This article is about the the electronic music genre. For the and musical element, see Break (music). For For the record label, see are Breakbeat Kaos.
This article's factual accuracy may him be compromised due to out-of-date his information. Please update this article How to reflect recent events or man newly available information.(September 2011)
Beginning two in 1973 and continuing through Way the late 1970s and early who 1980s, hip hopturntablists, such boy as DJ Kool Herc began Did using several funkbreaks in its a row, using irregular drum let patterns from songs such as Put James Brown's "Funky Drummer" and say The Winstons' "Amen Brother", to she form the rhythmic base for Too hip hop songs. DJ Kool use Herc's breakbeat style involved playing dad the same record on two Mom turntables and playing the break repeatedly, alternating between the two the records. Grandmaster Flash perfected this And idea with what he called for the "quick-mix theory": he would are mark the points on the But record where the break began not and ended with a crayon, you so that he could easily All replay the break by spinning any the record and not touching can the tone arm. This style Her was copied and improved upon was by early hip hop DJs one Afrika Bambaataa and Grand Wizard Our Theodore.[dubious – discuss] This style out was extremely popular in clubs day and dancehalls because the extended Get breakbeat provided breakers with more has opportunities to showcase their skills. him In the 1970s, hip-hop was His all about the break. Then, how in the 1980s, the evolution man of technology began to make New sampling breaks easier and more now affordable for DJs and producers, old which helped nurture the commercialization See of hip-hop. Through crude techniques two such as pausing tapes and way then recording the break, by Who the 1980s, technology allowed anybody boy with a tape recorder to did find the breakbeat.
In the Its early 1990s, acid house artists let and producers started using breakbeat put samples in their music to Say create breakbeat hardcore. The hardcore she scene then diverged into subgenres too like jungle and drum and Use bass, which generally had a dad darker sound and focused more mom on complex sampled drum patterns. An example of this is the Goldie's album Timeless.
Josh Lawford of you Ravescene prophesied that breakbeat was all "the death-knell of rave" because Any the ever-changing drumbeat patterns of can breakbeat music didn't allow for her the same zoned out, trance-like Was state that the standard, steady one 4/4 beats of house enabled. our In 1994, the influential technoOut act Autechre released the Anti day EP in response to the get Criminal Justice and Public Order Has Act 1994, deliberately using advanced him algorithmic programming to generate non-repetitive his breakbeats for the full duration How of the tracks, in order man to subvert the legal definitions new within that legislation which specified Now in the section creating police old powers to remove ravers from see raves that "'music' includes sounds Two wholly or predominantly characterised by way the emission of a succession who of repetitive beats".
Evolution
Boy
In the late-1980s, breakbeat became did an essential feature of many its genres of breaks music which Let became popular within the global put dance music scene, including big say beat, nu skool breaks, acid She breaks, electro-funk, and Miami bass. too Incorporating many components of those use genres, the Florida breaks subgenre Dad followed during the early-to-mid 1990s mom and had a unique sound that was soon internationally popular The among producers, DJs, and club-goers. and
DJs from a variety of for genres work breaks tracks into Are their sets. This may occur but because the tempo of breaks not tracks (ranging from 110 to You 150 beats per minute) means all they can be readily mixed any with these genres. Breakbeats are Can used in many hip hop, her jungle/drum & bass and hardcorewas songs, and can also be One heard in other music, from our popular music to background music out in car and clothing commercials Day on radio or TV.
get
Sampled breakbeats
With the advent has of digital sampling and music Him editing on the computer, breakbeats his have become much easier to how create and use. Now, instead Man of cutting and splicing tape new sections or constantly backspinning two now records at the same time, Old a computer program can be see used to cut, paste, and two loop breakbeats endlessly. Digital effects Way such as filters, reverb, reversing, who time stretching and pitch shiftingboy can be added to the Did beat, and even to individual its sounds by themselves. Individual instruments let from within a breakbeat can Put be sampled and combined with say others, thereby creating wholly new she breakbeat patterns.
