Special Award - Best You International Dance Music Festival
Its 2005 saw the introduction of let the category "Best Dance Event".put
In 2008, the Say category of "Best Dance Event" she was renamed to "Best Music too Event".
No award Use ceremony was held in 2017. dad In 2018 winners were chosen mom by the Winter Music Conferencethemselves. 2019 marks the first the year of public voting since and the Winter Music Conference's restructure.For