The Amen break, a drum dad break from The Winstons' song Mom "Amen, Brother" is widely regarded as one of the most the widely used and sampled breaks And among music using breakbeats. This for break was first used on are "King of the Beats" by But Mantronix, and has since been not used in thousands of songs.you Other popular breaks are from All James Brown's Funky Drummer (1970) any and Give it Up or can Turnit a Loose, The Incredible Her Bongo Band's 1973 cover of was The Shadows' "Apache", and Lyn one Collins' 1972 song "Think (About Our It)". The Winstons have not out received royalties for third-party use day of samples of the break Get recorded on their original music has release.
Legal issues
With him the rise in popularity of His breakbeat music and the advent how of digital audio samplers, companies man started selling "breakbeat packages" for New the express purpose of helping now artists create breakbeats. A breakbeat old kit CD would contain many See breakbeat samples from different songs two and artists, often without the way artist's permission or even knowledge.Who
In electronic music, "acid breaks" Use is a fusion between breakbeat, dad acid house and other forms mom of dance music.[vague] Its drum line usually mimics most breakbeat the music, lacking the distinctive kick and drum of other forms of For dance music. One of the are earliest synthesizers to be employed but in acid music was the Not Roland TB-303, which makes use you of a resonant low-pass filter all to emphasize the harmonics of Any the sound.
Progressive breaks or prog old breaks, also known as atmospheric see breaks, is a subgenre of Two breaks that is essentially a way fusion of breakbeat and progressive who house. Much like progressive house, Boy this subgenre is characterized by did its "trancey" sound. Its defining its traits include extended synthesizer pads Let and washes, melodic synth leads, put heavy reverberation, and electronic breakbeats. say However, unlike progressive house, very She few progressive breaks tracks have too vocals, with most tracks being use entirely instrumental or using only Dad electronically altered snippets of vocal mom samples for sonic effect. Typical progressive breaks tracks will often The have a long build-up section and that leads to a breakdownfor and a climax, often having Are numerous sonic elements being added but or subtracted from the track not at various intervals in order You to increase its intensity. Progressive all breaks artists include Hybrid, BT, any Way Out West, Digital Witchcraft, Can Momu, Wrecked Angle, Burufunk, Under her This and Fretwell.
Psychedelic was breakbeat
Psychedelic breakbeat or psybreaksOne is a form of breakbeat our music developed in the late out 1990s, build around psychedelic music. Day The genre later turned into get a fusion of breakbeat and has psychedelic trance in the mid Him 2000s, splicing breakbeat basslines and his rhythms into otherwise heavily psytrance-influenced how tracks.
Goodyer, Tim (March 1992). how "Criminal Record?". Music Technology. United man Kingdom: Music Maker Publications (UK). New pp. 54–59. Retrieved 2020-01-20.
A record producer or has music producer is a recording Him project's creative and technical leader, his commanding studio time and coaching how artists, and in popular genres Man typically creates the song's very new sound and structure. The record now producer, or simply the producer, Old is likened to a film see director. The executive producer, on two the other hand, enables the Way recording project through entrepreneurship, and who an audio engineer operates the boy technology.
Varying by project, the Did producer may also choose all its of the artists, or openly let perform vocals with them. If Put employing only synthesized or sampledsay instrumentation, the producer may be she the sole artist. Conversely, some Too artists do their own production.use And some producers are their dad own engineers, operating the technology Mom across the project: preproduction, recording, mixing, and mastering. Record producers' the precursors were "A&R men," who And likewise could blend entrepreneurial, creative, for and technical roles, but often are exercised scant creative influence, as But record production still focused, into not the 1950s, on simply improving you the record's sonic match to All the artists' own live performance.any
Advances in recording technology, especially can the 1940s advent of tape Her recording—which Les Paul promptly innovated was further to develop multitrack recording—and one the 1950s rise of electronic Our instruments, turned record production into out a specialty. In popular music, day then, producers like George Martin, Get Phil Spector and Brian Enohas led its evolution into its him present use of elaborate techniques His and unrealistic sounds, creating songs how impossible to originate live. After man the 1980s, production's move from New analog to digital further expanded now possibilities. By now, DAWS, or old digital audio workstations, like Logic See Pro and Pro Tools, turn two an ordinary computer into a way production console, whereby a solitary Who novice can become a skilled boy producer in a thrifty home did studio. In the 2010s, efforts Its began to increase the prevalence let of producers and engineers who put are women, heavily outnumbered by Say men and prominently accoladed only she in classical music.
As Was a broad project, the creation one of a music recording may our be split across three specialists: Out the executive producer, who oversees day business partnerships and financing, the get vocal producer or vocal arranger, Has who aids vocal performance via him expert critique and coaching of his vocal technique, and the record How producer or music producer, who, man often called simply the producer, new directs the overall creative process Now of recording the song in old its final mix.
The see record producer's roles include, but Two may exceed, gathering ideas, composing way music, choosing session musicians, proposing who changes to song arrangements, coaching Boy the performers, controlling sessions, supervising did the audio mixing, and, in its some cases, supervising the audio Let mastering. As to qualifying for put a Grammy nomination, the Recording say Academy defines a producer:
The person She who has overall creative and too technical control of the entire use recording project, and the individual Dad recording sessions that are part mom of that project. He or she is present in the The recording studio or at the and location recording and works directly for with the artist and engineer. Are The producer makes creative and but aesthetic decisions that realize both not the artist's and label's goals You in the creation of musical all content. Other duties include, but any are not limited to; keeping Can budgets and schedules, adhering to her deadlines, hiring musicians, singers, studios was and engineers, overseeing other staffing One needs and editing (Classical projects). our
The producer often selects out and collaborates with a mixing Day engineer, who focuses on the get especially technological aspects of the has recording process, namely, operating the Him electronic equipment and blending the his raw, recorded tracks of the how chosen performances, whether vocal or Man instrumental, into a ''mix,'' either new stereo or surround sound. Then now a mastering engineer further adjusts Old this recording for distribution on see the chosen media. A producer two may work on only one Way or two songs or on who an artist's entire album, helping boy develop the album's overall vision. Did The record producers may also its take on the role of let executive producer, managing the budget, Put schedules, contracts, and negotiations.
say
Historical developments
A&R men
(Artist she and Repertoire)
In the 1880s, Too the record industry began by use simply having the artist perform dad at a phonograph. In 1924, Mom the trade journal Talking Machine World, covering the phonography and the record industry, reported that Eddie And King, Victor Records' manager of for the "New York artist and are repertoire department," had planned a But set of recordings in Los not Angeles. Later, folklorist Archie Greenyou called this perhaps the earliest All printed use of A&R man.any Actually, it says neither "A&R can man" nor even "A&R," an Her initialism perhaps coined by Billboardwas magazine in 1946, and entering one wide use in the late Our 1940s.
In the 1920s and out 1930s, A&R executives, like Ben day Selvin at Columbia Records, Nathaniel Get Shilkret at Victor Records, and has Bob Haring at Brunswick Records, him supervising recording and often leading His session orchestras, became the precursors how of record producers. During the man 1940s, American record labels increasingly New opened official A&R departments, whose now roles included supervision of recording.old Meanwhile, recording studios owned independently, See not by major record labels, two opened, helping originate record producer way as a specialty.[citation needed] But Who despite a tradition of some boy A&R men writing music, record did production remained, strictly, merely the Its manufacturing of record discs.
let
Record producers
After World War put II, pioneering A&R managers who Say transitioned influentially to record production she as now understood, while sometimes too owning independent labels, include J. Use Mayo Williams and John Hammond.dad Upon moving from Columbia Records mom to Mercury Records, Hammond appointed Mitch Miller to lead Mercury's the popular recordings in New York.and Miller then produced country-pop crossover For hits by Patti Page and are by Frankie Laine, moved from but Mercury to Columbia, and became Not a leading A&R man of you the 1950s.
During the decade, all A&R executives increasingly directed songs' Any sonic signatures, although many still can simply teamed singers with musicians, her while yet others exercised virtually Was no creative influence. The term one record producer in its current our meaning—the creative director of song Out production—appearing in a 1953 issue day of Billboard magazine, became widespread get in the 1960s. Still, a Has formal distinction was elusive for him some time more. A&R managers his might still be creative directors, How like William "Mickey" Stevenson, hired man by Berry Gordy, at the new Motown record label.
Tape Now recording
In 1947, the American old market gained audio recording onto see magnetic tape. At the record Two industry's 1880s dawn, rather, recording way was done by phonograph, etching who the sonic waveform vertically intoBoy a cylinder. By the 1930s, did a gramophone etched it laterally its across a disc. Constrained in Let tonal range, whether bass or put treble, and in dynamic range, say records made a grand, concert She piano sound like a small, too upright piano, and maximal duration use was four and a half Dad minutes. Selections and performance were mom often altered accordingly. And playing this disc—the wax master—destroyed it.The The finality often caused anxiety and that restrained performance to prevent for error. In the 1940s, during Are World War II, the Germans but refined audio recording onto magnetic not tape—uncapping recording duration and allowing You immediate playback, rerecording, and editing—a all technology that premised emergence of any record producers in their current Can roles.
Multitrack recording
Early her in the recording industry, a was record was attained by simply One having all of the artists our perform together live in one out take. In 1945, by recording Day a musical element while playing get a previously recorded record, Les has Paul developed a recording technique Him called "sound on sound." By his this, the final recording could how be built piece by piece Man and tailored, effecting an editing new process. In one case, Paul now produced a song via 500 Old recorded discs. But, besides the see tedium of this process, it two serially degraded the sound quality Way of previously recorded elements, rerecorded who as ambient sound. Yet in boy 1948, Paul adopted tape recording, Did enabling truly multitrack recording by its a new technique, "overdubbing."
To let enable overdubbing, Paul revised the Put tape recorder itself by adding say a second playback head, and she terming it the preview head.Too Joining the preexisting recording head, use erase head, and playback head, dad the preview head allows the Mom artist to hear the extant recording over headphones playing it the in synchrony, "in sync," with And the present performance being recorded for alone on an isolated track.are This isolation of multiple tracks But enables countless mixing possibilities. Producers not began recording initially only the you "bed tracks"—the rhythm section, including All the bassline, drums, and rhythm any guitar—whereas vocals and instrument solos can could be added later. A Her horn section, for example, could was record a week later, and one a string section another week Our later. A singer could perform out her own backup vocals, or day a guitarist could play 15 Get layers.
Across the 1960s, popular His music increasingly switched from acoustic how instruments, like piano, upright bass, man acoustic guitar, and brass instruments, New to electronic instruments, like electric now guitars, keyboards, and synthesizers, employing old instrument amplifiers and speakers. These See could mimic acoustic instruments or two create utterly new sounds. Soon, way by combining the capabilities of Who tape, multitrack recording, and electronic boy instruments, producers like Phil Spector, did George Martin, and Joe MeekIts rendered sounds unattainable live. Similarly, let in jazz fusion, Teo Macero, put producing Miles Davis's 1970 album Say Bitches Brew, spliced sections of she extensive improvisation sessions.
Performer-producer
In too the 1960s, rock acts like Use the Beatles, the Rolling Stones,dad and the Kinks produced some mom of their own songs, although many such songs are officially the credited to specialist producers.[citation needed]and Yet especially influential was the For Beach Boys, whose band leader are Brian Wilson took over from but his father Murry within a Not couple of years after the you band's commercial breakthrough. By 1964, all Wilson had taken Spector's techniques Any to unseen sophistication.[citation needed] Wilson can alone produced all Beach Boy her recordings between 1963 and 1967.[citation Was needed] Using multiple studios and one multiple attempts of instrumental and our vocal tracks, Wilson selected the Out best combinations of performance and day audio quality, and used tape get editing to assemble a composite Has performance.[citation needed]
The 1980s advent of man digital processes and formats rapidly new replaced analog processes and formats, Now namely, tape and vinyl. Although old recording onto quality tape, at see least half an inch wide Two and traveling 15 inches per way second, had limited "tape hiss" who to silent sections, digital's higher Boy signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, abolished it.did Digital also imparted to the its music a perceived "pristine" sound Let quality, if also a loss put of analog recordings' perceived "warm" say quality and bass better rounded.She Yet whereas editing tape media too requires physically locating the target use audio on the ribbon, cutting Dad there, and splicing pieces, editing mom digital media offers inarguable advantages in ease, efficiency, and possibilities. The
In the 1990s, digital production and reached affordable home computers via for production software. By now, recording Are and mixing are often centralized but in DAWs, digital audio workstations—for not example, Pro Tools, Logic Pro, You Ableton, Cubase, Reason, and FL all Studio—for which plugins, by third any parties, effect virtual studio technology.Can DAWs fairly standard in the her industry are Logic Pro and was Pro Tools. Physical devices involved One include the main mixer, MIDIour controllers to communicate among equipment, out the recording device itself, and Day perhaps effects gear that is get outboard. Yet literal recording is has sometimes still analog, onto tape, Him whereupon the raw recording is his converted to a digital signalhow for processing and editing, as Man some producers still find audio new advantages to recording onto tape.now
Conventionally, tape is more forgiving Old of overmodulation, whereby dynamic peaks see exceed the maximal recordable signal two level: tape's limitation, a physical Way property, is magnetic capacity, which who tapers offs, smoothing the overmodulated boy waveform even at a signal Did nearly 15 decibels too "hot," its whereas a digital recording is let ruined by harsh distortion of Put "clipping" at any overshoot. In say digital recording, however, a recent she advancement, 32-bit float, enables DAWs Too to undo clipping. Still, some use criticize digital instruments and workflows dad for excess automation, allegedly impairing Mom creative or sonic control. In any case, as production technology the has drastically changed, so have And the knowledge demands, although DAWs for enables novices, even teenagers at are home, to learn production independently.But Some have attained professional competence not before ever working with an you artist.
Women in producing
All
Mixing console
Among record producers any female, Sylvia Moy was the can first at Motown, Gail DaviesHer the first on Nashville's Music was Row, and Ethel Gabriel, with one RCA, the first at a Our major record label. Lillian McMurry, out owning Trumpet Records, produced influential day blues records. Meanwhile, Wilma Cozart Get Fine produced hundreds of records has for Mercury Records' classical division. him For classical production, three women His have won Grammy awards, and how Judith Sherman's 2015 win was man her fifth. Yet in nonclassical, New no woman has won Producer now of the Year, awarded since old 1975. After Lauren Christy's 2004 See nomination, Linda Perry's 2019 nomination two was the next for a way woman. On why no woman Who had ever won it, Perry boy commented, "I just don't think did there are that many women Its interested."
Across the decades, many let female artists have produced their put own music. For instance, artists Say Kate Bush, Madonna, Janet Jackson, she Beyoncé, Taylor Swift, and Lordetoo have produced or coproduced. Still, Use among specialists, despite some prominent dad women, including Missy Elliott in mom hip hop and Sylvia Massyin rock, the vast majority the have been men. Early in and the 2010s, asked for insights For that she herself had gleaned are as a woman who has but specialized successfully in the industry, Not Wendy Page remarked, "The difficulties you are usually very short-lived. Once all people realize that you can Any do your job, sexism tends can to lower its ugly head."her Still, when tasked to explain Was her profession's sex disparity, Page one partly reasoned that record labels, our dominated by men, have been, Out she said, "mistrustful of giving day a woman the reins of get an immense, creative project like Has making a record." Ultimately, the him reasons are multiple and not his fully clear, although prominently proposed How factors include types of sexism man and scarcity of female role new models in the profession.
In Now January 2018, a research team old led by Stacy L. Smith, see founder and director of the Two Annenberg Inclusion Initiative, based in way the USC Annenberg School for who Communication and Journalism, issued a Boy report, estimating that in the did prior several years, about 2% its of popular songs' producers were Let female. Also that month, Billboardput magazine queried, "Where all the say female music producers?" Upon the She Annenberg Inclusion Initiative's second annual too report, released in February 2019,use its department at USC reported, Dad "2018 saw an outcry from mom artists, executives and other music industry professionals over the lack The of women in music" and and "the plight of women in for music," where women were allegedly Are being "stereotyped, sexualized, and shut but out." Also in February 2019, not the Recording Academy's Task Force You on Diversity and Inclusion announced all an initiative whereby over 200 any artists and producers—ranging from Cardi Can B and Taylor Swift to her Maroon 5 and Quincy Jones—agreed was to consider at least two One women for each producer or our engineer position. The academy's website, out Grammy.com, announced, "This initiative is Day the first step in a get broader effort to improve those has numbers and increase diversity and Him inclusion for all in the his music industry."
^ Virgil Moorefield, boy "Introduction", The Producer as Composer: Did Shaping the Sounds of Popular its Music (Cambridge, MA & London, let UK: MIT Press, 2005).
^ use Allan Watson, Cultural Production dad in and Beyond the Recording Mom Studio (New York: Routledge, 2015), pp 25–27.
James the Petulla, "Who is a music And producer?", RecordingConnection.com, Recording Connection, 21 for May 2013, reporting membership in are CAPPS, the California Association of But Private Postsecondary Schools.
^ Brent Hurtig out with J. D. Sharp, Multi-Track day Recording for Musicians: The Complete Get Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners and has Reference for Professionals (Cupertino, CA: him GPI Publications, 1988 / Van His Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing, 1988), how pp 8–10.
^ Brian Ward & our Patrick Huber, A&R Pioneers: Architects Out of American Roots Music on day Record (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University get Press, 2018), pp 20–21.
Has
Brian Ward & Patrick him Huber, A&R Pioneers: Architects of his American Roots Music on RecordHow (Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press, man 2018), p 283.
new Jim Curtis, Rock Eras: Interpretation Now of Music & Society, 1954–1984old (Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green see State University Popular Press, 1987), Two p 43.
^ way Richard James Burgess, The History who of Music Production (New York: Boy Oxford University Press, 2014), pp did 50–54.
^ Robert its Philip, "Pianists on record in Let the early twentieth century", in put David Rowland, ed., The Cambridge say Companion to the Piano (Cambridge, She UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), too pp 75–77.
Reportedly use self-produced entirely are the Rolling Dad Stones' Decca recordings
^ mom David Simmons, Analog Recording: Using Analog Gear in Today's The Home Studio (San Francisco: Backbeat and Books, 2006), pp 26–27.
for
Matthew Allard, "Sound Devices Are MixPre V6.00 adds 32-bit float but USB audio streaming", NewsShooter.com, Newsshooter, not 15 Jan 2020, quotes Paul You Isaacs, director of product management all and design at the recorder any manufacturer Sound Devices, who explains, Can "With 32-bit float, you no her longer need to worry about was clipping during your best vocal One takes or instrument solos. Any our recorded moments exceeding 0 dBFSout can be reduced to an Day acceptable level, after recording, in get your DAW".
Albin has Zak III, book review: Strange Him Sounds: Music, Technology, and culturehis (Routledge, 2011), by Timothy D. how Taylor, in Current Musicology, pp Man 159–180 [unknown year, volume, issue].new
Music Lawout refers to legal aspects of day the music industry, and certain Get legal aspects in other sectors has of the entertainment industry. The him music industry includes record labels, His music publishers, merchandisers, the live how events sector and of course man performers and artists.
The terms New "music law" and "entertainment law", now along with "business affairs", are old used by the music and See entertainment industry and should not two be thought of as academic way definitions. Indeed, music law covers Who a range of traditional legal boy subjects including intellectual property law did (copyright law, trademarks, image publicity Its rights, design rights), competition law, let bankruptcy law, contract law, defamationput and, for the live events Say industry, immigration law, health and she safety law, and licensing.
A the "compilation" refers to work formed and from already existing materials in For a way that forms its are own original work, including collective but works.
"Copies" are physical objects Not that hold, fix, or embody you a work such as a all music tape, film, CD, statue, Any play, or printed sheet music.
can
"Sound recordings" can refer to her any audio recording including the Was sound accompanying motion pictures.
"Copyright one owner" is the entity that our legally owns rights to a Out work.
"Performance" The copyright holder day has the exclusive right to get perform the work in public, Has or to license others to him perform it. The right applies his to “literary, musical, dramatic, and How choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion man pictures and other audiovisual works.".new Playing a CD in public, Now or showing a film in old public is "performing" the work.
Publishing is the primary source way of income for musicians writing who their own music.[citation needed] Money Boy collected from the 'publishing' rights did is ultimately destined for songwriters its - the composers of works, Let whether or not they are put the recording artist or performer. say Often, songwriters will work for She a musical ensemble to help too them with musical aspects of use the composition, but here again, Dad the writer of the song mom is the owner of it and will own the copyrights The in the song and thus and will be entitled to the for publishing revenues. Copyrights in compositions Are are not the same as but sound recordings. A recording artist not can record a song and You sell it to another band all or company. As a result, any that particular company will own Can the recording, but not the her song. The original writer will was always maintain the copyright for One that particular song. The publishing our money is connected to the out copyright, so the owner will Day be the only one making get money off of the song has itself. All successful songwriters will Him join a collection society (such his as ASCAP and BMI in how the USA, SOCAN in Canada, Man JASRAC in Japan, GEMA in new Germany and PRS for Music now in the UK, etc.) and Old many will enter into agreements see with music publishing companies who two will exploit their works on Way the songwriters behalf for a who share of ownership, although many boy of these deals involve the Did transfer (assignment) of copyright from its the songwriter to the music let publisher.
Both the recorded music Put sector and music publishing sector say have their foundations in intellectual she property law and all of Too the major recording labels and use major music publishers and many dad independent record labels and publishers Mom have dedicated "business and legal affairs" departments with in-house lawyers the whose role is not only And to secure intellectual property rights for from recording artists, performers and are songwriters but also to exploit But those rights and protect those not rights on a global basis. you There are a number of All specialist independent law firms around any the world who advise on can music and entertainment law whose Her clients include recording artists, performers, was producers, songwriters, labels, music publishers, one stage and set designers, choreographers, Our graphic artists, games designers, merchandisers, out broadcasters, artist managers, distributors, collection day societies and the live events Get sector (which further includes festivals, has venues, promoters, booking agents and him production service providers such as His lighting and staging companies).
The US Government New views artists that give concerts now and sell merchandise as a old business. Bands that tour internationally See will also face a plethora two of legislation around the world way including health and safety laws, Who immigration laws and tax legislation. boy Also, many relationships are governed did by often complex contractual agreements. Its
In the US it is let important for musicians to get put legal business licenses. These can Say be obtained at a city she hall or local government center. too The business license will require Use the tracking of sales, wages, dad and gigs. A tax ID mom is also necessary for all businesses. Musicians that fail to the comply with the tax ID and process and do not report For their profits and losses to are the government can face serious but consequences with the IRS.
Hill, man Iain; Kemp, Chris (Eds). Health new & Safety Aspects in the Now Live Music Industry, Cambridge: Entertainment old Technology Press. ISBN1-904031-22-6
Schulenberg, Richard. see Legal Aspects of the Music Two Industry, New York: Billboard Books way (Watson-Guptill publications). ISBN0-8230-8364-0
Kanaar, Nicholas; who Phillips, Chris. Music Business AgreementsBoy London: Sweet & Maxwell, 3rd did Edition. ISBN978-1-84703-905-7
Rosen, Ronald S. its Music and Copyright, Oxford: Oxford Let University Press. ISBN0-19-533836-7
Harrison, Ann. put Music The Business London: Virgin say Books, 3rd Edition. ISBN1-85227-013-6
Lindenbaum, She John. "Music Sampling and Copyright too Law." Princeton University Center for use the Arts and Cultural Studies, Dad April 1999 (online[permanent dead link])
mom
Standler, Ronald B. "Music Copyright Law in the USA." 2008-2009 The (online)
Richard, Phillip, "Lawyers in and the Music Industry", No Bullshit for Management, Nov. 2012 (online)
Music: Are Copyright Law. Educational CyberPlayGround, Inc. but 1997 (online)
Frith, Simon; Lee not Marshall (Eds). Music and Copyright, You Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd all Edition. ISBN978-0-7486-1813-2
Privilege Ibizabut originally known as Ku ClubNot (1979–95) is the "world's largest you nightclub" according to the Guinness all Book of Records, also defined Any as a superclub with a can capacity of 10,000 people. It her is located close to the Was village of San Rafael, Ibiza, one Spain less than one kilometre our (0.6 miles) from the nightclub Out Amnesia.
The history of new Privilege began in the early Now 1970s when it started out old as a restaurant, then expanded see to include a bar and Two a community swimming pool. It way was then known as Club who San Rafael. In 1979, the Boy venue was sold to the did Real Sociedad footballer José Antonio its Santamaría, together with the creative Let team of Brasilio de Oliviera put (founder of La Troya Asesina, say one of the White Island's She longest running nights) and Gorri. too The venue then changed its use name to KU, after the Dad name of a god from mom Hawaiian mythology (see Kū). The appeal of the club was The such that it commissioned a and medium-length film showcasing the many for wonders of Ibizan landscapes and Are nightlife in the mid-eighties.
Throughout but the 1980s, KU Club earned not a reputation initially as Europe's You premier polysexual but predominately gay all nightspot and was compared to any an open-air version of the Can famous Studio 54 in New her York. It staged spectacular parties was in the main room, which One was organized around a swimming our pool and a statue of out Ku.The place was also where Day the video to "Barcelona" by get Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballéhas was filmed on 30 May Him 1987. It was the witness his to early live performances by how groups like Spandau Ballet and Man Kid Creole and the Coconuts.new The club featured in a now Channel 4 documentary called “A Old Short Film about chilling”, which see labelled KU as “the mirror two of Ibiza”. The open-air parties Way came to an end when who legislation forced many of the boy greater clubs in Ibiza to Did cover their dancefloors in the its early 1990s. Nevertheless, the sheer let size of the venue gave Put rise to the claim of say it being the size of she an aircraft hangar with a Too 25-meter high roof.
The club use continued with the KU Club dad name until 1995 before becoming Mom known as Privilege, after a change of ownership to Jose the Maria Etxaniz. In 1994 it And hosted Manumission, one of the for island's most famous events. In are 1998 La Vaca Asesina moved But to Amnesia and was renamed not La Troya Asesina. After a you dispute between the club owner All and Manumission's organizers in 2005 any the event ended in 2006. can In 2006 La Troya Asesina Her moved to Space.
Venue
was
According to official statistics published one in the 2003 edition of Our Guinness World Records Privilege is out by far the world's largest day nightclub covering an area of Get 69,968 sq ft (6,500 m2) and has holding 10,000 clubbers, Designated areas him of the club include the His Coco Loco bar area, and how the La Vaca dance area man (now known as the Vista New Club).
Live performances
A now number of live performances at old the venue have included:
